2. Elmer Crow Jr., a Nez Perce Elder and technical
supervisor for the Nez Perce Department Of
! Have been perceived by Euro-Americans as Fisheries Resources Management.
pests rather than as important supportive
organisms.(Caudill et al. 2008)
! Anadromous
! Often used as fishing bait (Close and
Fitzpatrick 2002)
! Conservation interest in Pacific lampreys has
grown in recent years, with increasing
attention from Tribes, agencies, and others.
! In 2003, four lamprey species were
petitioned for listing under the
Endangered Species Act, including the Pacific
Lamprey (Western Lampreys Conservation
Team)
http://oregonwild.blogspot.com/2010/07/treaty-rights-pacific-lamprey-
lampetra.html
3. ! They have high cultural significance to
! They play “an important role in the food web, may
have acted as a buffer for salmon from
Native American tribes from California to
predators, and may have been an important source Alaska and may have served as a primary food
for marine nutrients to oligotrophic source for aquatic, mammal, and avian
predators that also prey on ESA-listed salmonids
watersheds” (Close et al. 2011). and other recreational and commercially
important fish species (Federal Wildlife & Fish
! Also, “Pacific lamprey die within 3 to 36 days after
Service, April 2010).
spawning, and these adult carcasses are most likely
a big contributor of nutrients in oligotrophic
streams” (Close and Fitzpatrick 2002).
! They are anodromous and carry nutrients
from the ocean upstream to freshwater; their
population decline has probably affected trophic
relations with both freshwater and the Pacific Ocean
ecosystems (Close and Fitzpatrick 2002).
!Significant for salmon and watershed
protection.
! It is theorized that when macropthalmia and
ammocoetes are abundant, they provided a buffer to http://oregonwild.blogspot.com/2010/07/treaty-rights-pacific-lamprey-lampetra.html
juvenile salmon predation by birds (Western
Lamprey Conservation Team). Umatilla tribe members exercising their treaty
rights to fish for Pacific lamprey.
4. !A primitive group of fishes that are eel-like
in form
!Lack jaws and paired fins
!Round sucker-like mouth (oral disc)
!No scales
!Multiple gill openings
!Adult with three large teeth (cusps) and
posterior teeth on the oral disc
!Their lack of paired fins and elongated
body shape causes them to swim by using
an undulatory movement (snakelike)
!They have no swim bladders to
http://wapedia.mobi/en/Lamprey
maintain neutral buoyancy and must,
therefore, swim constantly or hold fast to
objects to maintain their position in the
water column (Western Lamprey
Conservation Team)
6. Ammocoete Macropthalmia Parasitic Adult
http://fishbio.com/other-fish-species/first-fish
http://ww(snakelike) w.durmphoto.com http://flickriver.com/photos/stefolcen/tags/islands/
!Eggs are fertilized and deposited in
the nest, embryos hatch in !Young adult lampreys migrate to
approximately 18-49 days. !Metamorphosis takes place the Pacific Ocean from fall until
over several months as spring (Close and Fitzpatrick 2002)
!The young ammocoetes drift developmental changes
downstream to areas of low occur, including the !As adults, Pacific lampreys are
velocity and silt or sand appearance of eyes and teeth, parasitic and feed on a variety of
substrate. as they leave the substrate to marine and anadromous fish.
enter the water column and
!They remain burrowed in the begin their migration to !After spending 1 to 3 years in the
stream bottom, for 3 to 7 years, marine environment, Pacific
salt water (Western
filter-feeding on algae, diatoms lampreys return to freshwater
and detritus, making them Lamprey Conservation Team).
between February and June.
important for nutrient processing,
cycling, and storage. !They are thought to overwinter
and remain in freshwater habitat
!Once the ammocoetes reach about
6 in (15 cm), they begin for approximately one or two
metamorphosis into years before spawning. (Western
macropthalmia (juvenile phase) Lamprey Conservation Team)
(Western Lammprey Conservation
Team).
7. !Range from the west coast of Mexico,
U.S.A. (not including Alaska), and
Canada and in Japanese rivers (Renaud
1997)
!Parasitic-phase (ocean habitat) Pacific
lampreys have been found at distance
from 10 to 100 km off the Pacific coast,
and at depths from 100 to 800 m (Close
Pacific Lamprey Conservation Plan, Western Lamprey Conservation Team and Fitzpatrick 2002)
!Pacific lampreys (Lampetra tridentata)
historically were widely
distributed from Mexico north along
the Pacific Rim to Japan!(Western
Lampreys Conservation Team)
!Pacific lampreys are the most widely
distributed lamprey species on the
west coast of the United States (Western
Lampreys Conservation Team)
http://www.audubonguides.com/species/Fish/Pacific-Lamprey.html
8. ! Fine sediments for burrowing while in ammocoete
phase; coarser sediments during migration to ocean.
Large strata for adult lamprey returning upstream
(Western Lamprey Conservation Team)
European brook larval lamprey use similar substrate
! Larval lamprey populations negatively associated with
water velocity and distance upstream (Torgersen and Close
2004)
! Ammocoetes prefer eddies; larger ammocoetes prefer
faster water (Stone and Barndt 2005)
! Some detailed, small scale studies have shown that larval
lampreys are associated with patchy fluvial elements
(backwaters, eddies, insides of bends, and the downstream
end of sand bars), where fine sediments collect (Torgersen
Best Management Practices for Pacific Lamprey April 2010, photo by Bernt René Voss Grimm
and Close 2004)
! Average water depth 0.9 m, with a range from 0.5 - 10.4m
(Bayer et al. 2000)
! Average velocity was 0.37 m/s, with a from of 0.02 - 1.22
m/s (Bayer et al. 2000)
! Slow water velocities required to accumulate fine
burrowing substrates. Preference of silty and sandy habitat
to organic debris (Stone and Barndt 2005)
! Negative relationship between ammocoete presence and
riparian canopy: dense canopies shade the stream,
which reduces autotrophic production and limits
Best Management Practices for Pacific Lamprey, April 2010, photo by Steven Clark
the base for ammocoetes to forage (Stone and Barndt 2005)
9. ! Fecundity is high but variable, with
females producing between 20,000 and
200,000 eggs (Moyle 2002).
! After the eggs are fertilized and
deposited in the nest, embryos hatch in
18-49 days at 59° Fahrenheit (15°
Celsius).
! They spawn between March and July,
depending upon location within their
range, in gravel bottomed streams, at
the upstream end of riffle habitat,
typically above suitable
ammocoete (larvae) habitat
(Western Lamprey Conservation Team) http://www.fws.gov/columbiariver/games/scramble/spawninglamprey.jpg
! Both sexes construct the nests, often
moving stones with their mouths. After
the eggs are deposited and fertilized,
the adults typically die within 3 to
36 days (Kostow 2002).
10. ! Coho salmon fry feed on emergent larval lampreys (Close and
Fitzpatrick 2002)
! Ammocoetes most subject to predation during two periods: while
emerging from nests and during scouring events that displace larvae out
of their burrows (Close and Fitzpatrick 2002)
http://tmp.kiwix.org:4201/A/Lamprey.html
! Lampreys feed on some midwater species such as Pacific hake
(Merlucciusproductus) and walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma)
while in the ocean
! Non-indigenous predators in freshwater streams include
largemouth bass, channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), brown bullhead
(Ameiurus nebulosus), eastern brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), brown
trout (Salmo trutta), black and white crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus and
Pomoxis annularis), and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) (Close et al.
2010)
! Marine mammals prey on lampreys because they are easier to catch
than adult salmon, have a higher caloric value than salmonids
(they are much richer in fat than salmonids), and their migrations in
schools mean fertile feeding patches (Close and Fitzpatrick 2002)
! Pacific lamprey were found to be the most abundant dietary item in
seals and sea lions; low population numbers of lamprey may lead to a
higher predation rate of salmonids (Close and Fitzpatrick 2002)
11. ! Reduced access to spawning habitat from human Pacific lamprey populations persist for only a few
construction, especially sand extraction, damming, years above impassable barriers before dying out
or irrigation projects (Renaud 1997)" (Wildlife and Fish Service, April 2010)
! Also degrades spawning and rearing
areas (Renaud 1997)
! Commercial harvest of the midwater species
Pacific hake and walleye pollock is likely to have a great
impact on Pacific lamprey (Close and Fitzpatrick 2002)"
! Damming affects larval Pacific lamprey by the
dewatering of rearing habitat (Close and
Fitzpatrick 2002)
! Channelization increases water velocity,
which reduces depositional areas, degrading larval
lamprey habitat (Close and Fitzpatrick 2002)
! Poor water quality and chemical treatments (Close and
Fitzpatrick 2002) Wildlife and Fish Service, April 2010
! Larvae have a sedentary lifestyle, making them
more vulnerable to toxicological effects (Close
and Fitzpatrick 2002)
12. ! Survival greatest at 18°C, followed by 14, 10,
and 22°C (survival significantly less at 22°C, and
survival differences between other temperatures
were not significant)
! Abnormalities occurred most at 22°C, followed
by 18, 10, and 14°C (significant differences
between 22°C and 18°C, 22°C and 14°C, 22°C
and 10°C, but not between any other
temperature differences) (Meeuwiga et al. 2011)
Meeuwiga et al. 2011
13. The following efforts have occurred or are underway :
Restoration projects for salmon are
! Discussions between the Service and the Army Corp of predicted to be beneficial for Pacific
Engineers (ACOE) to address lamprey passage and
research needs. lamprey (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
! The Columbia River Intertribal Fish Commission April 2010)
(CRITFIC) is developing a plan for Pacific lamprey in
the Columbia River Basin.
! The Service initiated the Pacific Lamprey
Conservation Initiative (USFWS 2007).
! The Columbia River Basin Lamprey Technical Workgroup
published: Critical Uncertainties for lamprey in
the Columbia River Basin (CRBLTWG 2005).
! Idaho has developed a Draft Management Plan for
Conservation of Pacific lamprey in Idaho (IDFG 2008).
! Oregon Native Fish Status Report addresses Pacific
lamprey in Oregon (ODFW 2005). (Western Lamprey
Conservation Team)
The Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation
began a reintroduction program in the Umatilla River
in 1998 (Western Lamprey Conservation Team).
http://md.photoshelter.com/image?
In 2007, the Nez Perce Tribe relocated adult Pacific &_bqG=1&_bqH=eJwzTHHz8k5N9HJzCcoIMHVPKw0KdLHMLMwMds22MrUyMrU
lamprey into tributaries of the Clearwater River drainage yNAACK894l2Bn25zElJTUIjUwJ97Rz8W2BMgODXYNivd0sQ0FKSzNs0yLr4gvqsrK
Vot3dA6xLU5NLErOAAA3HR_R&GI_ID=
and Asotin Creek (Western Lamprey Conservation Team).
14. An impassable salmon ladder
Surprisingly, lamprey friendly.
Thanks to their sucking ability.
Lamprey friendly culvert
Wildlife and Fish Service, April 2010
15. Many lamprey populations are in decline, and are especially
hit hard where dams, culverts, and other manmade structures
exist.
Reintroductions are being done and awareness of Pacific
lampreys has increased, but the big issues are:
- Migration obstruction
- Degradation of larval habitat
- Substrate disturbance
Dam, culvert, etc. removal or redesign could make significant
improvements in Pacific lamprey population numbers.
http://md.photoshelter.com/image?
&_bqG=2&_bqH=eJxzDPJwyS41ycsIzXDzTDKKdLbwCLJM9zQ0
NHW1MjGyMjK1MjQAAivPeJdgZ9ucxNyCotRKNTAv3tHPxbYE
yA4Ndg2K93SxDQWpLM2zTIuviC.qyspWi3d0DrEtTk0sSs4AAE
XGH9s-&GI_ID=
16. ! Lacking historical and current distribution and
abundance data, especially in areas beyond the
coterminous U.S.
! Only a few observations of Pacific lampreys have been
documented in Baja California, and little information is
available for areas beyond Alaska around the Pacific Rim to
Japan. (Western Lamprey Conservation Team)
! The ocean stage of the Pacific lamprey life history is
not well understood, and the time of ocean residency may http://www.lakeoswegoreview.com/news_graphics/120759956558972500.jpg
vary (Close and Fitzpatrick 2002)
! Effect on Pacific lamprey population from intense
commercial fishing of prey midwater (Close and
Fitzpatrick 2002)
! Little known about thermal requirements
(Meeuwig et al. 2011)
! Thermal requirements in early life stages of
particular interest - believed to be the most
narrow (Meeuwig et al. 2011)
! Timing, behavior, quantification of habitat
preference (Bayer et al. 2000)
!Tributary behavior to provide baseline information; http://fishbio.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/lamprey.jpg
this can help future studies understand behavior such as
migration delays (Bayer et al. 2000)
