This document defines and describes various terms related to the digestive system. It discusses bite-wing x-rays, which are used to examine teeth and detect issues like decay. It also explains lavage, which is the irrigation of an organ like the stomach, extraction of teeth for reasons like decay or infection, and anastomosis, which is the surgical connection of tubular structures like blood vessels or sections of intestine.

1. By Kidane Hailemichael
PRESENTATION 8

2. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM TERMS
 Bite-wing x-ray
 Lavage
 Extraction
 Anastomosis

3. BITE-WING X-RAY
 The bite wing x-ray is taken to visualize the crown
of the posterior teeth and the height of the areolar
bone in relation to the cementoenamel junction,
which are the demarcation lines on the teeth which
separates tooth crown from tooth root

4. BITE-WING X-RAY
 Biting x-rays are extremely helpful in
determining;
 Tooth decay located in between teeth
 Various stages of gum disease
 Problems with tooth alignment
 Detecting a buildup of dental tartar
 Measure bone loss due to advanced periodontal
disease

5. PROCEDURE
 The film resembles a “ T shape” that’s placed on the anterior
side of the jaw
 The film extends to cover both the upper and lower teeth,
and the patient bites a tab in the middle to hold the film in
place
 After the dental hygienist positions the biting in the mouth ,
the patient closes his or her teeth to secure the film
 An x-ray camera is then used to photograph several teeth at
once

6. ADVANTAGES OF BITE-WING X-RAYS
 Once an initial full set of x-rays are taken, bitewings are
used during interval checkups to look for changes in the
teeth and gums
 It keeps the patient from having to sit through a complete
set of x-rays every six months, saving the patient time and
money in the long run
 Taking a bitewing is a quick and painless process, and the
film is usually ready for the dentist to view in just a few
minutes

7. PRECAUTIONS
 Level of radiation patients encounter is not
significantly enough to cause a health
concern. Regardless, no matter how many
bitewings are taken, patients should always
be covered with a lead apron.

8. LAVAGE
 Lavage is the irrigation or washing out of an
organ
 Gastric lavage, also commonly called
stomach pumping or gastric irrigation, is the
process of cleaning out the contents of the
stomach

9. LAVAGE
 Has been used over 200 years as a means
of eliminating poison from the stomach
 Is used on a person who has ingested a
poison or overdose on a drug such as
alcohol
 May be used before surgery, to clean the
contents of the digestive tract before it is
opened

10. TECHNIQUE
 Gastric lavage involves the passage of tube via the mouth
or nose down into the stomach followed by sequential
administration and removal of small volumes of liquid
 The placement of the tube in the stomach must be
confirmed by:
 Air insufflation while listening to the stomach
 pH testing a small amount of aspirated stomach content
 X-ray
 This is to confirm the tube is not in the lungs

11. PRECAUTIONS
 Patients who are unconscious or can not protect their
airways should be intubated before performing lavage
 Patient must be put to sleep for a period of time during the
operation due to its high risk of shock and hypernatremia

12. EXTRACTION
 Extraction is the removal of tooth from the
mouth
 Extractions are performed for a wide variety
of reasons , including tooth decay that has
destroyed enough tooth structure to render
the tooth non- restorable

13. REASONS FOR TOOTH EXTRACTION
 Severe tooth decay and infection
 Extra teeth which are blocking other teeth from coming in
 Severe gum disease which may affect supporting tissues
and bone structure of teeth
 In preparation for orthodontic ( braces)
 Teeth in the fracture line
 Fractured teeth
 Supernumerary, supplementary or malformed teeth
 Tooth of poor appearance, unsuitable for restoration

14. TYPES OF EXTRACTION
 Simple Extractions- are performed on:
 teeth that are visible in the mouth
 usually under local anesthetic
 require only the use of instrument to elevate and grasp the visible
portion of the tooth
 Surgical extraction- Involves the removal of the teeth that
can not be easily accessed, either they have broken under
the gum line or they have not erupted fully

15. ANASTOMOSIS
 An anastomosis is a surgical connection
between two structures. It usually means a
connection that is created between tubular
structures , such as blood vessels or loops of
intestine
 Surgical anastomosis means to join together
two hollow organs, usually to restore
continuity after resection, or by pass an
unresectable disease process

16. ANASTOMOSIS
 Historically such procedures were performed with suture
material, but increasingly mechanical staplers and biological
glues are employed
 Anastomosis may be:
 End- to - end
 Side- to - side
 Side- to – end
 Depending on the circumstance of the required reconstruction or bypass

17. ANASTOMOSIS ARE PERFORMED ON
 Gastrointestinal (GI) tract-
 Esophagus
 Stomach
 Small bowel
 Large bowel
 Bile duct
 Pancreas
 Anastomosis are also performed on blood
vessels and urinary tract

18. REFERENCES
 www.medline plus .com
 en.wikipendia.org
 1.800 dentis.com