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bio test in Week 4 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cellular Respiration Chapter 10
Lesson Objectives Cellular Respiration f) Define aerobic  g) anaerobic respiration  Write word equations for each type.  h) Removal of lactic acid in muscles when anaerobic respiration occurs.  Respiration  Gaseous exchange in lungs b) State characteristics of gaseous exchange surface of the alveoli.  c) Describe removal of carbon dioxide from lungs including role of carbonic anhydrase enzyme.  i) Describe the effect of tobacco smoke and its major toxic components.  Mechanism of  breathing  a) Identify parts of the respiratory tract.  e) Describe role of cilia, diaphragm, ribs and intercostal muscles.
Think about this ,[object Object]
What’s the difference? (Pg 194) http://www.teachhealthk-12.uthscsa.edu/studentresources/AnatomyofBreathing3.swf
What is respiration? ,[object Object]
Why respiration? ,[object Object]
W hat are some of the uses of energy in our body?   protein synthesis active transport g r o w t h muscle contractions Passage of nerve impulses
Where does respiration take place? ,[object Object]
W here do we get our energy from?   In  , there are many  These mitochondria = Respiration  in mitochondria of living cells  releases  energy.  (*Release NOT Produce)
 
Oxidation Respiration Oxidation VS Respiration (Pg 194)
Types of Respiration Aerobic Anaerobic Aerobic Respiration  is the oxidation of glucose or another organic chemical in the presence of oxygen with the release of large amount of energy. Carbon dioxide and water are released as waste products.  Anaerobic Respiration  is breakdown of glucose or another organic chemical in the absence of oxygen. Lesser energy is released.
Aerobic Respiration  is the oxidation of glucose or another organic chemical in the  presence of oxygen  with the release of  large amount of energy . Carbon dioxide and water are released as waste products.  Aerobic Respiration
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Aerobic Respiration Glucose  +  Oxygen  Carbon dioxide  +  Water  +  Energy (large amount) 38 moles of ATP
http://www.purchon.com/biology/flash/respiration.swf
What happens to the energy produced? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Anaerobic Respiration  is breakdown of glucose or another organic chemical in the  absence of oxygen .  Lesser energy  is released. Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration Glucose  Lactic acid  + small amount of energy (2 moles ATP)  Glucose  Ethanol  + carbon dioxide + small amount of energy Mammals Plants
(3) What is anaerobic respiration? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What happens when plants respire anaerobically? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Alcoholic fermentation
What happens when humans exercise strenuously? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Lactic acid production
What happens when we exercise strenuously? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What happens when we exercise strenuously? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What is lactic acid? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
(4)   What is oxygen debt and recovery period? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fate of Lactic Acid? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
2.5 What is oxygen debt and recovery period? Oxygen consumed during exercise Oxygen debt Oxygen consumed during rest
Types of Respiration Aerobic Anaerobic Aerobic Respiration  is the oxidation of glucose or another organic chemical in the presence of oxygen with the release of large amount of energy. Carbon dioxide and water are released as waste products.  Anaerobic Respiration  is breakdown of glucose or another organic chemical in the absence of oxygen. Lesser energy is released. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
EXPERIMENTS ON RESPIRATION
Investigation 1 Aim: To find out whether carbon dioxide is given  off during respiration  Caustic potash solution Limewater  Germinating seeds Limewater
1. You need to set up a control. What would you put in the conical flask?  2. What purpose does the caustic potash solution serve?  3. What purpose does the limewater serve?  4. What happens to the limewater in  C  after some time? Explain your answers.  Hint:  caustic potash solution is potassium hydroxide Boiled seeds  To absorb carbon dioxide  To ensure that there is no more carbon dioxide present in the air supplied to the seeds  White ppt formed. Germinating seeds give out carbon dioxide during respiration.
Investigation 2 Aim: To find out whether heat is produced during respiration.
Lesson Objectives Cellular Respiration f) Define aerobic  g) anaerobic respiration  Write word equations for each type.  h) Removal of lactic acid in muscles when anaerobic respiration occurs.  Respiration  Gaseous exchange in lungs b) State characteristics of gaseous exchange surface of the alveoli.  c) Describe removal of carbon dioxide from longs including role of carbonic anhydrase enzyme.  i) Describe the effect of tobacco smoke and its major toxic components.  Mechanism of  breathing  a) Identify parts of the respiratory tract.  e) Describe role of cilia, diaphragm, ribs and intercostal muscles.
In this chapter, you should be able to: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Path of Air Through the Respiratory System atmosphere
Path of Air Through the Respiratory System atmosphere  external nostril   external nostril
Path of Air Through the Respiratory System atmosphere  external nostril  nasal passages external nostril nasal passages
Path of Air Through the Respiratory System atmosphere  external nostril  nasal passages pharynx external nostril pharynx nasal passages
Path of Air Through the Respiratory System atmosphere  external nostril  nasal passages pharynx larynx external nostril larynx pharynx nasal passages
Path of Air Through the Respiratory System atmosphere  external nostril  nasal passages pharynx larynx trachea external nostril trachea larynx pharynx nasal passages
Path of Air Through the Respiratory System atmosphere  external nostril  nasal passages pharynx larynx trachea bronchi external nostril trachea larynx pharynx bronchi nasal passages
Path of Air Through the Respiratory System atmosphere  external nostril  nasal passages pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles external nostril trachea larynx pharynx bronchi bronchioles nasal passages
Respiratory System atmosphere  external nostril  nasal passages pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli external nostril trachea larynx pharynx bronchi bronchioles cluster of alveoli (air sacs) nasal passages
W hat are the differences b/w inspired & expired air?   21 %  16 % 0.03 %  4.0 % 78 %  78 % unsaturated  saturated variable  about body temp.  variable  little, if any  Inspired air Expired air Oxygen Carbon dioxide  Nitrogen  Water vapour  Temperature  Dust particles
As air enters the body:  ,[object Object],   dust, foreign particles & bacteria are removed Nostrils  Nasal cavity
Dust, foreign particles & bacteria are removed ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Gland cell  Epithelial cell Sweeping action of cilia  moves mucus along
As air enters the body:  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],   by sensory cells (in mucous membrane) Nostrils  Nasal cavity
Air passes the epiglottis and enters the lungs via the trachea Nostrils  Nasal cavity  Epiglottis  Trachea
Gas exchange system in Human The  lungs  are the organs involved in gaseous exchange.  The  trachea  is supported by  C-shaped rings of cartilage  which ensures that it is always kept open.  Larynx  Trachea  C-shaped rings of cartilages  Lung
Gas exchange system in Human The trachea is branched into 2 tubes, the  bronchi , one to each lung.  Larynx  Trachea  C-shaped rings of cartilages  Bronchus  (plural: bronchi)  Bronchioles  Lung
At the end of the bronchioles are clusters of  air sacs  ( alveoli )
Gas exchange system in Human Between the ribs are 2 sets of muscles, external and internal  intercostal muscles .  When the  external  intercostal muscles  contracts ,  internal  intercostal muscles  relaxes .  The  diaphragm  is a dome-shaped sheet of muscle and elastic tissue.  Ribs  Intercostal muscles  Diaphragm
W hat happens to the body during breathing?   When we breathe in,  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],   Volume  of thoracic cavity   ,[object Object],   Air flows  into  lungs
W hat happens to the body during breathing?   When we breathe out,  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],   Volume  of thoracic cavity   ,[object Object],   Air flows  out of  lungs
A spirometer can be used to measure the amount of air taken in during inspiration.
Capacity of the lung
Tidal volume : volume of air which enters  the lungs  per breath.
Inspiratory reserve volume (complementary volume) : extra volume of air that can be taken in during a deep breath.
Expiratory reserve volume (supplement volume) :  extra volume of air that can be forced out in during a deep exhale.
Vital capacity : Volume of air taken in by taking the  deepest breath.  tidal vol. + inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve vol.
Residual volume  : volume of air always present in  lung
Lesson Objectives Cellular Respiration f) Define aerobic  g) anaerobic respiration  Write word equations for each type.  h) Removal of lactic acid in muscles when anaerobic respiration occurs.  Respiration  Gaseous exchange in lungs b) State characteristics of gaseous exchange surface of the alveoli.  c) Describe removal of carbon dioxide from lungs including role of carbonic anhydrase enzyme.  i) Describe the effect of tobacco smoke and its major toxic components.  Mechanism of  breathing  a) Identify parts of the respiratory tract.  e) Describe role of cilia, diaphragm, ribs and intercostal muscles.
What is the structure of an alveolus? 7) Oxygenated blood (joining pulmonary vein) 3) Thin film of  moisture 4) Thin alveolus  epithelium 8) Red blood cell 5) Thin capillary wall 6) Deoxygenated blood  (from pulmonary artery) 1) Bronchiole 2) Alveolar  cavity
Gaseous exchange  takes place between blood capillary and alveolus.  Red blood cell Blood capillary Blood plasma Alveolus  Tissue fluid Deoxygenated blood Oxygenated blood Air movement  Film of water
 
[object Object],H ow are the alveoli adapted for gaseous exchange?   ,[object Object],[object Object],   Facilitate rapid diffusion of gases    Transports away oxygenated blood       surface area for gaseous exchange
H ow is the diffusion gradient maintained?   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
How is the alveoli adapted for its function? Feature Function Numerous alveoli Large SA  for gas exchange Thin walls of alveoli Rapid  diffusion  of gases Thin film of moisture Oxygen   can dissolve Dense capillary network Rapid  and  efficient  gas exchange
BUT how about carbon dioxide?
 
 
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],c) Describe removal of carbon dioxide from lungs including role of carbonic anhydrase enzyme.
RESPIRATION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],September 16, 2011 Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
RESPIRATION Aerobic Respiration ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],September 16, 2011 Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
RESPIRATION Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],September 16, 2011 Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
RESPIRATION Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],September 16, 2011 Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
RESPIRATION Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],September 16, 2011 Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
RESPIRATION Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Differences ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],September 16, 2011 Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
RESPIRATION Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Breathing mechanism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Differences ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],September 16, 2011 Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
RESPIRATION Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration How the body takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide Breathing mechanism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Differences ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],September 16, 2011 Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
RESPIRATION Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration How the body takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide Breathing mechanism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Differences ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],September 16, 2011 Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
RESPIRATION Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration How the body takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide Breathing mechanism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Differences ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],September 16, 2011 Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
RESPIRATION Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration How the body takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide Breathing mechanism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Differences ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],September 16, 2011 Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
RESPIRATION Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration How the body takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide Breathing mechanism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Differences ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],September 16, 2011 Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lesson Objectives Cellular Respiration f) Define aerobic  g) anaerobic respiration  Write word equations for each type.  h) Removal of lactic acid in muscles when anaerobic respiration occurs.  Respiration  Gaseous exchange in lungs b) State characteristics of gaseous exchange surface of the alveoli.  c) Describe removal of carbon dioxide from lungs including role of carbonic anhydrase enzyme.  i) Describe the effect of tobacco smoke and its major toxic components.  Mechanism of  breathing  a) Identify parts of the respiratory tract.  e) Describe role of cilia, diaphragm, ribs and intercostal muscles.

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2011 cellular respiration

  • 1.
  • 3. Lesson Objectives Cellular Respiration f) Define aerobic g) anaerobic respiration Write word equations for each type. h) Removal of lactic acid in muscles when anaerobic respiration occurs. Respiration Gaseous exchange in lungs b) State characteristics of gaseous exchange surface of the alveoli. c) Describe removal of carbon dioxide from lungs including role of carbonic anhydrase enzyme. i) Describe the effect of tobacco smoke and its major toxic components. Mechanism of breathing a) Identify parts of the respiratory tract. e) Describe role of cilia, diaphragm, ribs and intercostal muscles.
  • 4.
  • 5. What’s the difference? (Pg 194) http://www.teachhealthk-12.uthscsa.edu/studentresources/AnatomyofBreathing3.swf
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8. W hat are some of the uses of energy in our body? protein synthesis active transport g r o w t h muscle contractions Passage of nerve impulses
  • 9.
  • 10. W here do we get our energy from? In , there are many These mitochondria = Respiration in mitochondria of living cells releases energy. (*Release NOT Produce)
  • 11.  
  • 12. Oxidation Respiration Oxidation VS Respiration (Pg 194)
  • 13. Types of Respiration Aerobic Anaerobic Aerobic Respiration is the oxidation of glucose or another organic chemical in the presence of oxygen with the release of large amount of energy. Carbon dioxide and water are released as waste products. Anaerobic Respiration is breakdown of glucose or another organic chemical in the absence of oxygen. Lesser energy is released.
  • 14. Aerobic Respiration is the oxidation of glucose or another organic chemical in the presence of oxygen with the release of large amount of energy . Carbon dioxide and water are released as waste products. Aerobic Respiration
  • 15.
  • 17.
  • 18. Anaerobic Respiration is breakdown of glucose or another organic chemical in the absence of oxygen . Lesser energy is released. Anaerobic Respiration
  • 19. Anaerobic Respiration Glucose Lactic acid + small amount of energy (2 moles ATP) Glucose Ethanol + carbon dioxide + small amount of energy Mammals Plants
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28. 2.5 What is oxygen debt and recovery period? Oxygen consumed during exercise Oxygen debt Oxygen consumed during rest
  • 29.
  • 31. Investigation 1 Aim: To find out whether carbon dioxide is given off during respiration Caustic potash solution Limewater Germinating seeds Limewater
  • 32. 1. You need to set up a control. What would you put in the conical flask? 2. What purpose does the caustic potash solution serve? 3. What purpose does the limewater serve? 4. What happens to the limewater in C after some time? Explain your answers. Hint: caustic potash solution is potassium hydroxide Boiled seeds To absorb carbon dioxide To ensure that there is no more carbon dioxide present in the air supplied to the seeds White ppt formed. Germinating seeds give out carbon dioxide during respiration.
  • 33. Investigation 2 Aim: To find out whether heat is produced during respiration.
  • 34. Lesson Objectives Cellular Respiration f) Define aerobic g) anaerobic respiration Write word equations for each type. h) Removal of lactic acid in muscles when anaerobic respiration occurs. Respiration Gaseous exchange in lungs b) State characteristics of gaseous exchange surface of the alveoli. c) Describe removal of carbon dioxide from longs including role of carbonic anhydrase enzyme. i) Describe the effect of tobacco smoke and its major toxic components. Mechanism of breathing a) Identify parts of the respiratory tract. e) Describe role of cilia, diaphragm, ribs and intercostal muscles.
  • 35.
  • 36. Path of Air Through the Respiratory System atmosphere
  • 37. Path of Air Through the Respiratory System atmosphere external nostril external nostril
  • 38. Path of Air Through the Respiratory System atmosphere external nostril nasal passages external nostril nasal passages
  • 39. Path of Air Through the Respiratory System atmosphere external nostril nasal passages pharynx external nostril pharynx nasal passages
  • 40. Path of Air Through the Respiratory System atmosphere external nostril nasal passages pharynx larynx external nostril larynx pharynx nasal passages
  • 41. Path of Air Through the Respiratory System atmosphere external nostril nasal passages pharynx larynx trachea external nostril trachea larynx pharynx nasal passages
  • 42. Path of Air Through the Respiratory System atmosphere external nostril nasal passages pharynx larynx trachea bronchi external nostril trachea larynx pharynx bronchi nasal passages
  • 43. Path of Air Through the Respiratory System atmosphere external nostril nasal passages pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles external nostril trachea larynx pharynx bronchi bronchioles nasal passages
  • 44. Respiratory System atmosphere external nostril nasal passages pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli external nostril trachea larynx pharynx bronchi bronchioles cluster of alveoli (air sacs) nasal passages
  • 45. W hat are the differences b/w inspired & expired air? 21 % 16 % 0.03 % 4.0 % 78 % 78 % unsaturated saturated variable about body temp. variable little, if any Inspired air Expired air Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Water vapour Temperature Dust particles
  • 46.
  • 47.
  • 48.
  • 49. Air passes the epiglottis and enters the lungs via the trachea Nostrils Nasal cavity Epiglottis Trachea
  • 50. Gas exchange system in Human The lungs are the organs involved in gaseous exchange. The trachea is supported by C-shaped rings of cartilage which ensures that it is always kept open. Larynx Trachea C-shaped rings of cartilages Lung
  • 51. Gas exchange system in Human The trachea is branched into 2 tubes, the bronchi , one to each lung. Larynx Trachea C-shaped rings of cartilages Bronchus (plural: bronchi) Bronchioles Lung
  • 52. At the end of the bronchioles are clusters of air sacs ( alveoli )
  • 53. Gas exchange system in Human Between the ribs are 2 sets of muscles, external and internal intercostal muscles . When the external intercostal muscles contracts , internal intercostal muscles relaxes . The diaphragm is a dome-shaped sheet of muscle and elastic tissue. Ribs Intercostal muscles Diaphragm
  • 54.
  • 55.
  • 56. A spirometer can be used to measure the amount of air taken in during inspiration.
  • 58. Tidal volume : volume of air which enters the lungs per breath.
  • 59. Inspiratory reserve volume (complementary volume) : extra volume of air that can be taken in during a deep breath.
  • 60. Expiratory reserve volume (supplement volume) : extra volume of air that can be forced out in during a deep exhale.
  • 61. Vital capacity : Volume of air taken in by taking the deepest breath. tidal vol. + inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve vol.
  • 62. Residual volume : volume of air always present in lung
  • 63. Lesson Objectives Cellular Respiration f) Define aerobic g) anaerobic respiration Write word equations for each type. h) Removal of lactic acid in muscles when anaerobic respiration occurs. Respiration Gaseous exchange in lungs b) State characteristics of gaseous exchange surface of the alveoli. c) Describe removal of carbon dioxide from lungs including role of carbonic anhydrase enzyme. i) Describe the effect of tobacco smoke and its major toxic components. Mechanism of breathing a) Identify parts of the respiratory tract. e) Describe role of cilia, diaphragm, ribs and intercostal muscles.
  • 64. What is the structure of an alveolus? 7) Oxygenated blood (joining pulmonary vein) 3) Thin film of moisture 4) Thin alveolus epithelium 8) Red blood cell 5) Thin capillary wall 6) Deoxygenated blood (from pulmonary artery) 1) Bronchiole 2) Alveolar cavity
  • 65. Gaseous exchange takes place between blood capillary and alveolus. Red blood cell Blood capillary Blood plasma Alveolus Tissue fluid Deoxygenated blood Oxygenated blood Air movement Film of water
  • 66.  
  • 67.
  • 68.
  • 69. How is the alveoli adapted for its function? Feature Function Numerous alveoli Large SA for gas exchange Thin walls of alveoli Rapid diffusion of gases Thin film of moisture Oxygen can dissolve Dense capillary network Rapid and efficient gas exchange
  • 70. BUT how about carbon dioxide?
  • 71.  
  • 72.  
  • 73.  
  • 74.
  • 75.
  • 76.
  • 77.
  • 78.
  • 79.
  • 80.
  • 81.
  • 82.
  • 83.
  • 84.
  • 85.
  • 86.
  • 87. Lesson Objectives Cellular Respiration f) Define aerobic g) anaerobic respiration Write word equations for each type. h) Removal of lactic acid in muscles when anaerobic respiration occurs. Respiration Gaseous exchange in lungs b) State characteristics of gaseous exchange surface of the alveoli. c) Describe removal of carbon dioxide from lungs including role of carbonic anhydrase enzyme. i) Describe the effect of tobacco smoke and its major toxic components. Mechanism of breathing a) Identify parts of the respiratory tract. e) Describe role of cilia, diaphragm, ribs and intercostal muscles.

Notas do Editor

  1. The energy is stored for later use by making a specia l “energy-rich” molecule called Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP).
  2. Too much lactic acid, is poisonous. Just like too much ethanol in body. Kills brain cells
  3. Figure 10.8 page 202
  4. Figure 10.8 page 202
  5. Figure 10.8 page 202
  6. Figure 10.8 page 202
  7. Figure 10.8 page 202
  8. Figure 10.8 page 202
  9. Figure 10.8 page 202
  10. Figure 10.8 page 202
  11. Figure 10.8 page 202
  12. TIBBLAD
  13. Carbonic acid is an intermediate step in the transport of CO 2 out of the body via respiratory gas exchange . The hydration reaction of CO 2 is generally very slow in the absence of a catalyst, but red blood cells contain carbonic anhydrase , which both increases the reaction rate and dissociates a hydrogen ion (H + ) from the resulting carbonic acid, leaving bicarbonate (HCO 3 - ) dissolved in the blood plasma . This catalysed reaction is reversed in the lungs, where it converts the bicarbonate back into CO 2 and allows it to be expelled. This equilibration plays an important role as a buffer in mammalian blood. [1]
  14. Carbonic acid is an intermediate step in the transport of CO 2 out of the body via respiratory gas exchange . The hydration reaction of CO 2 is generally very slow in the absence of a catalyst, but red blood cells contain carbonic anhydrase , which both increases the reaction rate and dissociates a hydrogen ion (H + ) from the resulting carbonic acid, leaving bicarbonate (HCO 3 - ) dissolved in the blood plasma . This catalysed reaction is reversed in the lungs, where it converts the bicarbonate back into CO 2 and allows it to be expelled. This equilibration plays an important role as a buffer in mammalian blood. [1]
  15. Carbonic acid is an intermediate step in the transport of CO 2 out of the body via respiratory gas exchange . The hydration reaction of CO 2 is generally very slow in the absence of a catalyst, but red blood cells contain carbonic anhydrase , which both increases the reaction rate and dissociates a hydrogen ion (H + ) from the resulting carbonic acid, leaving bicarbonate (HCO 3 - ) dissolved in the blood plasma . This catalysed reaction is reversed in the lungs, where it converts the bicarbonate back into CO 2 and allows it to be expelled. This equilibration plays an important role as a buffer in mammalian blood. [1]
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