1. Treaty of Versailles causes anger, resentment
in Europe
World-wide Depression
Dictators rise; driven by nationalism, desire
for more territory
The rise of totalitarianism in Europe and
Asia lead to World War II.
2.
3.
4. Totalitarian government exerts
almost complete control over
people
replaces private farms with
collectives
creates second largest industrial
power; famines kill millions
purges anyone who threatens his
power; 8–13 million killed
Josef Stalin
Soviet Dictator
1879 – 1953
7. Fascism stresses nationalism,
needs of state above individual
Benito Mussolini plays on fears of
economic collapse, communism
Supported by government officials,
police, army
1922 appointed head of
government, establishes
totalitarian state
Benito
Mussolini
Italian
Fascist
1883 - 1945
8. Adolf Hitler leader of National Socialist German
Workers’ Party (Nazi)
Mein Kampf—Hitler’s book, basic beliefs of Nazism,
based on extreme nationalism
Unite German-speaking people, enforce racial
“purification”
Nazis become strongest political party; Hitler named
chancellor
Dismantles democratic Weimar Republic; establishes
Third Reich
10. Emperor Hirohito
Militarists control Japanese government
1931, Nationalist military leaders seize
Manchuria
Hirohito
124th Emperor of Japan
1901 - 1989
11. Japan invades Manchuria (China)
Mussolini invades Ethiopia
German Aggression:
Rhineland
Austria
Czechoslovakia
Poland
14. DATE
1922
7/1929
4/1930
6/1930
EVENT
Mussolini became dictator of
Italy
U.S. approved Kellogg-Briand
Pact
London Naval Treaty limited
tonnage
Hawley-Smoot Tariff created
trade barriers
15. 9/1931-
10/1931
Japan marched into Manchuria
to take coal deposits; U.S. does
nothing
League of Nations asked the
world to boycott Japanese
goods and stop exporting to
Japan, U.S. did not boycott
16. 1/1932-7/1932 U.S. Stimson Doctrine
refused to recognize
Japanese land gains in
Manchuria
US refused to cancel war
debts to Eur. Powers.
Germany did not pay war
debts
Allies did not pay debts to
US
17.
18. 2/1933-Fall
1933
Japan walked out of the
League of Nations; no
reprisals
Nazis came to power and set
up a fascist government
Hitler became Chancellor of
Germany
19. Hitler pulled Germany out of
League of Nations and began
building up German army
US formally recognized USSR
US issues good neighbor
policy stating that no country
had the right to intervene in
the affairs of other nations.
20. 4/1934 - Fall
1934
Mussolini sent Italian
troops to attack Ethiopia
Japan gave notice it would
terminate the Wash. Naval
Conference agreement.
President Paul von
Hindenburg of Germany
dies; Hitler became Fuhrer
21. 1935 Hitler announced that
Germany would rearm despite
Treaty of Versailles
Announced existence of
German air force (Luftwaffe)
Hitler introduced compulsory
military service for German
men.
22. 8/1935 - 12/1935
2/1936
US announced First
Neutrality Act and forbade
sales to belligerents
US announced Second
Neutrality Act and said it
would make no loans to
belligerents
23. 3/1936
7/1936
Hitler sent troops into the
Rhineland in violation of
Treaty of Versailles; world did
nothing
Spanish Civil War began;
fascists overthrew existing
government with help of
Germany and Italy.
24. General Francisco Franco rebels
against Spanish republic
Hitler, Mussolini back Franco;
Stalin aids opposition
Western democracies remain
neutral
War leads to Rome-Berlin Axis -
alliance between Italy and
Germany
Franco wins war, becomes
fascist dictator
Francisco Franco
Spanish Dictator
1892 - 1975
25. 10/1936
5/1937
Germany and Italy formed a
military alliance: Rome-Berlin
Axis
US announced Third
Neutrality Act and claimed it
would trade on a “cash and
carry” basis
Hitler repudiated all
responsibility for WWI
Japan attacked China
26. 10/1937
12/1937
1938
FDR’s “Quarantine the
Aggressor Speech” (econ.
Isolation); met with disinterest
Italy withdraws from League of
Nations
Germany annexed Austria
27. 12/1938 Fr., GB, It, and Germ. signed
the Munich Pact
(Appeasement) giving Hitler
the Sudetenland and Hitler
promised to leave the rest of
Czechoslovakia alone.
Jewish persecution and
pogroms are put in place
throughout Germany
28. 3 million German-speakers in Sudetenland
Hitler claims Czechs abuse Sudeten
Germans, masses troops on border
Prime Ministers of Brit. and Fr. meet with
Hitler
Sign Munich Pact, hand Sudetenland over to
Germany
Appeasement—giving up principles to
pacify an aggressor
30. 3/1939
8/1939
Germany invaded and
took the rest of
Czechoslovakia
Hitler-Stalin
Nonaggression Pact
signed; would not
attack each other;
secretly agreed to divide
Poland between them
31. 9/1939
9/3/39
Hitler invaded Poland
(Blitzkrieg); Poland
surrendered after a month and
was split between Germany
and USSR.
England & France declared war
on Germany for violation of
Munich Pact.
WWII begins
35. British, French trapped on beach at
Dunkirk; ferried to safety in UK
miraculous rescue
1940, Italy invades France from
south; Germans approach Paris
France falls; Germans occupy
northern France
Nazi puppet government (Vichy
Gov’t) set up in southern France
General Charles de Gaulle sets up
government-in-exile in England
French Leader
Charles de
Gaulle
1890 - 1970
38. Summer 1940, Germany prepares fleet to
invade Britain
Battle of Britain—German planes
(Luftwaffe) bomb British targets
RAF – Royal Air Force
Britain uses radar to track, shoot down
German planes
Hitler calls off invasion of Britain. Churchill
became Prime Minister of England.
39.
40. DATE
9/1940
EVENT
Destroyers for Bases Deal: US
sends ships to Brit. And rec’d 99
year leases to naval and air
bases in the Caribbean.
Japan continues south and
invades French Indo-China
(Vietnam)
US placed an embargo on
exports to Japan
Japan, Germany, and Italy
formed a military alliance called
the Axis Powers.
41. DATE
11/1940
1/1941
6/1941
EVENT
FDR elected to third term
FDR delivers his “Four
Freedoms” Speech (speech,
religion, want, fear)
Congress passed Lend-Lease Act
Germany invaded Soviet Union
(USSR) – major mistake for
Hitler, must now fight on two
fronts, Germany underestimated
the Soviet’s resolve.
42.
43. The U S provides economic and military aid
to help the Allies achieve victory.
Moving Cautiously Away from Neutrality
Congress passes “cash-and-carry” provision
Germany, Japan, Italy alliance aimed at
keeping U.S. out of war by forcing fight on
two oceans
44.
45. Nazi victories in 1940
lead to increased U.S.
defense spending
First peacetime draft
enacted—Selective
Training and Service
Act
46. FDR tells nation if Britain falls, Axis powers
free to conquer world
U.S. must become “arsenal of democracy”
Britain has no more cash to buy U.S. arms
1941 Lend-Lease Act—U.S. to lend or lease
supplies for defense
Roosevelt sends lend-lease supplies to Soviet
Union
47.
48. American-made .38 revolvers
shipped to England from the
United States under the Lend-
Lease Program are unpacked at an
English ordnance depot
49. Hitler deploys U-boats to attack supply
convoys
Wolf packs—groups of up to 40 submarines
patrol North Atlantic
sink supply ships
FDR allows navy to attack German U-boats
in self-defense
50.
51. FDR, Churchill issue Atlantic Charter—joint
declaration of war aims
Charter is basis of “A Declaration of the
United Nations” or Allies
Allies—nations that fight Axis powers; 26
nations sign Declaration
52.
53. Hideki Tojo - prime minister
Japan seizes French bases in
Indochina; U.S. cuts off
trade
Japan needs oil from U.S. or
must take Dutch East Indies
oil fields
1941 U.S. breaks Japanese
codes; learns Japan planning
to attack U.S.
Hideki Tojo
Japanese Prime
Minister
1884 - 1948
54. December 7, 1941 Japanese attack Pearl
Harbor
2,403 Americans killed; 1,178 wounded
Over 300 aircraft, 21 ships destroyed or
damaged
Congress approves FDR’s request for
declaration of war against Japan
Germany, Italy declare war on U.S.
U.S. unprepared to fight in both Atlantic,
Pacific Oceans
55.
56.
57.
58. After Pearl Harbor, 5 million men
volunteer for military service
10 million more drafted to meet
needs of two-front war
Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps
(WAAC)—women in noncombat
positions
Thousands enlist; “auxiliary”
dropped, get full U. S. army benefits
59. Minority groups are denied basic citizenship
rights
Question whether they should fight for
democracy in other countries
60. 300,000 Mexican Americans join armed
forces
1 million African Americans serve; live, work
in segregated units
13,000 Chinese Americans and 33,000
Japanese Americans serve
25,000 Native Americans enlist
62. Factories convert from civilian to war
production
Shipyards, defense plants expand, new ones
built
Produce ships, arms rapidly
use prefabricated parts
people work at record speeds
63.
64. Nearly 18 million workers in war industries;
6 million are women
Over 2 million minorities hired; face strong
discrimination at first
FDR executive order forbids discrimination
65. Manhattan Project develops atomic bomb
Office of Scientific Research and
Development—technology, medicine
A gun-type nuclear bomb
66. Higher taxes, purchase of war bonds, lower
demand for scarce goods
organizes collection of recyclable materials
Office of Price Administration (OPA) freezes
prices, fights inflation
Mandatory rationing
War Production Board (WPB) says which
companies convert production
allocates raw materials
67.
68. Allied forces, led by the United States and
Great Britain, battle Axis powers for control
of Europe and North Africa.
Churchill convinces FDR to strike first
against Hitler
69. Hitler orders submarine attacks against
supply ships to Britain
Wolf packs destroy hundreds of ships in
1942
Allies organize convoys of cargo ships with
escort:
destroyers with sonar; planes with radar
71. The Battle of Stalingrad
Soviets defeat Germans in bitter winter
campaign
Over 230,000 Germans, 1,100,000 Soviets
die
Turning point battle in Europe: Soviet army
begins to move towards Germany
73. General Dwight D. Eisenhower
commands invasion of North
Africa
Afrika Korps, led by General
Erwin Rommel, surrenders
Battle of El Alamein is turning
point battle in North Africa
Field Marshal Erwin
Rommel
1891 - 1944
74.
75. Allies decide will accept only unconditional
surrender from Axis
Summer 1943, capture Sicily; Mussolini
forced to resign
77. African Americans —Tuskegee Airmen,
Buffaloes—highly decorated
Mexican-American soldiers win many
awards
Japanese-American unit most decorated
unit in U.S. history
78. Japanese American Soldiers of 442nd Regimental Combat Team –
Most Decorated Unit in American Army –
21 Congressional Medal of Honor Winners in World War II
80. D-Day
Allies set up phantom army, send
fake radio messages to fool
Germans
Eisenhower directs Allied invasion
of Normandy on D-Day June 6,
1944
Inflatable
Rubber Decoy
Tank
82. General Omar Bradley bombs to
create gap in enemy defense line
General George Patton leads
Third Army, reach Paris in
August
FDR reelected for 4th term with
running mate Harry S. Truman
American
General Omar
Bradley
American
General George
Patton
83. December German tank divisions drive 60
miles into Allied area
Battle of the Bulge –
Germans pushed back
have irreplaceable losses
last German offensive
84.
85. Allies in Germany, Soviets in Poland liberate
concentration camps
Find starving prisoners, corpses, evidence of
killing
86.
87. April 1945, Soviet army storms Berlin; Hitler
commits suicide
Eisenhower accepts unconditional surrender
of German Reich
May 8, 1945, V-E Day: Victory in Europe Day
FDR dies April 12; Vice President Harry S.
Truman becomes president
88.
89. Japan conquers empire
Gen. Douglas MacArthur
leads Allied forces in
Philippines
March 1942 U.S., Filipino
troops trapped on Bataan
Peninsula (Bataan Death
March)
FDR orders MacArthur to
leave; thousands of troops
remain
Japanese and Prisoners
on Bataan Death March
90. Battle of the Coral Sea
May 1942, U.S., Australian soldiers stop
Japanese drive to Australia
For first time since Pearl Harbor, Japanese
invasion turned back
First naval battle fought completely by
aircraft carriers
91. USS Lexington Burning and Sinking
after her crew abandoned ship May 8
1942
Japanese Carrier Shokaku under
attack at Coral Sea
92. Admiral Chester Nimitz commands U.S.
naval forces in Pacific
Allies break Japanese code, win Battle of
Midway, stop Japan again
Battle of Midway is the turning point battle
of the Pacific
Allies advance island by island toward Japan
94. Japan uses kamikaze attack—pilots crash
bomb-laden planes into ships
Kamikaze Pilots,
1944
Kamikaze Attack on USS
Comfort Hospital Ship
95. Iwo Jima critical as base from which planes
can reach Japan
6,000 marines die taking island; of 20,700
Japanese, 200 survive
The Battle for Okinawa
April–June: 7,600 U.S. troops, 110,000
Japanese die
Allies fear invasion of Japan may mean 1.5
million Allied casualties
98. The Manhattan Project
J. Robert Oppenheimer is research director
of Manhattan Project
July 1945, atomic bomb tested in New
Mexico desert
President Truman orders military to drop 2
atomic bombs on Japan
99. Hiroshima and Nagasaki
August 6, Hiroshima, major military center,
destroyed by bomb
3 days later, bomb dropped on city of
Nagasaki
September 2, 1945 Japan surrenders
102. February 1945, FDR, Churchill, Stalin meet in Yalta
discuss post-war world
Temporarily divide Germany into 4 parts
Stalin promises free elections in Eastern Europe;
will fight Japan
FDR gets support for conference to establish
United Nations
Human Costs of the War
WW II most destructive war in human history
104. During the Holocaust, the Nazis
systematically execute 6 million Jews and 5
million other “non-Aryans.”
Europe has long history of anti-Semitism
Germans believe Hitler’s claims, blame Jews
for problems
Nazis take away citizenship, jobs, property;
require Star of David
109. Hitler’s Final Solution—slavery, genocide of
“inferior” groups
Genocide—deliberate, systematic killing of an
entire population
Target Jews, gypsies, freemasons, Jehovah’s
Witnesses, unfit Germans
Nazi death squads round up Jews, shoot them
Jews forced into ghettos, segregated areas in
Polish cities
Some form resistance movements; others
maintain Jewish culture
110.
111. Many Jews taken to concentration camps, or
labor camps
Prisoners crammed into wooden barracks,
given little food
Work dawn to dusk, 7 days per week
Those too weak to work are killed
112.
113.
114. Germans build death camps; gas chambers
used to kill thousands
On arrival, SS doctors separate those who can
work
Those who can’t work immediately killed in gas
chamber
At first bodies buried in pits; later cremated to
cover up evidence
Some are shot, hanged, poisoned, or die from
experiments
115.
116.
117.
118. The Nuremberg War Trials
24 Nazi leaders tried, sentenced
Charged with crimes against humanity,
against the peace, war crimes
Established principle that people are
responsible for own actions in war
120. The Occupation of Japan
MacArthur commands U.S. occupation
forces in Japan
Over 1,100 Japanese tried, sentenced
MacArthur reshapes Japan’s economy,
government