Since the publication of ‘The Innovator’s Dilemma’ in the late 19901s the work of Clayton Christensen has been very influential in the business world. What is the result when we look at his analytical ‘tool-set’ in the context of libraries and especially libraries in Higher Education? This presentation uses the Christensens analysis to look at library technology and libraries themselves. It also describes some concepts and steps necessary to think about and undertake 'disruptive' innovation. But can libraries really do this?

1. disrupting libraries: the
potential for new services
IFLA. Florence 19th August 2009
emerging trends in technology
kenchadconsulting
Ken Chad
Director
Ken Chad Consulting Ltd
ken@kenchadconsulting.com
Te: +44 (0)7788 727 845
www.kenchadconsulting.com

2. PART 1
models of innovation
sustaining
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disruptive

3. sustaining characteristics
• targets demanding high-end customers
• better performance
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• incremental— year-on-year
• some innovations are breakthrough
leapfrog-beyond-the-competition
• established companies almost always
win

4. disruptive characteristics
• not about better products to established
customers
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• not as good as current products
• ..but simpler, more convenient, less
expensive, to less demanding customers
• entrant companies can win

5. disruptive innovation
entrants to the market seek out non
traditional markets that uniquely value
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the innovation, despite the limitations
that make it unattractive

6. disrupts.

7. a disruptive product or service….
it targets market segments unattractive (initially) to incumbent
providers
it targets users who previously lacked money or skill to use mainstream
products. These are the people that were conventionally thought of as
'non-consumers' for this type of product.
It is ‘good enough’ for low-end consumers They don't need a ‘fully
feature’ product
it has a significant cost advantage
it targets under-served needs
It is simpler and more convenient to use than 'mainstream' products

8. disruption is positive. Customers
like new disruptive products and
services

9. is the library market being
disrupted?
A: yes

11. characteristics of a market
ripe for disruption
• undifferentiated products where price is
a main criterion
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• a market full of M&A
• functionally rich products (cf. MS Office)
• marginal competitors are taking market
share

12. PART 2
let’s look at these attributes in
the context of the library systems
market
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is it ripe for disruption?

13. characteristics of a market ripe for
disruption
(1) undifferentiated products
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flikr http://www.flickr.com/photos/banoootah_qtr/843477991/

14. ‘Choosing a new ILS is a lot like
choosing a rental car. . any ILS is
going to get you where you need to
go …’ Andrew K. Pace. 2004 ...
Dismantling Integrated Library Systems. By Andrew K. Pace — Library Journal February 1, 2004.
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‘It is generally agreed, even among vendors,
that ILS products all basically do the same
things’
The Dis-Integrating World of Library Automation. By Roland Dietz & Carl Grant. Library Journal 15th June
2005 http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA606392.html

15. kenchadconsulting
‘A significant proportion of libraries are
considering replacing their LMS in the near
term. They might [re] consider the value of
this approach in a mature market with little
product differentiation’

16. characteristics of a market ripe for
disruption
(2) A market full of M & A
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flikr

17. changing ownership/M&A
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(everyone –almost- has changed in the
3+ years)

18. changing ownership/M&A
2005
• June 2005: Sirsi and Dynix merge and
become SirsiDynix
• November 05: Geac (now Infor) announces
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its acquisition by Golden Gate Capital, a
private equity company.
• November 2005 OCLC Pica acquires
Fretwell Downing (OLIB etc)

19. changing ownership/M&A
2006
• February 2006: Talis is “reconstructed”: the
owners (BLCMP Ltd and an Employee Benefit Trust)
vote to transfer ownership to a new company called
Talis Group
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• July 06: ExLibris acquired by Francisco Partners, a
private equity company
• December 06: Endeavor acquired from Elsevier by
ExLibris and Francisco Partners

20. changing ownership/M&A
2007
• January 2007: SirsiDynix acquired by Vista Equity
partners, a private equity company
• June 07 Bowker (CIG) acquires MediaLabs
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(AquaBrowser)
• July 07 OCLC acquires remaining shares in OCLC
PICA

21. changing ownership/M&A
2008
• Feb 2008: Axiell buy DS
• June 08: Civica management buyout with 3i equity
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• August 08: Leeds Equity buy Ex Libris
• September 08 OCLC buy AMLIB

22. in UK Higher Education
four vendors have nearly 90% of the market
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23. UK HE Market Share Axiel
ExLibris (inc Endeavor)
Infor (formerly Geac)
Innovative Interface
ExLibris
Talis 23% 23% ISOxford
OCLC Pica (Fretwell
Downing)
Payne Automation
SirsiDynix
SirsiDynix Innovative Softlink
23% 18% Talis
VTLS
Unknown

24. in UK Public Libraries
four vendors have 90% of the market
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25. UK Public Libraries Market Share
Bibliomondo
Talis 26% Civica
Axiell/DS 30%
DS
Infor
In-house
Innovative
IS Oxford
RedSky
SirsiDynix 23% Infor 10 % SirsiDynix
Talis

26. the role of private equity
• ‘The discipline of private equity makes companies fitter, leaner
and better able to compete.’ Ian Armitage, partner at HgCapital Quoted in Sunday Times on 18th February
• ‘Private equity buys an entire company… improves the company
and owns it typically for three to seven years. It then sells it or
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takes dividends by refinancing it’. Stephen Schwarzman Blackstones. Quoted in Sunday Times on 18th
February
• ‘As a rule of thumb, unless a business can offer the prospect of
significant turnover growth within five years, it is unlikely to be
of interest to a private equity firm’. An introduction to private equity. The British Private
Equity and Venture Capital Association

27. characteristics of a market ripe for
disruption
(3) functionally rich products
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http://www.flickr.com/photos/antmoose/19678543/

28. The UK Core Specification ‘contains over 500 requirements
covering the following main functional areas’
Bibliographic database management
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OPAC and end user services
Circulation control
Acquisitions
Serials control
Document delivery and inter-library loans
Management information

29. characteristics of a market ripe for
disruption
(4) marginal competitors taking market
share
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30. ‘open source systems such as Koha and Evergreen have
entered the marketplace as routine options. ’
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‘Investing in The Future: Automation Marketplace 2009. By Marshall Breeding. Library Journal, 1st April
2009. http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6645868.html

31. kenchadconsulting

32. …but is the market itself failing?
‘…we’re seeing the seeds of a new revolution being sewn
[sic]. As the goal of some companies becomes once more attuned
to trimming costs... libraries and their users suffer. In some cases,
cost savings are being generated for the company by consolidating
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products… When this happens, it is short-term profit that is the
objective rather than serving the long-term mission of libraries.
These companies have become unresponsive to the
collective goals of our profession and, like so much of our society
these days, are no longer focused on the “we” but the “me”. It is a
sad state of affairs and one that will not be tolerated’
‘A symphony out of tune: when companies go deaf’. Carl Grant. Care Affiliates blog. 4 July 2007.
www.care-affiliates.com/thoughts/archives/6

33. is the market failing?
‘We feel that software companies have not designed Integrated
Library Systems that meet the needs of academic libraries, and
we don’t think those companies are likely to
meet libraries’ needs in the future by making
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incremental changes to their products.
Consequently, academic libraries are devoting significant time and
resources to try to overcome the inadequacies of the expensive ILS
products they have purchased. Frustrated with current systems,
library users are abandoning the ILS and thereby giving up access
to the high quality scholarly resources libraries make available’
Duke University Openlib project

34. what about libraries themselves?
‘Libraries, at this point in their history, are exactly the
kind of successful organizations that Christensen
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predicts will stumble and fail.’
'The Innovator's Dilemma: Disruptive Change and Academic Libraries.' By David W. Lewis.
Library Administration & Management 18(2):68-74 Spring 2004.

35. PART 3
some wider (disruptive) context
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36. some of what follows may make you feel
uncomfortable……..libraries and librarians are
being challenged
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37. ‘For more than 150 years, modern complex
democracies have depended in large measure
on an industrial information economy…….In
the past decade and a half we have begun to
see a radical change in the organisation of
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information production. Enabled by
technological change, we are beginning to
see a series of economic, social and cultural
adaptations that make possible a radical
transformation of how we make the
information environment….’
Yochai Benkler a Professor of Law at Yale Law School

38. everywhere content is
increasingly digital
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39. ‘Knowledge has been
shackled to the physical.
Now that the digitising of
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information is allowing us
to go beyond the
physical…..the shape of
our knowledge is
changing’. [P 71 ]

40. kenchadconsulting
‘cheap, utility-supplied computing
will ultimately change society as
profoundly as cheap electricity did’

41. users are not just generating
content they are also organising
content (via tags etc)
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(isn’t organising content what librarians are
supposed to do?)

42. ‘ with less than 10 people [Flikr] had
millions of users generating content,
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millions of users organising that
content for them, tens of
thousands of users distributing that
across the internet…’

43. ‘As user generated content continues to be
commercialised, it seems the largest
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threat posed won’t be to big corporations
but to individual professionals—to the
journalists, editors …researchers
…librarians and other information workers
who can be replaced by….people not on the
payroll’

44. removing barriers
‘.. technology is unleashing a capacity for speaking
that before was suppressed by economic
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constraint. Now people can speak in lots of ways
they never before could have, because the economic
opportunity was denied to them’
Mother Jones Magazine (website)
Interview with Lawrence Lessig: Stanford Law School Professor, Creative Commons Chair
June 29, 2007
http://www.motherjones.com/interview/2007/07/lawrence_lessig.html

45. participation
‘We-Think changes how we access and organise
information and so is bound to disrupt libraries and
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librarians’
‘ The library of the future will be a platform for
participation and collaboration with users
increasingly sharing information amongst themselves as
well as drawing on the library’s resources’
Charles Leadbeater. ‘We Think. The future is us’ Profile Books Ltd. 2008

46. challenges to copyright
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47. creativity is being strangled by the law
Copyright law has not responded with common sense
as it had to do in the past when technology changes
challenged established law—e.g. over the issue of the
‘trespass’ of airplanes over land
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We live life against the law in a new age of prohibitions
--this is dangerous.
Larry Lessig: How creativity is being strangled by the law.
http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/187

48. http://www.boingboing.net/2009/04/22/eu-votes-tomorrow-on.html

49. the rise of the ‘Pro-Am’
Charles Leadbeater Think tank Demos
Creativity is not about ‘special people’
Most creativity is collaborative
Create a platform for people to share
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Big new ideas don’t generally come from big organisations. Their
culture has an inbuilt tendency to try to reinforce past success
Intelligent closed organisations will move toward being open
Complete corruption of the ideas of patent and copyright
http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/view/id/63

50. disrupting Higher Education?
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‘set learning free?
…we invite teachers, students, and researchers to join us in creating
open educational resources and collaborative learning communities’

51. kenchadconsulting

52. user behaviours are changing
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53. • libraries have historically done well in adapting to
the needs of the user
• however, there are now many competitors and the
absence of a user based approach and user
intelligence beginning to tell
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• threat from a combination of search engines, social
network sites and publishers
How users behave (and what libraries should do)’. David Nicholas. CIBER, UCL Centre for
Publishing, School of Library, Archive and Information Studies University College London.
(Presented at Sustaining the Digital Library Symposium. Edinburgh University 2007)

54. it’s my library…so make it
personal…
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55. …delivered to me where and
how I want..
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56. PART 4
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disrupting librarians

57. when we change the way we
communicate we change society
‘..when a profession has been created
as a result of some scarcity, as with
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librarians or television programmers,
the professionals are often the last ones
to see it when that scarcity goes away.
It is easier to understand that you face
competition than obsolescence’
‘Here comes everybody.’ By Clay Shirky. Allen Lane. 2008

58. when we change the way we
communicate we change society
‘…..in some cases the change that threatens the
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profession benefits society.
‘Here comes everybody.’ By Clay Shirky. Allen Lane. 2008

59. PART 5
…thinking ‘disruptively’
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60. the 'principles' for disruption
• ‘overshooting’ creates the conditions for
disruption
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• disruption comes from breaking the
rules
• business model innovation often powers
disruption

61. the 'principles' for disruption
• overshooting creates the conditions for
disruption
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= Products that pack too much performance for the
average person to use
so create simple products that are easy to use

62. the 'principles' for disruption
• disruption comes from breaking the rules
e.g. Nintento Wii is NOT about better graphics
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so look at the new approaches not based in the
past—change your mindsets

63. The 'principles' for disruption
• business model innovation often powers
disruption
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e.g. business model differences, not technological
prowess can throw incumbents off
balance..think about ‡biblios.net vs. OCLC
Is there an innovative way to pay the costs of
innovation or find a new delivery channel?

64. the 'principles' for disruption
simplicity, accessibility, affordability are hallmarks of
disruption
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65. are you ready to innovate disruptively?
The 'Lewis' test for libraries
(From 'The Innovator's Dilemma: Disruptive Change and Academic Libraries.' By David W. Lewis, Dean of the
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis University Library. Library Administration & Management
18(2):68-74 Spring 2004.)
1. Can you consider buying half as many books as you now do
and investing the money in other ways of providing
information to library users?
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2. Can you act on what you learn from freshman when what
they teach you runs counter to what the faculty say they
want?
3. Can you trust small groups in your library to develop
products and services, or does everyone on the staff have to
buy in to everything?
4. Are you prepared to spend money to develop exploratory
projects knowing that one in three will fail?

66. PART 6
acting ‘disruptively’..some first
steps
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(can we, in the library domain, deliver
'disruptive' products and services?)
Based on ‘the innovators guide to growth.’ By Scott D Anthony et al. Harvard Business Press. 2008

67. allocate resources
Resources for innovation will almost certainly need to be
taken from the core 'business
organisations in the 'early stages of its innovation journey'
should dedicate a group of people to innovation.
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treat the resource allocation to innovation as a capital rather
than as an operating expense,
Ring fencing the resource is important, especially where
organisations face trouble in their core business.

68. look to ‘non consumers’
Take away constraints on consumption. Constraints are
typically around:
skills
wealth
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access
time

69. don’t analyse ‘needs’
take a ‘job-to-be-done’ approach.........
‘customers don’t want a 10cm drill bit they want a 10 cm
hole’
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So (by analogy) customers don’t want a ‘next generation’
catalogue...they want a.......???

70. can you deliver that disruptive
curved ball ?
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'Smooth curve #1.' By theothermattm. http://www.flickr.com/photos/theothermattm/2748026862/

71. disrupting libraries: the
potential for new services
IFLA. Florence 19th August 2009
emerging trends in technology
kenchadconsulting
Ken Chad
Director
Ken Chad Consulting Ltd
ken@kenchadconsulting.com
Te: +44 (0)7788 727 845
www.kenchadconsulting.com