4. Early 20th century Psychological school Linguistics
Behaviorism or Behaviourism is
the theory that scientific enquiry
into behaviour should consist
only of what can be observed,
such as stimuli and responses.
6. the Early 1900s Psychological school Linguistics
Structural linguistics is an approach
to linguistics originating from the work of
Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. The
structural view treats language as a system
of structurally related elements to code
meaning
8. B.F. Skinner (1904 – 1990)
• He was an
American psychologist, behavi
orist, author, inventor,
and social philosopher
• The leading behaviorist in
psychology
• Skinner's work had effects on
education
• Skinner invented the operant
conditioning chamber, also
known as the Skinner Box
Behaviourism
9. • Leonard
Bloomfield (1887_1949)
• wasan American linguist wh
o led the development
of structural linguistics in
the United States during the
1930s and the 1940s
• Bloomfield's approach to
linguistics was characterized BACK
by its emphasis on TO
the scientific basis of SCHOOL
linguistics, adherence
to behaviorism.
Behaviourism
10. • Robert Lado (USA 1915-
1995)
• He researched for the best
methods of foreign language
teaching for military purposes
during WW2.
• he developed the contrastive
analysis
Behaviourism
11. Skinner’s Lado’s Bloomfield’s
Theory Theory Theory
“a theory that
“the meaning of
“Changes in it’s a linguistic form
behaviour perspective has to be
may be analyzed in
are the defined as a term of the
result of an change of important
individual's behavior as a elements of the
response to result of situation which
experience-
events” that can be
the speaker
utters it.
measured.”
12. • Behaviorism in the Classroom:
• Rewards and
punishments
• Responsibility for
student learning
rests squarely with BACK
the teacher TO
SCHOOL
• Lecture-based,
highly structured
13. Advantages of Behaviourism:
• Easily controlled by the teacher
• Some learners benefit from repetition.
• Rewards and punishments are clear.
• Ease of motivation.
14. Disadvantages of Behaviourism:
• Ignores thought processes and emotions
• Repetition may become boring
• Totally teacher orientated
• Does not account for processes taking place in
the mind that cannot be observed BACK
• Advocates for passive student learning in TO
a
teacher-centric environment
SCHOOL
• Lack of natural creativity
• Relative inefficacy at a high level.
16. • Charles C. Fries (1887-1967)
• born in Reading, Pa. He taught at
the University of Michigan where
he developed programs in both
theoretical and applied linguistics.
He and his wife, Agnes Carswell,
developed the university's English
Language Institute (1941), which
pioneered methods and materials
for teaching English to foreigners.
Among his many books are
dictionaries of Early and Middle
English
17. • Ferdinand de Saussure
• 1857 – 1913
• a Swiss linguist whose
ideas laid a foundation for
many significant
developments
in linguistics in the 20th
century
• De Saussure was not
satisfied with the
historical comparison of
language. He stated that
such comparison only
answered where a
language comes from, but
not what language is.
18. Ferdinand de Saussure - Often considered
the “father” of structuralism. Central notion
of his teachings is that language may be
analyzed as a formal system of differential
elements, apart from the messy dialectics of
real-time production and comprehension.
Examples of these elements include the
notion of the linguistic sign, the signifier, the
signified, and the referent.
19. 1)Language has a structure:
Language is a structure in
which each elements interact.
2) Language is a system of signs
Noise is language only when
it expresses or communicates
ideas.
20. • The Dichotomies:
•Synchronic / Diachronic
•Langue / Parole
•Signified / Signifier BACK
•Syntagmatic / Paradigmatic TO
SCHOOL
21. • Language is speech and not reading or writing
• Language is a set of habits
• Language is what a native speaker says
• Languages are systematically different
• Teach the language and not about the language
Moulton (1961)
