1. Urban India 2011: Evidence

2. Original publication: November 22, 2011. Second Edition: December 22, 2011. Third Edition: January 21, 2012

3. Urban India 2011: Evidence

4. URBAN INDIA 2011: EVIDENCE
We would like to thank the several contributing authors in particular:
Professor Martha Chen of Harvard University and Dr. Govindan
Raveendran for generously sharing their analysis of 1999-2009 NSS
data on urban employment; Somik Lall and the World Bank team
working on the India Urbanisation Review for sharing their results
on India’s economic geography and in particular the distribution
of employment. Dr. Jyotsna Jha and Madhusudan B.V. of the Centre for
Budgetary and Policy Studies, Bangalore provided intriguing data on
Municipal Finance.
IUC AUTHOR AND PRODUCTION TEAM PHOTO CREDITS:
Aromar Revi, IIHS Cover Image - Red Fort : F.S. Shazuddin
Charis Idicheria, IIHS Urban Dynamics: IIHS Geospatial Lab
Garima Jain, IIHS Economic Geography - Gurgaoun High Rises: F.S. Shazuddin
Geetika Anand, IIHS Migration - Old Delhi Railway Station: Kavita Wankhade, IIHS
Dr. H.S. Sudhira, IIHS Urban Poverty & Livelihoods - Okhla: Garima Jain, IIHS
Dr. Jessica Seddon, IIHS Social Safety Nets - Abul Fazal Enclave: Garima Jain, IIHS
Kavita Wankhade, IIHS Urban Infrastructure - Metro Gurgaon: F.S. Shazuddin
M.K. Rashmi, IIHS Urban Finance - Public Investments: Himanshu Dhandha, IIHS
Priyadarshini Shetty, IIHS
Revati Dhoble, CDF, IFMR
Shashikala Gowda, IIHS
Shriya Anand, IIHS
Sujatha Srinivasan, CDF, IFMR
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5. Urban India 2011: Evidence
India’s urban transition, a once in history phenomenon, has the as convenient linkages between economic hubs? Will cities grow as
potential to shift the country’s social, environmental, political, and compact, efficient densely populated areas or continue to spread out
economic trajectory. It could catalyse the end of calorie poverty over larger and larger territories? Will more people connect to the
if post-1989 China is any example. It could deepen democracy and electricity grid or will diesel generators continue to power the emerging
human development, enabling more Indians to live better quality, suburbs – this is an important question for emissions and energy
healthier, and better-educated lives. It could enable the country's security, above and beyond the more prominent discussion about the
transition to a less resource- Intensive development, with lower move from coal to renewable energy.
throughputs, footprints and environmental impacts that could reshape Third, urbanisation will, for better or for worse, play an enormous role
global trends because of India’s demographic and economic size. in social transformation and economic mobility. It may exacerbate
But these are only aspirations. Hard evidence indicates that much work inequalities, create new opportunities, or both. Cities could be engines
needs to be done to realise these opportunities over the next twenty of poverty reduction, both within their boundaries and through the
to thirty years. financial, people, and goods flow between urban and rural India. They
India’s urbanisation will interact with the country’s ongoing could also replicate existing social stratification and exacerbate the
demographic evolution to shape the extent of the “demographic misery of poverty by concentrating the poor in smaller, more polluted,
dividend” as a young labour force moves into more or less productive more market-dependent, less safe areas.
employment with unknown opportunities for economic and social In short, urbanisation is a transition to be reckoned with.
mobility. The process will help redefine India’s imagination as a country
that lives primarily in its villages with limited movement across IIHS originally produced this book for the India Urban Conference:
geographies. We will need to understand and deepen the linkages that Evidence and Experience (IUC 2011), a series of events designed to raise
enable small urban centres to become catalysts for rural non-farm the salience of urban challenges and opportunities in the ongoing debate
employment, sites of opportunities, and a foundation for eliminating on India’s development. The series, comprising an academic conference
rural poverty and exclusion. in New Haven, CT, USA, an ideas-forum and discussion of emerging
evidence and research in Mysore, a policy conference in Delhi, and
The spatial patterns of urbanisation will also affect the possibilities a national student challenge seeking innovative proposals for urban
for the country to pioneer new, less resource-intensive forms solutions, was convened by the Indian Institute for Human Settlements
of development. India has lower measured emissions per unit of output (IIHS), Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy (JCCD), and
than many other countries at the moment, but the emerging economic the South Asian Studies Council at Yale University, in collaboration with
geography will determine whether this pattern can be sustained as the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation and the Ministry
growth continues and consumption increases. Will road transport of Urban Development of the Government of India. The events also
continue to dominate shipping or will rail and inland waterways emerge

6. relied on the expertise and networks of Context Anchors including The Urban India 2011: Evidence also marks the initiation of a series
Arghyam, Bangalore; DRONAH (Development and Research of thematic Urban Atlases in collaboration with leading scholars and
Organisation for Nature Art and Heritage), Gurgaon; IFMR Finance practitioners. The Indian Institute for Human Settlements is firmly
Foundation, Chennai; PHFI (Public Health Foundation of India), Delhi; committed to furthering “basic research” - to borrow an academic term
India Urban Space Foundation (IUSF), Bangalore; SPA (School from the natural sciences - that helps civil society, academics, and policy
of Planning and Architecture), Delhi; and Pratham, Mumbai and Delhi. makers at all levels of government understand and reflect upon the ways
The IUC series sought to contribute to building a strong and inclusive that our society, culture, and economy are changing every day. The Atlas
knowledge foundation for this transition. The series of events sought programme will be a platform for collaboration between all
to create a platform for research and dialogue among practitioners, of the various stakeholders in data production - civil society and citizens
academics, and citizens to identify priorities for policy, research, and as well as surveyors, academics, and governments - as well as a means
action by all stakeholders in India’s urban transition. to disseminate the information that emerges from these exercise
to a broad audience.
We hope to extend the discussion beyond that series through wider
publication of the Urban India 2011: Evidence briefing and the evidence
behind it. This brief and intensive underlying analysis pulls together
available evidence from national surveys, the Census of India, remote
sensing data on urban spatial dynamics, as well as published and grey
literature. The picture created is far removed from the lived reality
of urban India, and the aggregate summaries may be at odds with the
varied circumstances that policymakers, entrepreneurs and civil society
face as they seek to intervene in the urban transition. In some cases
these data may systematically misrepresent the context and dynamics
of urban India. However, the analysis captures one of the views available
to today’s policymakers and starts to place diverse individual
experiences in some semblance of a broader context. It provides
a starting point for developing a shared understanding of the underlying
trends behind the everyday and individual observations of how India
and its urban areas are evolving. We hope that it will be challenged,
augmented, and improved.

7. Urban Dynamics
Economic Geography
Migration
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Urban Poverty and Livelihoods
1. Urban Dynamics 3-26
2. Economic Geography 27-40
3. Migration 41-47
4. Urban Poverty and Livelihoods 48-56
5. Social Safety Nets 57-62
Social Safety Nets
6. Urban Infrastructure & Services 63-69
7. Urban Finance 70-78
Urban Infrastructure & Services
Endnotes & Explanations 79-86
Abbreviations 87-88
Urban Finance
[1]

8. [2]

9. Longitude "
Urban Dynamics
Latitude "
National Capital Region of Delhi: Urban Land Cover 2011
Urban Dynamics

10. Urban Dynamics
Urban Dynamics
This section provides an overview of India’s urban dynamics in both century as we move from a rural-agrarian to an urbanindustrial/
spatial and demographic terms. The first set of maps places India’s services-led economy. The second is the impact of the grey
present settlement distribution in historic context and suggests one zone between Class IV to VI towns (<5,000-20,000) population and the
scenario of how this may evolve over the next two decades. India’s large fraction of rural population who live in villages that have more
impending urbanisation, particularly an acceleration of urbanisation than 5,000 people and have an increasing urban character. There are
in southern and parts of western India, are apparent and formidable. between 80-140 million people estimated to be living in this zone.
The next set of analyses disaggregates this overall pattern to show the
broad spatial distribution of cities by size class. Insets on the pages A shift toward defining these areas as urban would mean a rise in India’s
summarize the current distribution of population as well as estimates level of urbanisation to 40% or above, but a loss of rural entitlements
of land covered and economic output across cities of various sizes. and an increased burden of urban taxation – both of which have major
This analysis shows how urban areas account for a disproportionately policy implications. It is between the medium and small towns and this
small amount of India’s terrain when compared with their significant grey zone of large villages that the success of India’s new manufacturing,
and rising share of economic output. According to the Census of India livelihood and skill building policies will be sorely tested. The next series
2011 as well as calculations by the IIHS Geospatial Lab, the top 10 cities focuses in on the patterns of urbanisation as deduced from changes in
of India account for almost 8% of India’s population, produce 15% of land cover over time. The short summary is that cities are sprawling. As
total economic output but only occupy approximately 0.1% of the total they expand past their formal administrative boundaries, city densities
land area. Similarly, the 53 million plus cities are estimated to account lower over time as population growth rates lag behind the rate of the
for 13% of the population produce, about a third of total economic growth of built-up areas. The drop in built-up area densities is greater in
output and occupy approximately 0.2% of the land. The top 100 cities the top 100 cities when compared to the top 10 or the million plus cities
are estimated to account for 16% of the population, produce 43% of but sprawl is happening in large and small cities alike. This is hardly an
India’s total output and occupy approximately 0.26% of the land. These unusual pattern when seen from a global perspective, but it does have
estimates are necessarily rough given the absence of reliable obvious and possibly unfortunate consequences for urban governance,
disaggregated data for urban areas but the emerging economic regional planning, and the sustainability of India’s cities. Urbanisation
importance of cities as well their increasing demographic presence is has the potential to be an environmentally sustainable way to work and
clear. live – life in compact settlements requires less transport, less energy for
cooling and heating, and directly alters less terrain than more spatially
The next set of plates traces the evolution of India’s entire settlement dispersed living patterns. Increasing sprawl challenges these
structure – across villages, small towns and cities showing the changing possibilities.
distribution of India’s population since Independence. The distribution
has a high concentration in the million cities and a very long While the extent of land under urban cover remains small, the effects of
decentralised tail – the 2011 Census estimated 8,000 urban centres, urban land dynamics may be more significant. For one, location of the
situated in a sea of over 6,60,000 villages. The graphs show a decline in land matters – we may be urbanising in productive and eco-sensitive
the number of people and proportion living in hamlets and small areas. Second, spatial size matters. Globally, cities typically sprawl and
villages, partially because of population growth, but also because of the disturb land area twice their built up area – this relationship is
clustering and agglomeration of settlements as mobility networks unstudied for India. Third, low density urban expansion affects energy
increased in coverage and settlement sizes grew. The analysis shows that use for transport, the prospects for and costs of resource-efficient
the most significant change is in the proportion of the smallest and the infrastructure, the extent of disruption to watersheds and albedo, and
largest cities. other aspects of urbanisation that in turn affects extraction of water,
energy and material resources from the hinterland for the construction
Two striking questions emerge: the distribution of both India’s urban and operation of these cities
and rural population across settlement size class over the next half
[4]

11. Urban Dynamics
Urban India: 1951
In 1951, there were only
5 Indian cities with a population
greater than 1 million and only
41 cities greater than 0.1 million
population. Much of India
effectively lived in 0.56 million
villages.
300
Top 100 Top 50 Top 25 Top 20 Top 10
250
Population in millions
200
150
100
50
0
1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031
Source: IIHS Analysis of Census
data, 1951. (Satellite Map,
Google Inc.)
[5]

12. Urban Dynamics
Urban India: 2011
In 2011, there are 3 cities with
population greater than 10 million
and 53 cities with population
greater than 1 million. Over 833
million Indians live in 0.64 million
villages but 377 million live in
about 8,000 urban centres.
300
Top 100 Top 50 Top 25 Top 20 Top 10
250
Population in millions
200
150
100
50
0
1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031
Source: IIHS Analysis of Census
data, 2011. (Satellite Map,
Google Inc.)
[6]

13. Urban Dynamics
Urban India: 2031
By 2031, it is projected that there
will be 6 cities with a population
greater than 10 million. A key
question is how many Indians
would live in how many medium
and small towns - the bridge
between a transforming rural and
urban India?
300
Top 100 Top 50 Top 25 Top 20 Top 10
250
Population in millions
200
150
100
50
0
1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031
Source: IIHS Analysis based
on Census of India. (Satellite Map,
Google Inc.)
[7]

14. Urban Dynamics
India's Largest Cities: 2011
(List in descending order of population of Urban Agglomerations)
Top Ten Million Plus Top Hundred
Greater Mumbai Greater Mumbai Jamshedpur Greater Mumbai Srinagar Cuttack
Delhi Delhi Srinagar Delhi Jabalpur Puducherry
Kolkata Kolkata Jabalpur Kolkata Asansol Jammu
Chennai Chennai Asansol Chennai Vasai Virar City (M Corp.)* Bikaner (M Corp.)*
Bangalore Bangalore Vasai Virar City (M Corp.)* Bangalore Allahabad Amravati (M Corp.)*
Hyderabad Hyderabad Allahabad Hyderabad Dhanbad Noida (CT)
Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Dhanbad Ahmedabad Aurangabad Mangalore
Pune Pune Aurangabad Pune Amritsar Belgaum
Surat Surat Amritsar Surat Jodhpur Bhavnagar
Jaipur (M Corp.)* Jaipur (M Corp.)* Jodhpur Jaipur (M Corp.)* Ranchi Firozabad (NPP)
Kanpur Ranchi Kanpur Raipur Jamnagar
Lucknow Raipur Lucknow Kollam Durgapur
Nagpur Kollam Nagpur Gwalior Malegaon
Ghaziabad Gwalior Ghaziabad Durg-Bhilainagar Nellore
Indore Durg-Bhilainagar Indore Chandigarh Bokaro Steel City
Coimbatore Chandigarh Coimbatore Tiruchirappalli Kolhapur
Kochi Tiruchirappalli Kochi Kota (M Corp.)* Raurkela
Patna Kota (M Corp.)* Patna Mysore Ajmer
Kozhikode Kozhikode Bareilly Nanded Waghala (M Corp.)*
Bhopal Bhopal Guwahati Jhansi
Thrissur Thrissur Tiruppur Gulbarga
Vadodara Vadodara Solapur (M Corp.)* Erode
Agra Agra Hubli-Dharwad *(M Corp.)* Ujjain (M Corp.)*
GVMC (MC)** GVMC (MC)** Salem Sangali
Malappuram Malappuram Aligarh Tirunelveli
Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram Gurgaon Muzaffarnagar
Kannur Kannur Moradabad (M Corp.)* Vellore
Ludhiana (M Corp.)* Ludhiana (M Corp.)* Bhubaneswar Rajahmundry
Nashik Nashik Jalandhar
Vijayawada Vijayawada Warangal
Madurai Madurai Bhiwandi
Varanasi Varanasi Dehradun
Meerut Meerut Saharanpur (M Corp.)*
Faridabad (M Corp.)* Faridabad (M Corp.)* Siliguri
Rajkot Rajkot Gorakhpur
Jamshedpur Guntur
**GVMC (MC): Greater Visakhaptnam Municipal Corporation | *(M Corp.): Municipal Corporation. Source: Census 2011
[8]

15. Urban Dynamics
Ten Largest Cities
The top 10 cities are estimated to
produce about 15% of the GDP, with
Ten Largest Cities 8% of the population and just 0.1%
of the land area.
Land
Land 0.1%
Population
Population 8%
Output
Output 15%
0 10 20 30 40 50
Estimated Proportion for all-India
Average Density in Built-up Area of Top
Ten Cities, people per sq km
40
Estimated number of people per square km
Thousands
35
30
of built-up area
25
20
15
10
5
0
1990s 2000s 2010s
Source: IIHS Analysis 2011(built-up
area); Census 2011 (population);
Planning Commission 2011
(DPP Estimates 2005-06).
See endnotes for method
of calculating urban output and
built-up area.
[9]

16. Urban Dynamics
Cities with Populations over 1 Million
The 53 Million-plus cities are
estimated to produce about 32% of
Cities with Populations the GDP, with 13.3% of the
over 1 Million population and just 0.2% of the land
area.
Land
Land 0.2%
Population
Population 13%
Output
Output 31%
0 10 20 30 40 50
Estimated Proportion for all-India
Average Density in Built-up Areas of
Million Plus Cities, people per sq km
Estimated number of people per square km
45
Thousands
40
35
30
of built -up area
25
20
15
10
5
0
1990s 2000s 2010s
Source: IIHS Analysis 2011(built-up
area); Census 2011 (population);
Planning Commission 2011
(DPP Estimates 2005-06).
See endnotes for method
of calculating urban output and
built-up area.
[10]

17. Urban Dynamics
Hundred Largest Cities
The top 100 largest cities are
estimated to produce about 43% of
Hundred Largest Cities the GDP, with 16% of the population
and just 0.24% of the land area.
Land
Land 0.24%
Population
Population 16%
Output
Output 41%
0 10 20 30 40 50
Estimated Proportion for all-India
Average Density in Built-up Areas of Top
Hundred Cities, people per sq km
Estimated number of people per square km
45
Thousands
40
35
30
of built -up area
25
20
15
10
5
0
1990s 2000s 2010s
Source: IIHS Analysis 2011(built-up
area); Census 2011 (population);
Planning Commission 2011
(DPP Estimates 2005-06).
See endnotes for method
of calculating urban output and
built-up area.
[11]

18. Urban Dynamics
Distribution of India’s Population by Settlement Size (Urban & Rural): 1951-2011*
Depending on the definition of urban, more settlements shift from the rural into the urban category.
Est. 2011
100% Pop.
3% 1% 3% 4% 3%
3% 4% 4% Megacities (> 10 m)
1% 3% 2% Large Metropolitan Cities (5-10 m)
2% 3% 2% 3%
4% 4%
Class I
7% 5%
Cities
90% 6% 6%
8%
7%
265 m Million + Cities (1 - 5 m)
3% 8%
1% 8%
5% 8%
1% 9% Other Class I Cities (0.1 to 1 m)
Other Urban Large
80% 8% 1% 8%
Centres
10% 8% Class II (50-1,00,000) , Class III (20-50,000), Class
Proportion of All India Population (%)
1% IV (10-20,000)
17% 12% 1% 9% 112 m
70% 1% Class V & VI (<5-10,000)
18% 14%
16%
20%
Villages
60% 17% Very Large Villages (>10,000) , Large Villages
21%
200 m (>5,000)
20%
50% 22%
21%
23% Medium Sized Villages (2-5,000)
21%
40% 24%
20%
small villages
Medium and
21%
30% 19%
19% 537 m
18%
18%
20% 17% Small Villages (1-2,000)
15%
12%
22% 10%
10%
17% Hamlets (500-1,000)
13% 8%
10%
7% 5% Small Hamlets (<500)
3%
0%
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Definition of Urban (Census 2011): All statutory
(estimate) places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment
board or notified town area committee. A place satisfying
All India: Number of Settlements (1971-2011) the following three criteria simultaneously: a minimum
1991 2001 2011 population of 5,000; at least 75 per cent of male working
population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and
Urban 3,351 5,161 7,935 a density of population of at least 400 per sq. km.
Rural 6,34,321 6,38,588 6,40,867 Source: Census, 2011
*The break-up of smaller cities Source: IIHS Analysis based
+ for 2011 is an estimate on Census 1951 to 2011
[12]

19. Urban Dynamics
Largest 20 Urban Agglomerations by Population: 2011
The rapid growth of the largest metropolitan cities in the 20th century,
is now beginning to slow down, whereas the smaller cities are expanding.
20
18 Greater Mumbai UA
Delhi UA
16 Kolkata UA
Chennai UA
Bangalore UA
14
Hyderabad UA
Ahmedabad UA
Population in millions
12 Pune UA
Surat UA
10 Jaipur (M Corp.)
Kanpur UA
Lucknow UA
8
Nagpur UA
Ghaziabad UA
6 Indore UA
Coimbatore UA
4 Kochi UA
Patna UA
Kozhikode UA
2
Bhopal UA
0
1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Source: IIHS Analysis based on
Census of India, 2011
[13]

20. Urban Dynamics
Population and Built up Area: Inside and Outside India’s 10 Largest Cities
1990 2000
250
Population and builtarea outside the urban local body as a proportion of
250
Population and builtarea outside the urban local body as a proportion of
population or built area inside the urban local body
population or built area inside the urban local body
200 200
150 150
100 100
-up
-up
-up
-up
50 50
0 0
Greater Delhi Kolkata Chennai Bangalore Hyderabad Ahmedabad Pune Surat Jaipur Greater Delhi Kolkata Chennai Bangalore Hyderabad Ahmedabad Pune Surat Jaipur
Mumbai Mumbai
Population Built -up area Population Built -up area
2010 India’s largest cities have a significant portion of both
250
Population and builtarea outside the urban local body as a proportion of
population and built-up areas outside ULB boundaries. In
most cases, the proportion of built- up area outside ULB
population or built area inside the urban local body
200 boundaries is greater than the proportion of population
outside the administrative boundaries, implying relatively
low-density sprawl. Comparison over time (highlighted in
150
the next page) shows that this spatial expansion has
accelerated between 2000 and 2010.
up
100
-
-up
50
0 Source: H.S. Sudhira (2011)
Greater Delhi Kolkata Chennai Bangalore Hyderabad Ahmedabad Pune Surat Jaipur and IIHS Analysis
Mumbai See endnote for explanation
Population Built -up area on methodology for calculating
built-up area
[15]

21. Urban Dynamics
Urban Growth: Population vs. Built up Areas
Percentage Change in Population and Built-up Area Percentage Change in Population and Built-up Area
for 10 Largest Cities, 1990-2000 for 10 Largest Cities, 2000-2010
100% 100%
90% 90%
80% 80%
70% 70%
Change (%)
60%
Change (%)
60%
50% 50%
40% 40%
30% 30%
20% 20%
10% 10%
0% 0%
Greater Delhi Kolkata Chennai Bangalore Hyderabad Ahmedabad Pune Surat Jaipur Greater Delhi Kolkata Chennai Bangalore Hyderabad Ahmedabad Pune Surat Jaipur
Mumbai Mumbai
Percentage Change in Population Percentage Change in Built- up Area
Built-up area has been growing faster than population in nearly all of India’s largest cities for the past two decades.
Source: H.S. Sudhira (2011)
and IIHS Analysis
See endnote for explanation
on methodology for calculating
built-up area
[14]

22. Urban Dynamics
Urban Growth: Density
Built-up Densities inside Administrative Boundary Built-up Densities outside Administrative Boundary
100 1990 100 1990
Thousands
Thousands
90 2000 90 2000
80 2010 80 2010
Persons per sq. km of Built -up area
Persons per sq. km of built -up area
70 70
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
Greater Delhi Kolkata Chennai Bangalore Hyderabad Ahmedabad Pune Surat Jaipur Greater Delhi Kolkata Chennai Bangalore Hyderabad Ahmedabad Pune Surat Jaipur
Mumbai Mumbai
Built-up density, estimated as population over built-up area, is decreasing for most of the core areas of the
ten largest cities. The evolution of density outside the urban local body boundaries varies more, but
density is lower than in the city cores.
Source: H.S. Sudhira (2011)
and IIHS Analysis
See endnote for explanation
on methodology for calculating
built-up area
[16]

23. Urban Dynamics
Change in Urban Built-up Area & Land Cover: Mumbai & Delhi
Mumbai
12.6 million 1992 16.4 million 2001 18.4 million 2011
Delhi
8.7 million 1992 13.7 million 2000 16.3 million 2011
Built-up
Vegetation
Water bodies
Others
Source: H. S. Sudhira (2011).
Urban Land Cover and Land Cover
Change Dataset of Indian Cities.
IIHS Working Paper, Mimeo.
[17]

24. Urban Dynamics
Change in Urban Built-up Area & Land Cover: Kolkata & Chennai
Kolkata
10.3 million 1990 13.2 million 2001 14.1 million 2010
Chennai
5.2 million 1991 6.6 million 2000 8.7 million 2009
Built-up
Vegetation
Water bodies
Others
Source: H. S. Sudhira (2011).
Urban Land Cover and Land Cover
Change Dataset of Indian Cities.
IIHS Working Paper, Mimeo.
[18]

25. Urban Dynamics
Change in Urban Built-up Area & Land Cover: Bangalore & Hyderabad
Bangalore
3.4 million 1992 5.7 million 2001 8.5 million 2009
Hyderabad
4.3 million 1989 5.7 million 2001 7.7 million 2009
Built-up
Vegetation
Water bodies
Others
Source: H. S. Sudhira (2011).
Urban Land Cover and Land Cover
Change Dataset of Indian Cities.
IIHS Working Paper, Mimeo.
[19]

26. Urban Dynamics
Change in Urban Built-up Area & Land Cover: Ahmedabad & Pune
Ahmedabad
3.3 million 1992 4.5 million 2001 6.4 million 2011
Pune
2.3 million 1992 3.8 million 2001 5.0 million 2011
Built-up
Vegetation
Water bodies
Others
Source: H. S. Sudhira (2011).
Urban Land Cover and Land Cover
Change Dataset of Indian Cities.
IIHS Working Paper, Mimeo.
[20]

27. Urban Dynamics
Change in Urban Built-up Area & Land Cover: Surat & Jaipur
Surat
1.5 million 1990 2.8 million 2001 4.6 million 2011
Jaipur
1.5 million 1989 2.3 million 2000 3.1 million 2011
Built-up
Vegetation
Water bodies
Others
Source: H. S. Sudhira (2011).
Urban Land Cover and Land Cover
Change Dataset of Indian Cities.
IIHS Working Paper, Mimeo.
[21]

28. Urban Dynamics
Change in Urban Built-up Area & Land Cover: Agra & Chandigharh
Agra
0.9 million 1989 1.3 million 2000 1.7 million 2011
Chandigharh
0.6 million 1989 0.8 million 2000 1 million 2011
Built-up
Vegetation
Water bodies
Others
Source: H. S. Sudhira (2011).
Urban Land Cover and Land Cover
Change Dataset of Indian Cities.
IIHS Working Paper, Mimeo.
[22]

29. Urban Dynamics
Spatial Variation in District-wise Distribution of Sectoral Output: 2005-06
100%
All the districts of India are arranged in ascending
Agriculture order of level of urbanisation, and the lines
90% represent the cumulative distribution of sectoral
Cumulative Percentage of Total All-India Output
Forestry and
output. As expected, we see that some economic
80% Logging activity like banking, insurance and real estate is
more concentrated in urban areas, whereas
70% Mining and
Quarrying forestry, logging, agriculture, mining and
quarrying are less concentrated in urban areas.
60%
Manufacturing
50%
Trade, Hotels
and Restaurants
40%
Banking and
30% Insurance
20% Real Estate
Sectoral Composition of All India GDP, 2005-06
10% Public
Total DDP
Admn
5% Other
0%
Services
Districts, ordered by Level of Urbanisation 9% Agriculture
19% Forestry 1%
Real Estate Fishing 1%
9%
Banking Mining 2%
6%
Manufacturing
This chart shows the sectoral composition of the economy. Shades of green Communication 14%
represent the primary sector, shades of blue represent the secondary sector 3%
and shades of pink and purple represent the tertiary sector. Other Transport 4% Trade
Railways 1% 15% Electricity
2%
Construction
8%
Source : District-level data
on economic output from the
Planning Commission
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