1. Big Bang Experiment

2. Theories of the Origin of the
Universe
 Theological “Theories”:
 Greek Mythology (Chaos)
 Hindu Mythology(Cosmic sleep of gods)
 Chinese creation myth (Pangu)
 Biblical account of the creation (God)
 Scientific Theories:
 Steady State
 Plasma theory
 Inflation Universe
 Big Bounce
 Cyclic Universe
 Big Bang

3. Evidence for the Big Bang
 Theory predicts an expanding universe
 Confirm by Red Shift (Doppler effect) in spectrum
 Theory predicts cosmic background radiation
 Background radiation was discovered in 1964 by
Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, who later won the
Nobel Prize for this discovery

4. The Big Bang
• The universe does not
expand into space – space
itself expands
• Extrapolating back, space
was small – the Big Bang
• Other dimensions could exist but still be small. String theory
requires 6 extra dimensions.
• How can we test this possibility?

5. The Large Hadron Collider
LHC is located at CERN The LHC collides protons
CERN is located near Geneva Center of Mass E=14 TeV ~7X Fermilab
Part of CERN is in France Very high luminosity ~100X Fermilab

6. The Large Hadrons Collider
Magnetic field at 7 TeV: 8.33 Tesla
Operating temperature: 1.9 K
Number of magnets: ~9300
Number of main dipoles: 1232
Number of quadrupoles: ~858
Number of correcting magnets: ~6208
Number of RF cavities: 8 per beam;
Field strength at top energy ≈ 5.5 MV/m
Power consumption: ~120 MW

7. The LHC what for ?
 Particle physics needs proton-proton centre of
mass energy in the 1 TeV region where the
Standard Model without Higgs Sector is
expected to fail.
 Need for a exploratory machine (= high
discovery potential) to search for Higgs and the
spectrum of SUSY particles.

8. Why large ?
 Colliders use magnetic fields in order to keep
particles on a circular orbit with radius R
 R [m] = 3.33 p [GeV] / B [T]
 B limited by technology, cost, power
consumption to < 10 T
 For p = 10000 GeV, R > 3 km (circumference C > 20
km)
 Not all the circumference can be covered by dipoles

9. Why a hadron (pp) collider ?
 Hadron colliders are exploratory machines giving access to a diversity of
physics processes
 Hadronic
 Protonic (gg, qg, qq)
 proton-proton centre of mass energy
 Not fixed = covers wide energy range (“broad band”)
 Lower than the pp center of mass energy (~1/6)
 Need pp center of mass energy of O(10 TeV) to reach 1 TeV proton-proton centre of
mass energy.
 Proton luminosity
 Depending on the proton luminosity and the proton distribution function (pdf) of the
proton.

10. Why collider ?
 Proton beam on fixed target
 √s = √(2pmp) ~ √p
p
 Two protons of equal energy colliding
 √s = 2p ~ p
p p

12. Already today, beams are available
close to the nominal beam parameters
required for the LHC !
450 GeV
26 GeV
LEAR => LEIR

13. Superconducting Cables
∅1 mm
∅6 µm
Typical value for operation at 8 T and 1.9 K: 800 A
Rutherford cable