5. Dietary management of DM
Foundation of Diabetic control
Goals
Maintain near-normal blood glucose levels
Achieve optimal serum lipid levels
Provide adequate calories for reasonable weight
Prevent & treat acute complications of insulin-
treated diabetes
Improve overall health through optimal nutrition
6.
7.
8. Diet Composition
Carbohydrates: 60 – 70% of daily diet
Protein: 15 – 20% of daily diet
Fats: No more than 10% of total calories from
saturated fats
Fiber: 20 to 35 grams/day; promotes intestinal
motility and gives feeling of fullness
Sodium: recommended intake 1000 mg per 1000
kcal
Sweeteners approved by FDA instead of refined
sugars
Limited use of alcohol: potential hypoglycemic
effect of insulin and oral hypoglycemics
9. The exchange system
Six categories
Bread/starch
Meat
Milk
Vegetable
Fruit
Fat
10. General guidelines of Dietary
Management
Protein
20%
Fat
20%
Carbohydrates
60%
ADA: American
Diabetic Association
11. Diabetic Meal Plan
Small frequent meals
CONSISTENCY!
Amount of calories
Amount of carbohydrates
Time
Snacks
13. Sweeteners
Nutritive sweeteners
Not calorie free
Cause less h in BS (than
regular sugar)
Sorbitol laxative effect
Non-nutritive sweeteners
Minimal or no calories
Do not h BS
15. Alcohol and Diabetes
Increase risk of…
Hypoglycemia
Affects the liver
Don’t take on empty
stomach
Esp. if on insulin or
oral hypoglycemic
meds
Moderation
17. Exercise and Diabetes
i blood glucose levels
h the uptake of glucose by body muscle
Potentiates action of insulin
i insulin requirement
Effect lasts 24 hours
18.
19. More Benefits of exercise
Increases circulation
Improve serum lipid
levels
Improves cardiovascular
status
Assist with wt control
Decreases stress
20. Rules for the exercising
diabetic
Talk to MD first
Regular vs. sporadic
Correlate exercise and glucose levels
Don’t exercise when hypoglycemic
Don’t exercise when hyperglycemic >250
21. Rules for the exercising
diabetic
Do not exercise when insulin is peaking
Carry a quick source of sugar
Best time = 60-90 minutes after a meal
22. Rules for the exercising
diabetic
Proper footwear
May need a pre-exercise snack
Consistency!
29. Foot Care
Inspect feet daily
Wash feet with warm water and mild soap
Pat dry – do not rub
30. Wash daily: wash feet in warm water every
day, using a mild soap.
Dry between toes
Lubricate dry feet
Inspect
Mirror
Family
Between toes
31. Do not soak feet.
Dry feet well,
especially between
the toes.
If the skin on feet is
dry, keep it moist by
applying lotion after
washing and drying.
Apply lotion on feet
(not interdigital areas)
32. Foot care
Check toenails once a
week.
Trim toenails with a nail
clipper straight across.
Do not round off the
corners of toenails or cut
down on the sides of the
nails.
After clipping, smooth
the nails with an emery
board.
33. Foot care
Always wear socks or stockings with soft
elastic, and that fit feet.
Wear socks at night if feet get cold.
Always wear closed-toed shoes or slippers.
Do not wear sandals and do not walk
barefoot, even around the house.
34. Foot care
Wear comfortable properly fitted shoes
Buy shoes made of canvas or leather and
break them in slowly.
Extra wide shoes are also available in
specialty stores that will allow for more room
for the foot for people with foot deformities.
Break in new pair of shoes for 1 -2 hours only
until it becomes comfortable
35. Foot care
Maintain the blood flowing to feet
Elevate feet up when sitting
Do not wear knee high/ stay up stockings
36. Foot care
wiggle toes and move ankles several times a
day
don't cross legs for long periods of time
Avoid activities that icirculation
Smoking
Crossing legs
Tight socks
37. Good shoes Prevent injuries
Comfortable Wear socks
Closed toe Cotton
No bare feet Light color
New shoes No wrinkles
Break in slowly
Check inside of
shoe
38. No temperature See doctor
extremes regularly
Check bath water Podiatrist
No water bottles Trim straight across
No heating pads Do not cut calluses
or corns
Range of Motion
39. Foot care
see podiatrist q2 to 3 months for check-ups,
even if don't have any foot problems.
include inspection of skin
check for redness or warmth of the skin.
check for pulses and temperature of feet
Monofilament assessment of foot sensation
40. When to contact Dr?
Changes in skin color
Changes in skin temperature
Swelling in the foot or ankle
Pain in the legs
Open sores on the feet that are slow to heal or
are draining
Ingrown toenails or toenails infected with fungus
Corns or calluses
Dry cracks in the skin, especially around the heel
Unusal and/or persistent foot odor
41. Risk for infection
Frequent hand washing
Early recognition of signs of infection and
seeking treatment
Meticulous skin care
Regular dental examinations and consistent oral
hygiene care
42. Sexual dysfunction
Effects of high blood sugar on sexual
functioning,
Resources for treatment of impotence, sexual
dysfunction
44. Oral Hypoglycemic Agents
Oral hypoglycemic meds are NOT Insulin
Oral hypoglycemic meds require some
production of insulin
Oral hypoglycemic agents are used in the
treatment of type 2DM
Oral hypoglycemic meds are meant to
supplement diet and exercise, NOT replace them
45. Oral Hypoglycemic Agents
Oral hypoglycemic meds cannot be used
during pregnancy
Oral hypoglycemic meds may need to be
halted temporarily and insulin prescribed if
BS levels rise due to infection, trauma, stress,
surgery etc.
Action vary so effect may be enhanced by use
of multiple meds
47. Biguanides
Metformin (Glucophage)
first choice for oral type 2 diabetes
treatment.
Action: decreases overproduction of
glucose by liver and makes insulin more
effective in peripheral tissues
48. Biguanides
Major side effects : anorexia/ wt. Loss
CI in patients with Renal impairment
D/C temp of (+) illness that leads to
dehydration or hypoperfusion --lactic
acidosis.
50. Sulfonylureas
Action: Stimulates pancreatic cells to
secrete more insulin and increases
sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin
(insulin secretagogues)
indicated for use as adjuncts to diet and
exercise in adult patients with type 2 DM
Used: to treat non-obese Type 2 diabetics
52. Sulfonylureas
(esp. Diabinese) when Side-effects
taken with alcohol can Hypoglycemia
cause severe
Disulfiram reactions GI upset
Disulfiram (antibus): a
compound when used
with alcohol produces
distressing symptoms
Symptoms: Flushed
skin, N/V, palpitations,
hyperventilation
53. Meglitinides
Repaglinide (Prandin)
Nateglinide (Starlix)
Action: stimulates pancreatic cells to
secret more insulin
much shorter-acting insulin secretagogues
than the sulfonylureas
may be used in patients who have allergy to
sulfonylurea medications.
54. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
Acarbose (Precose)
Miglitol (Glyset)
Action: Slow carbohydrate digestion and
delay glucose absorption
S/E : diarrhea & flatulence
Take immediately before meals
55. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)
Pioglitazone [Actos]
Rosiglitazone [Avandia]
Used for patients with type 2 DM who take
insulin injections
Acts by increasing insulin action at the receptor site
reduce insulin resistance
act as insulin sensitizers; thus, they require the
presence of insulin to work.
must be taken for 12-16 weeks to achieve
maximal effect.
56. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)
Affects liver function liver function tests
Indications of altered liver function
Yellow skin tone
Nausea
Abdominal pain
Dark urine
57. Drug Interactions
Directly interact with Sulfonamides
Sulfonylurea and NSAIDS
increase risk of
hypoglycemia
Sulfonylurea+ * Med =
Hypoglycemia
58. Drug Interactions
h blood glucose levels Potassium-losing diuretics
Regardless of what Corticosteriods
med you might also be Estrogen compounds
taking Phenytoin (Dilantin)
Salicylates (ASA)
59. Drug interactions
Meds that cause Acetaminophen
Hypoglycemia Alcohol
Monoamine oxidase
Without drug inhibitors / MAO inhibitors
interaction
61. Oral Hypoglycemic Agents
Client must also maintain prescribed diet and
exercise program; monitor blood glucose levels
Not used with pregnant or lactating women
Specific drug interactions may affect the blood
glucose levels
64. Instituted in 1923
Beef
Pork
1979 – human insulin
Can not be taken by mouth (digested)
65. Onset – Peak - Duration
Onset
The time period from injection to when it begins to
take effect
Peak
When insulin is working its hardest and therefore
blood glucose levels are at their lowest
Duration
Length of time the insulin works or lasts
67. Rapid-acting insulins/
or Ultra short-acting
have a short duration of action
appropriate for use before meals or when
blood glucose levels exceed target levels and
correction doses are needed.
These agents are associated with less
hypoglycemia than regular insulin.
71. Short-Acting Insulins
Humalog R; Novolin R; Iletin II Regular
Appearance Onset Peak Duration
Clear ½ - 1 hr 2-4 hrs 4-6 hrs
(1 hour) (3 hour) (5 hours)
Administered 20-30 minutes before meals
IV
Usually given 4 x a day
May to taken alone or in combination
72. Intermediate-Acting Insulins
Insulin NPH (Humulin N, onset of action: 3-4
Novolin N) hours.
have a slow onset of Peak: 8-14 hours
action and a longer duration of action : 16-24
duration of action. hrs
commonly combined appears cloudy
with faster-acting
insulins to maximize the must be gently mixed
benefits of a single and checked for
injection clumping
if clumping occurs, the
insulin should be
discarded.
73. Intermediate-Acting Insulins
Insulin NPH (Humulin N, Novolin N)
Appearance Onset Peak Duration
Cloudy 2-4 hrs 6-12 hrs 16-20 hrs
(2 hrs) (12 hrs) (24 hrs)
Administer after meals
Usually given 2x a day
Eat at onset!
74. Long-Acting Insulins
provide a longer Insulin detemir
duration of action, and, (Levemir)
when combined with Insulin Glargine
rapid- or short-acting (Lantus)
insulins, they provide
better glucose control
75. Types of Insulin –
Long-acting
Ultra Lente (UL)
Appearance Onset Peak Duration
Cloudy 4-8hour 10-30 hrs 36+ hours
(6 hrs) (24 hrs) (36 hrs)
To control fasting glucose levels
Cannot be mixed!
76. Long-Acting Insulins
Insulin detemir Insulin glargine
for once- or twice-daily onset of action: 4-8
dosing hours
duration of action is up Duration: 24 hours.
to 24 hours Peak effects; 16-18 hrs
FDA has advised of a
possible association of
insulin glargine with an
increased risk of cancer
80. When should insulin be
administered
Short-acting / regular
30 minutes before meals
Do not allow more than 30 minutes to pass by without
eating
hypoglycemia
Intermediate acting
After meals
If mixed (regular & intermediate)
30 minutes before meals
81. What route is insulin
administered
Sub-cutaneous
IV
Regular
Pump
82. Insulin Type Onset Peak Duration
Ultra Short 15 mins 30-90 mins 2- 4 hrs
Short 30 mins 2- 4 hrs 6-8 hrs
Intermediate 1-2 hrs 6-12 hrs 18-24 hrs
Long 4-6 hrs 16-24 hrs 18-36 hrs
Combination 30-60 2- 4 hrs, 6-8hrs,then
70/30 mins then then 6-12 18-24 hrs
1-2 hrs hrs
87. Adverse effects of insulin
Local allergic reactions
Insulin lipodystrophy
Insulin resistance
Dawn Phenomenon
Somogyi phenomenon
Insulin waning
88. Insulin lipodystrophy
or lipoatrophy
is primary idiopathic atrophy of adipose
tissue
can be a lump or small dent in the skin that
forms when a person keeps performing
injections in the same spot.
91. Nursing Responsibilities
Route : Subcutaneous
Steady absorption
Less painful
IV – in emergency cases ( DKA)
Only regular insulin is given through the IV
route
Do not massage the site
Fastest absorption site is the abdomen, then
deltoids, thighs then buttocks
92. Nursing Responsibilities
Administer at room temperature
Cold insulin causes lipodystrophy
Rotate site of injection
To prevent lipodystrophy. Inhibits insulin
absorption
Store vial of insulin in current use at room
temperature
Other vials should be refrigerated
93. Nursing Responsibilities
Gently roll vial in between the palms to
redistribute insulin particles
Do not shake. Bubbles make it difficult to
redistribute insulin particles
94. Nursing Responsibilities
Observe for side effects
Localized
Induration or redness
Swelling
Lesions at the site
Lipodystrophy
Edema
Sudden resolution of hyperglycemia causes
retention of water
Hypoglycemia
95. Somogyi Effect
Rebound hyperglycemia
Normal or blood glucose levels are present
at bedtime
hypoglycemia : occurs at 2-3am
This causes an increase in the production of
counterregulatory hormones
Hyperglycemia: by 7 am
Resuts in response to the counterregulatory
hormones
96. Somogyi Effect
Treatment
decreasing evening (predinner or bedtime) dose of
intermediate acting insulin
or increasing the bedtime snack
97. Dawn Phenomenon
(6 AM – 8 AM) early AM increase in blood
glucose levels associated with release of
growth hormone at 12 MN to 3 AM
98. Dawn Phenomenon:TREATMENT
Type 1 diabetes
Intensify insulin therapy
Avoid late night snacking, unless appropriate quick-
acting insulin is given.
Type 2 diabetes
Adjust diet content (decrease carbohydrates) and
timing of the evening meal so that the glucose level at
bedtime is 70-110 mg/dl
If dietary modification is not enough, consider an
intermediate or long-acting sulfonylurea at evening
meal.
Basal insulin is indicated if the dawn phenomenon
continues.
99. Insulin Waning
Progressive rise in the blood glucose levels
from bedtime to morning
Treatment:
Increase dose of evening intermediate acting or
long acting insulin
100. Difference between dawn phen
and insulin waning
10 PM 2 AM 4 AM 8 AM
Dawn
100 110 135 250
Phenomenon
Waning of
100 160 220 270
insulin
Dawn phenomenon shows an abrupt increase between
4 a.m. and 8 a.m., whereas waning of exogenous
insulin effect shows gradual rise between 2 a.m. and 8
a.m.
106. Amylinomimetics
Pramlintide acetate
(Symlin)
amylin analog that
mimics the effects of
endogenous amylin,
which is secreted by
pancreatic beta cells.
delays gastric emptying,
decreases postprandial
glucagon release, and
modulates appetite.
107. Bile acid sequestrants
bile acid sequestrant
colesevelam
lipid-lowering agents
for the treatment of
hypercholesterolemia
but were subsequently
found to have a
glucose-lowering
effect.
108. Antiparkinson Agents, Dopamine
Agonists
Bromocriptine (Cycloset) indicated as an adjunct to
Quick-release diet and exercise to
bromocriptine acts on improve glycemic control.
circadian neuronal
activities within the
hypothalamus to reset the
abnormally elevated
hypothalamic drive for
increased plasma glucose,
triglyceride, and free fatty
acid levels in fasting and
postprandial states in
patients with insulin
resistance.
109. Non-Insulin Injectables
New drugs are available for people with type
2 diabetes.
Pramlintide (Symlin), exenatide (Byetta), and
liraglutide (Victoza) are non-insulin injectable
drugs.
insulin pulls glucose into the cells
these medications cause the body to release
insulin to control blood sugar levels.
115. Amylinomimetics
Pramlintide acetate
(Symlin)
amylin analog that
mimics the effects of
endogenous amylin,
which is secreted by
pancreatic beta cells.
delays gastric emptying,
decreases postprandial
glucagon release, and
modulates appetite.
116. Bile acid sequestrants
bile acid sequestrant
colesevelam
lipid-lowering agents
for the treatment of
hypercholesterolemia
but were subsequently
found to have a
glucose-lowering
effect.
117. Antiparkinson Agents, Dopamine
Agonists
Bromocriptine (Cycloset) indicated as an adjunct to
Quick-release diet and exercise to
bromocriptine acts on improve glycemic control.
circadian neuronal
activities within the
hypothalamus to reset the
abnormally elevated
hypothalamic drive for
increased plasma glucose,
triglyceride, and free fatty
acid levels in fasting and
postprandial states in
patients with insulin
resistance.