Mais conteúdo relacionado 88321. %[ENQUVCVKQPCT[ #RRTQCEJ VQ 5KIPCN &GVGEVKQP CPF %NCUUKſECVKQP KP %QIPKVKXG4CFKQ 5[UVGOU
Z
%[ENQUVCVKQPCT[ #RRTQCEJ VQ 5KIPCN
GVGEVKQP CPF %NCUUKHKECVKQP KP
%QIPKVKXG4CFKQ 5[UVGOU
+DR +X
%HLMLQJ 8QLYHUVLW RI 3RVWV DQG 7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV
3 5 KLQD
+PVTQFWEVKQP
RJQLWLYH UDGLR 5 2. LV D QHZO HPHUJLQJ WHFKQRORJ 0LWROD
0DJXLUH 0LWROD
3. ZKLFK KDV EHHQ UHFHQWO SURSRVHG WR LPSOHPHQW VRPH NLQG RI LQWHOOLJHQFH WR
DXWRPDWLFDOO VHQVH UHFRJQL]H DQG PDNH ZLVH XVH RI DQ DYDLODEOH UDGLR IUHTXHQF
VSHFWUXP :LWK WKH LQFUHDVLQJ GHPDQG IRU ZLUHOHVV DSSOLFDWLRQ DFFHVV WR DYDLODEOH VSHFWUXP
LV EHFRPLQJ LQFUHDVLQJO GLIILFXOW 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG PRVW OLFHQVHG VSHFWUXP JR XQXVHG
PRVW RI WKH WLPH DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH )
V 6SHFWUXP 3ROLF 7DVN )RUFH 5HSRUW ) 4. ,Q
RUGHU WR VROYH WKHVH SUREOHPV FRJQLWLYH UDGLR LV SURSRVHG IRU VKDULQJ WKH OLFHQVHG VSHFWUXP
WR XQOLFHQVHG XVHUV ZLWKRXW KDUPIXO LQWHUIHUHQFH WR OLFHQVHG VVWHP
6SHFWUXP VHQVLQJ LV D NH HOHPHQW LQ FRJQLWLYH UDGLR VVWHP ZKLFK HQDEOHV WKH FRJQLWLYH
UDGLR WR VKDUH WKH VSHFWUXP LQ OLFHQVHG EDQGV E GHWHFWLQJ WHPSRUDULO XQXVHG VSHFWUDO
UHVRXUFHV +DNLQ *KDVHPL
6RXVD 5. 5HFHQWO VHYHUDO VSHFWUXP VHQVLQJ
WHFKQLTXHV KDYH EHHQ H[SORUHG IRU FRJQLWLYH UDGLRV VXFK DV PDWFKHG ILOWHU GHWHFWLRQ HQHUJ
GHWHFWLRQ DQG FFORVWDWLRQDU IHDWXUH GHWHFWLRQ $NLOGL] DW HO 6. 0DQ VLJQDOV XVHG LQ
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ VVWHPV H[KLELW SHULRGLFLWLHV RI WKHLU VHFRQG RUGHU VWDWLVWLFDO SDUDPHWHUV GXH
WR WKH RSHUDWLRQV VXFK DV VDPSOLQJ PRGXODWLQJ PXOWLSOH[LQJ DQG FRGLQJ 7KHVH
FFORVWDWLRQDU SURSHUWLHV ZKLFK DUH QDPHG DV VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ IHDWXUHV FDQ EH XVHG IRU
VSHFWUXP VHQVLQJ 0RUHRYHU VSHFWUXP VHQVLQJ FDQ QRW EH UHVWULFWHG WR VLPSO PRQLWRU WKH
SRZHU LQ VRPH IUHTXHQF EDQGV RI LQWHUHVW EXW PXVW LQFOXGH GHWHFWLRQ DQG LGHQWLILFDWLRQ LQ
RUGHU WR DYRLG LQWHUIHUHQFH )HKVNH DW HO 7. 7KHUHIRUH FFORVWDWLRQDU IHDWXUH GHWHFWLRQ
LV XQGRXEWHGO D JRRG VROXWLRQ IRU SULPDU XVHU VLJQDO GHWHFWLRQ DQG UHFRJQLWLRQ ,Q WKLV
FKDSWHU VHYHUDO ZHOONQRZQ VSHFWUXP VHQVLQJ WHFKQLTXHV DUH UHYLHZHG ILUVW $ VXUYH RI
VLJQDO GHWHFWLRQ DQG FODVVLILFDWLRQ IRU FRJQLWLYH UDGLRV FRPELQLQJ WKH VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ
DQDOVLV DQG VXSSRUW YHFWRU PDFKLQH 690 8. LV JLYHQ LQ 6HFWLRQ 6HYHUDO VSHFWUDO FRKHUHQFH
FKDUDFWHULVWLF SDUDPHWHUV ZKLFK DUH VHQVLWLYH ZLWK PRGXODWLRQ WSHV DQG LQVHQVLWLYH ZLWK
615 YDULDWLRQ DUH FKRVHQ YLD VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ DQDOVLV ,Q RUGHU WR JLYH EHWWHU
SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH 690 DQ DOLJQPHQW EDVHG NHUQHO VHOHFWLRQ PHWKRG LV SURSRVHG LQ 6HFWLRQ
ZKLFK LV XVHG WR FKRRVH WKH EHVW NHUQHO IXQFWLRQ IRU WKH 690 ZLWK VSHFWUDO FRKHUHQFH
FKDUDFWHULVWLF WUDLQLQJ VDPSOHV $ VLPSOH FURVVYDOLGDWLRQ PHWKRG LV DOVR LQWURGXFHG WR
www.intechopen.com
9. %QIPKVKXG 4CFKQ 5[UVGOU
FKRRVH WKH PRVW DSSURSULDWH NHUQHO SDUDPHWHUV DQG SHQDOW SDUDPHWHUV IRU WKH 690 7KH
SHUIRUPDQFH DQDOVLV RI WKH SURSRVHG DSSURDFK LV JLYHQ RYHU ERWK *DXVVLDQ FKDQQHO DQG
,((( :5$1 FKDQQHO LQ 6HFWLRQ RPSDUHG WR WKH H[LVWLQJ PHWKRGV LQFOXGLQJ WKH
FODVVLILHUV EDVHG RQ ELQDU GHFLVLRQ WUHH %'7 11. WKH SURSRVHG DSSURDFK LV PRUH HIIHFWLYH LQ WKH FDVH RI ORZ 615 DQG OLPLWHG
WUDLQLQJ QXPEHUV
1XGTXKGY QH 5RGEVTWO 5GPUKPI KP %QIPKVKXG 4CFKQ 5[UVGO
,QWHUIHUHQFH GXH WR D FRJQLWLYH UDGLR QHWZRUN LV GHHPHG KDUPIXO LI LW FDXVHV WKH VLJQDOWR
LQWHUIHUHQFH UDWLR 6,5 12. DW DQ SULPDU UHFHLYHU WR IDOO EHORZ D FHUWDLQ WKUHVKROG ZKLFK
VXSSOLHG E WKH UHJXODWRU ERGLHV 7KLV WKUHVKROG GHSHQGV RQ WKH UHFHLYHU
V UREXVWQHVV
WRZDUG LQWHUIHUHQFH DQG YDULHV IURP RQH SULPDU EDQG RU VHUYLFH WR DQRWKHU ,Q RUGHU WR
DFKLHYH VSHFWUXP VKDULQJ WKH VHQVLWLYLW RI FRJQLWLYH UDGLR VKRXOG EH KLJKHU WKDQ WKDW RI
SULPDU UHFHLYHU )RU H[DPSOH LQ RUGHU WR VKDUH WKH UDGLR VSHFWUXP EHWZHHQ FRJQLWLYH XVHUV
DQG 79 XVHUV LQ ,((( VWDQGDUG WKH VHQVLWLYLW RI FRJQLWLYH UHFHLYHU VKRXOG H[FHHG WKH
79 UHFHLYHU ZLWKRXW KLGGHQ WHUPLQDO SUREOHP 7R LPSURYH WKH VHQVLQJ DFFXUDF DQ
DGGLWLRQDO PDUJLQ RI G% G% VKRXOG EH DGGHG WR WKH GHWHFWLRQ WKUHVKROG 0RUHRYHU GXH
WR WKH GQDPLF FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI WKH UDGLR HQYLURQPHQW DQG GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ SULPDU
XVHUV DV ZHOO DV XQNQRZQ LQIOXHQFH RI LQWHUIHUHQFH VSHFWUXP VHQVLQJ KDV EHFRPH D
FKDOOHQJLQJ SUREOHP LQ FRJQLWLYH UDGLR *HQHUDOO WKH VSHFWUXP VHQVLQJ WHFKQLTXHV FDQ EH
FODVVLILHG DV WUDQVPLWWHU GHWHFWLRQ FRRSHUDWLYH GHWHFWLRQ DQG LQWHUIHUHQFHEDVHG GHWHFWLRQ
DV VKRZQ LQ )LJ ,Q WKLV FKDSWHU ZH IRFXV RQ WKH WUDQVPLWWHU GHWHFWLRQ ZKLFK LV FRPPRQO
XVHG LQ WKH SUDFWLFDO VVWHP 7UDQVPLWWHU GHWHFWLRQ DSSURDFK LV EDVHG RQ WKH GHWHFWLRQ RI WKH
ZHDN VLJQDO IURP D SULPDU WUDQVPLWWHU 7R DFKLHYH GQDPLF VSHFWUXP VKDULQJ WKH
FRJQLWLYH UDGLR WUDQVPLWWHU VKRXOG KDYH FDSDELOLW WR GHWHUPLQH LI D VLJQDO IURP SULPDU
XVHU LV ORFDOO SUHVHQW LQ D FHUWDLQ VSHFWUXP %DVLF KSRWKHVLV PRGHO IRU WUDQVPLWWHU
GHWHFWLRQ FDQ EH GHILQHG DV IROORZV
[W 20. LV WKH DGGLWLYH ZKLWH *DXVVLDQ QRLVH DQG K LV WKH DPSOLWXGH JDLQ RI WKH
FKDQQHO +4 LV D QXOO KSRWKHVLV ZKLFK VWDWHV WKDW WKHUH LV QR OLFHQVHG XVHU VLJQDO LQ D FHUWDLQ
VSHFWUXP EDQG 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG +D LV DQ DOWHUQDWLYH KSRWKHVLV ZKLFK LQGLFDWHV WKDW
WKHUH H[LVWV VRPH OLFHQVHG XVHU VLJQDOV
7KUHH DSSURDFKHV H[LVW IRU WUDQVPLWWHU GHWHFWLRQ EDVHG RQ WKH VHQVLQJ XVHUV
NQRZOHGJH RQ
WKH WUDQVPLWWHG VLJQDOV ZKLFK DUH LOOXVWUDWHG LQ )LJ
www.intechopen.com
21. %[ENQUVCVKQPCT[ #RRTQCEJ VQ 5KIPCN GVGEVKQP CPF %NCUUKſECVKQP KP %QIPKVKXG4CFKQ 5[UVGOU
)LJ 6SHFWUXP 6HQVLQJ 7HFKQLTXHV
/CVEJGF (KNVGT GVGEVKQP
:KHQ WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ RI WKH SULPDU XVHU VLJQDO LV ZHOONQRZQ WR WKH FRJQLWLYH UDGLR WKH
PDWFKHG ILOWHU LV WKH RSWLPDO OLQHDU ILOWHU IRU PD[LPL]LQJ WKH VLJQDO WR QRLVH UDWLR 615 23. ,Q FRJQLWLYH
UDGLR VVWHP WKH PDWFKHG ILOWHU LV REWDLQHG E FRUUHODWLQJ D NQRZQ VLJQDO RU SULPDU XVHU
VLJQDO WHPSODWH ZLWK DQ XQNQRZQ VLJQDO WR GHWHFW WKH SUHVHQFH RI SULPDU XVHU VLJQDO LQ WKH
XQNQRZQ VLJQDO 7KLV LV HTXLYDOHQW WR FRQYROYLQJ WKH XQNQRZQ VLJQDO ZLWK D WLPHUHYHUVHG
YHUVLRQ RI WKH WHPSODWH $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH KSRWKHVLV PRGHO IRU WUDQVPLWWHU GHWHFWLRQ WKH
UHFHLYHG VLJQDO [Q 31. DUH RULJLQDO VLJQDO DQG SLORW VLJQDO WUDQVPLWWHG E SULPDU XVHU ZKLFK
DUH RUWKRJRQDO Lj LV WKH UDWLR RI SRZHU DOORFDWHG WR SLORW VLJQDO 7KH FRUUHODWLRQ IXQFWLRQ RI
Ö
UHFHLYHG VLJQDO [Q 50. +
ZKHUH WKH WKUHVKROG LV GHWHUPLQHG E WKH SUREDELOLW RI IDOVH DODUP 3)$ 7KH SUREDELOLW RI
IDOVH DODUP 3)$ DQG GHWHFWLRQ 3' DUH JLYHQ DV IROORZV
3)$
3 7[ 66. VDPSOHV DUH UHTXLUHG WR PHHW D SUREDELOLW RI
HUURU FRQVWUDLQW WKXV WKH PDLQ DGYDQWDJH RI WKH PDWFKHG ILOWHU LV WKDW LW UHTXLUHV OHVV WLPH WR
DFKLHYH KLJK SURFHVVLQJ JDLQ +RZHYHU DV D FRKHUHQW GHWHFWLRQ PHWKRG PDWFKHG ILOWHU
GHWHFWLRQ UHTXLUHV D SULRUL NQRZOHGJH RI WKH SULPDU XVHU VLJQDO VXFK DV WKH PRGXODWLRQ
WSH DQG RUGHU WKH SXOVH VKDSH DQG WKH SDFNHW IRUPDW $OWKRXJK PRVW RI WKH SULRUL
NQRZOHGJH FDQ EH REWDLQHG IURP SLORW SUHDPEOHV VQFKURQL]DWLRQ ZRUG RU VSUHDGLQJ FRGHV
RI WKH SULPDU XVHU QHWZRUN VVWHPV DQ REYLRXV VKRUWFRPLQJ LV WKDW WKH FRJQLWLYH UDGLR
XVHU UHTXLUHV VSHFLILF UHFHLYHUV IRU GLIIHUHQW WSHV RI SULPDU XVHU VLJQDO
'PGTI[ GVGEVKQP
,I WKH UHFHLYHU FDQQRW JDWKHU VXIILFLHQW LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH SULPDU XVHU VLJQDO IRU
H[DPSOH LI WKH SRZHU RI WKH UDQGRP *DXVVLDQ QRLVH LV RQO NQRZQ WR WKH UHFHLYHU WKH
RSWLPDO GHWHFWRU LV DQ HQHUJ GHWHFWRU $NLOGL] DW HO 'LJKDP DW HO 67. ,Q RUGHU WR
PHDVXUH WKH HQHUJ RI WKH UHFHLYHG VLJQDO WKH RXWSXW VLJQDO RI EDQGSDVV ILOWHU ZLWK
EDQGZLGWK : LV VTXDUHG DQG LQWHJUDWHG RYHU WKH REVHUYDWLRQ LQWHUYDO 7 )LQDOO WKH RXWSXW
RI WKH LQWHJUDWRU [W 68. LV FRPSDUHG ZLWK D WKUHVKROG WR GHFLGH ZKHWKHU D OLFHQVHG XVHU LV
SUHVHQW RU QRW
www.intechopen.com
69. %[ENQUVCVKQPCT[ #RRTQCEJ VQ 5KIPCN GVGEVKQP CPF %NCUUKſECVKQP KP %QIPKVKXG4CFKQ 5[UVGOU
)LJ 7KH SULQFLSDO RI HQHUJ GHWHFWLRQ
$FFRUGLQJ WR WKH EDVLF KSRWKHVLV PRGHO IRU WUDQVPLWWHU GHWHFWLRQ WKH SUREDELOLW RI IDOVH
DODUP 3)$ DQG GHWHFWLRQ 3' DUH JLYHQ DV IROORZV
3)$
3 ^; ! DŽ + `
3'
3 ^; ! DŽ + `
4
Dž DŽ
ƥ P DŽ 72. 6LQFH LW LV HDV WR LPSOHPHQW WKH UHFHQW ZRUN RQ GHWHFWLRQ RI WKH SULPDU XVHU KDV JHQHUDOO
DGRSWHG WKH HQHUJ GHWHFWLRQ $OWKRXJK WKLV PHWKRG FDQ EH LPSOHPHQWHG ZLWKRXW DQ SULRU
NQRZOHGJH RI WKH SULPDU XVHU VLJQDO LW DOVR KDV VRPH GUDZEDFNV 6LQFH HQHUJ GHWHFWLRQ LV
QRQFRKHUHQW 2615 73. VDPSOHV DUH UHTXLUHG WR PHHW D SUREDELOLW RI HUURU FRQVWUDLQW
0RUHRYHU WKH WKUHVKROG VHOHFWLRQ IRU HQHUJ GHWHFWLRQ LV KLJKO VXVFHSWLEOH WR XQFHUWDLQW LQ
EDFNJURXQG QRLVH DQG LQWHUIHUHQFH DQG LW FDQ RQO GHWHUPLQH WKH SUHVHQFH RI WKH VLJQDO
ZLWKRXW GLIIHUHQWLDWLQJ VLJQDO WSHV +RZHYHU WKH ODUJHVW DGYDQWDJH RI HQHUJ GHWHFWLRQ LV
VLPSOH DQG ORZ FRPSOH[LW
%[ENQUVCVKQPCT[ (GCVWTG GVGEVKQP
7KH FFORVWDWLRQDU IHDWXUH LV LQWHQWLRQDOO HPEHGGHG LQ WKH SKVLFDO SURSHUWLHV RI D
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ VLJQDO ZKLFK PD EH HDVLO JHQHUDWHG PDQLSXODWHG GHWHFWHG DQG DQDO]HG
XVLQJ ORZ FRPSOH[LW WUDQVFHLYHU DUFKLWHFWXUHV 7KLV IHDWXUH LV SUHVHQW LQ DOO WUDQVPLWWHG
VLJQDOV UHTXLUHV OLWWOH VLJQDOOLQJ RYHUKHDG DQG PD EH GHWHFWHG XVLQJ VKRUW VLJQDO
REVHUYDWLRQ WLPHV DQG WKXV LW FDQ EH XVHG IRU SULPDU XVHU VLJQDO GHWHFWLRQ DQG UHFRJQLWLRQ
5HFHQW UHVHDUFK HIIRUWV H[SORLW WKH FFORVWDWLRQDU IHDWXUHV RI VLJQDOV YLD VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ
DQDOVLV DV D PHWKRG IRU VSHFWUXP VHQVLQJ 'LJKDP DW HO 6DKDL DW HO *KDVHPL
6RXVD 74. ZKLFK KDV EHHQ IRXQG WR EH VXSHULRU WR VLPSOH HQHUJ GHWHFWLRQ DQG PDWFKHG
ILOWHULQJ (QHUJ GHWHFWLRQ FDQ RQO GHWHFW ZKHWKHU RU QRW D VLJQDO LQ SUHVHQW DQG XWLOL]LQJ D
PDWFKHG ILOWHU VVWHP UHTXLUHV H[WHQVLYH NQRZOHGJH DERXW WKH FKDQQHO DQG VLJQDOV WKDW DUH
WR EH LGHQWLILHG 7KH PHWKRG ZKLFK LV QRW VXVFHSWLEOH WR LQEDQG LQWHUIHUHQFH FDQ EH XVHG WR
GHWHFW DQG FODVVLI GLIIHUHQW WSHV RI VLJQDO RQYHQWLRQDO VLJQDO FODVVLILFDWLRQ DSSURDFKHV
DUH PDLQO EDVHG RQ GHFLVLRQ WKHRU 3ROGRURV .LP 6DSLDQR 0DUWLQ 6LOOV
:HL 0HQGHO +DQJ DW HO 77. D ELQDU GHFLVLRQ WUHH LV GHVLJQHG WR VLJQDO FODVVLILFDWLRQ
+RZHYHU LW
V GLIILFXOW WR REWDLQ WKH GHFLVLRQ WKUHVKROGV DQG UXOHV ZKLFK QHHGV D ODUJH
DPRXQW RI FDOFXODWLRQ )RU PRUH HIILFLHQW DQG UHOLDEOH SHUIRUPDQFH D QRYHO DSSURDFK EDVHG
RQ PXOWLODHU OLQHDU SHUFHSWURQ QHWZRUN IRU VLJQDO FODVVLILFDWLRQ LQ FRJQLWLYH UDGLR LV VWXGLHG
E )HKVNH )HKVNH DW HO 79. LV D QHZ VWDWLVWLFDO SDWWHUQ
UHFRJQLWLRQ DSSURDFK ZKLFK LV EDVHG RQ VWUXFWXUDO ULVN PLQLPL]DWLRQ SULQFLSOH 9DSQLN
www.intechopen.com
81. RPSDUHG ZLWK WKH FRQYHUVLRQDO PHWKRGV EDVHG RQ HPSLULFDO ULVN PLQLPL]DWLRQ OLNH
DUWLILFLDO QHXUDO QHWZRUN $11 82. LW KDV EHHQ IRXQG WR JLYH EHWWHU JHQHUDOL]DWLRQ DQG EHWWHU
SHUIRUPDQFH IRU VPDOO WUDLQLQJ H[DPSOHV ,Q WKH QH[W VHFWLRQ D QRYHO DSSURDFK RI VLJQDO
FODVVLILFDWLRQ IRU FRJQLWLYH UDGLRV FRPELQLQJ WKH FFORVWDWLRQDU IHDWXUHV DQG 690 LV
SURSRVHG
5RGEVTWO 5GPUKPI DCUGF QP URGEVTCN EQTTGNCVKQP CPCN[UKU CPF 58/
5[UVGO (TCOGYQTM
$V RXU VLJQDO FODVVLILFDWLRQ VFKHPH FRPELQLQJ VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ DQDOVLV DQG 690 LV
EDVHG RQ VWDWLVWLFDO SDWWHUQ UHFRJQLWLRQ ZKLFK PDLQO FRQVLVWV RI WKUHH PRGXOHV +DQ 83. IHDWXUH H[WUDFWLRQ FODVVLILHU GHVLJQ DQG FODVVLILFDWLRQ GHFLVLRQ )HDWXUH H[WUDFWLRQ LV WSLFDOO
WKH ILUVW VWDJH LQ DQ FODVVLILFDWLRQ VVWHP LQ JHQHUDO DQG LQ RXU VSHFWUXP VHQVLQJ VVWHPV LQ
SDUWLFXODU *LYHQ VLJQDO VHW WR EH FODVVLILHG WKH IHDWXUH SDUDPHWHUV RI GLIIHUHQW FODVVHV RI
VLJQDO DQG UXOHV IRU FODVVLILHU VKRXOG EH GHWHUPLQHG ILUVW ,Q RUGHU WR DFKLHYH EHWWHU
FODVVLILFDWLRQ SHUIRUPDQFH VHOHFWHG IHDWXUH SDUDPHWHU VKRXOG EH LQVHQVLWLYH ZLWK WKH 615
YDULDWLRQ DQG WKHQ D SURSHU FODVVLILHU LV GHVLJQHG IRU VSHFLILF FODVVLILFDWLRQ SUREOHP XVLQJ
WUDLQLQJ GDWD ZLWK NQRZQ VLJQDO WSHV :KHQ WKH HUURU SUREDELOLW RI WKH FODVVLILHU DFKLHYHV D
VSHFLILF WKUHVKROG WKH FODVVLILHU FDQ EH XVHG IRU VLJQDO FODVVLILFDWLRQ DQG UHFRJQLWLRQ ,Q RXU
VFKHPH WKHUH DUH WKUHH SURFHGXUHV DGRSWHG IRU SULPDU XVHU VLJQDO UHFRJQLWLRQ
84. 3URSURFHVVLQJ SURFHGXUH
6HYHUDO IHDWXUH SDUDPHWHUV DUH H[WUDFWHG YLD VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ DQDOVLV ILUVW 7KH IHDWXUH
SDUDPHWHUV LQVHQVLWLYH ZLWK WKH 615 YDULDWLRQ DUH VHOHFWHG DV IHDWXUH YHFWRU [ [ [ 0
$IWHU WKDW WKH IHDWXUH YHFWRU DQG VLJQDO WSH N DUH XVHG WR IRUP WKH WUDLQLQJ
VHW [ [ [ 0 N 86. 7UDLQLQJ DQG OHDUQLQJ SURFHGXUH
7KH 690 FODVVLILHU LV WUDLQHG XVLQJ VHOHFWHG IHDWXUH SDUDPHWHUV LQ WKH WUDLQLQJ VHW %
XWLOL]LQJ D QRQOLQHDU 690 DQ DPRXQW RI FDOFXODWLRQ IRU WUDLQLQJ LV SHUIRUPHG RIIOLQH
WKXV WKH FRPSXWDWLRQDO FRPSOH[LW LV UHGXFHG 7KH RSWLPDO FODVVLILFDWLRQ SODQH IRU 690
LV REWDLQHG LQ WKLV SURFHGXUH YLD WUDLQLQJ DQG OHDUQLQJ
7HVW SURFHGXUH
6HOHFWHG IHDWXUH SDUDPHWHUV H[WUDFWHG IRU UHFHLYHG VLJQDOV DUH LQSXWWHG ZHOOWUDLQHG
690 FODVVLILHU IRU SULPDU XVHU VLJQDO GHWHFWLRQ DQG UHFRJQLWLRQ
7KH IUDPHZRUN RI RXU VFKHPH FRPELQLQJ VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ DQDOVLV DQG 690 LV VKRZQ LQ
)LJ
www.intechopen.com
87. %[ENQUVCVKQPCT[ #RRTQCEJ VQ 5KIPCN GVGEVKQP CPF %NCUUKſECVKQP KP %QIPKVKXG4CFKQ 5[UVGOU
)LJ 6VWHP IUDPHZRUN
$OWKRXJK 690 LV D EHWWHU FKRLFH IRU WKH FODVVLILHU WKH VHOHFWLRQ RI IHDWXUH SDUDPHWHUV KDV
GLUHFW LPSDFW RQ WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ DOJRULWKP ,Q WKH QH[W VHFWLRQ ZH ZLOO
GLVFXVV WKH ILUVW VWHS KRZ WR FKRRVH VSHFWUDO FRKHUHQFH FKDUDFWHULVWLF SDUDPHWHUV IRU RXU
VFKHPH
5RGEVTCN %QTTGNCVKQP #PCN[UKU
0DQ VLJQDOV XVHG LQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ VVWHPV H[KLELW SHULRGLFLWLHV RI WKHLU VHFRQG RUGHU
VWDWLVWLFDO SDUDPHWHUV GXH WR WKH RSHUDWLRQV VXFK DV VDPSOLQJ PRGXODWLQJ PXOWLSOH[LQJ DQG
FRGLQJ 7KHVH FFORVWDWLRQDU SURSHUWLHV ZKLFK DUH QDPHG DV VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ IHDWXUHV
FDQ EH XVHG IRU VLJQDO GHWHFWLRQ DQG UHFRJQLWLRQ *DUGQHU 88. ,Q RUGHU WR DQDO]H WKH FFORVWDWLRQDU IHDWXUHV RI WKH VLJQDO [W 90. LV XVHG IRU WLPH GRPDLQ
DQDOVLV ZKLFK FDQ EH H[SUHVVHG DV
ǂ
5 [ Ǖ 98. LV REWDLQHG IURP WKH )RXULHU WUDQVIRUP RI WKH FFOLF DXWRFRUUHODWLRQ LQ (TXDWLRQ 122. 7KH PDJQLWXGH RI WKH 6 UDQJHV IURP WR ZLWK D IRU DOO I 'LIIHUHQW VLJQDO FODVVHV LH
$0 $6. )6. 36. 06. 436. 123. FDQ EH GLVWLQJXLVKHG EDVHG RQ VHYHUDO FKDUDFWHULVWLF
SDUDPHWHUV RI 6) DQG 6
,Q SUDFWLFDO VLWXDWLRQV KRZHYHU WKH QXPEHU RI REVHUYDWLRQ VDPSOHV DW WKH VHQVRU LV OLPLWHG
7KHUHIRUH WKH VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ IXQFWLRQ QHHGV WR EH HVWLPDWHG IURP D ILQLWH VHW RI
VDPSOHV ,Q JHQHUDO WZR PHWKRGV DUH XVHG IRU VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ HVWLPDWLRQ LQFOXGLQJ
WLPHGRPDLQ DYHUDJLQJ DQG IUHTXHQFGRPDLQ VPRRWKLQJ *DUGQHU
6SRRQHU 124. ,Q
WKLV VHFWLRQ WKH IUHTXHQFVPRRWKLQJ PHWKRG LV XVHG IRU VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ HVWLPDWLRQ
ZKLFK FDQ EH H[SUHVVHG DV IROORZV
0 134. 76 76 LV WKH IUHTXHQF LQFUHPHQW 76 LV WKH FFOLF VDPSOLQJ LQWHUYDO DQG
WKH OHQJWK RI WKH VDPSOH LV 1
ZLGWK ƦI
135. ƦW 76 7KXV WKH GDWDWDSHULQJ ZLQGRZ :ƦW N76 136. LV RI WKH
0 )6 7KH 6SHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ IXQFWLRQV RI VRPH WSLFDO VLJQDOV FDQ EH REWDLQHG
E IUHTXHQFVPRRWKLQJ PHWKRG ZKLFK DUH VKRZQ LQ )LJ *XUPDQ DW HO 138. %[ENQUVCVKQPCT[ #RRTQCEJ VQ 5KIPCN GVGEVKQP CPF %NCUUKſECVKQP KP %QIPKVKXG4CFKQ 5[UVGOU
)LJ 6SHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ IXQFWLRQV RI VRPH WSLFDO VLJQDO FODVVHV
(YHQ YLVXDOO LQ WKH DERYH ILJXUHV WKH VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ IXQFWLRQV RI WKH GLIIHUHQW
PRGXODWLRQ WSHV SRVVHVV GLVWLQFW FKDUDFWHULVWLFV ,W LV WKLV IDFW WKDW DOORZV WKH VXFFHVVIXO
DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WKH SDWWHUQ UHFRJQLWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV WR DFKLHYH SULPDU XVHU VLJQDO GHWHFWLRQ
DQG UHFRJQLWLRQ ,Q RUGHU WR REWDLQ EHWWHU UREXVWQHVV RI WKH SURSRVHG DOJRULWKP VRPH
IHDWXUHV OHVV VHQVLWLYH ZLWK 615 VKRXOG EH FKRVHQ IRU WKH FODVVLILHU $VVXPHG WKDW WKH
www.intechopen.com
139. %QIPKVKXG 4CFKQ 5[UVGOU
UHFHLYHG VLJQDO V
V Q ZKHUH V Q DUH WKH WUDQVPLWWHG VLJQDO DQG DGGLWLRQDO ZKLWH
*DXVVLDQ QRLVH 7KH IHDWXUH SDUDPHWHU RI WKH UHFHLYHG VLJQDO KDV D EHWWHU FODVVLILFDWLRQ ZKHUH
SHUIRUPDQFH ZKLFK LV LQVHQVLWLYH ZLWK 615 YDULDWLRQ LI LW VDWLVILHV
Ö
[[ d Q
140. ; [ Q LV WKH IHDWXUH YHFWRUV RI V V Q
%DVHG RQ WKH FDOFXODWLRQ RI WKH VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ IXQFWLRQ ZH FDQ REWDLQ WKH VSHFWUDO
FRUUHODWLRQ PDJQLWXGH VXUIDFH RI GLIIHUHQW WSHV RI VLJQDO $FFRUGLQJ WR DERYH DQDOVLV
VHYHUDO VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ IHDWXUHV FDQ EH H[WUDFWHG IRU GLVWLQFWLRQ RI GLIIHUHQW PRGXODWLRQ
WSHV 7SLFDOO IRXU NH IHDWXUHV [ [ [ [ ZKLFK DUH VHQVLWLYH ZLWK PRGXODWLRQ WSHV
DQG LQVHQVLWLYH ZLWK 615 YDULDWLRQ DUH OLVWHG LQ 7DEOH
7DEOH 7SLFDO YDOXH RI VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ IHDWXUHV )RXU NH IHDWXUHV [[[[DUH
GHVFULEHG DV IROORZV
‡
‡
‡
[ 1XPEHU RI SXOVH RQ I GRPDLQ RI 6)
/HW D LQ (TXDWLRQ 142. WKXV [ FDQ EH REWDLQHG
IURP WKH LFKQRJUDSK RI 6[I 143. [ 1XPEHU RI FFOLF VSHFWUDO OLQH RQ D GRPDLQ RI 6)
/HW I LQ (TXDWLRQ 145. DQG [ FDQ EH REWDLQHG
IURP WKH LFKQRJUDSK RI 6D 146. [ $YHUDJH HQHUJ RI FFOLF VSHFWUDO OLQH RQ D GRPDLQ RI 6)
7KH $YHUDJH HQHUJ RI FFOLF VSHFWUDO OLQH RQ D GRPDLQ RI 6) FDQ EH FRPSXWHG E
WKH HTXDWLRQ DV IROORZV
[
‡
³
f
ǂ
6 [ I 148. [ 0D[LPXP YDOXH RI 6
7KH VSHFWUDO FRKHUHQFH FRHIILFLHQW FDQ EH REWDLQHG YLD (TXDWLRQ 150. 7KHQ WKH PD[LPXP YDOXH RI 6 LV FRPSXWHG DV NH IHDWXUH [
,Q WKH VLPXODWLRQ H[SHULPHQWV IHDWXUHV DUH H[WUDFWHG IURP WKH VLJQDO IRU HYHU WULDO ,Q
RUGHU WR SUHYHQW QXPHULFDO FRPSXWDWLRQDO HUURUV WKH IHDWXUHV QHHG WR EH QRUPDOL]HG E
www.intechopen.com
151. %[ENQUVCVKQPCT[ #RRTQCEJ VQ 5KIPCN GVGEVKQP CPF %NCUUKſECVKQP KP %QIPKVKXG4CFKQ 5[UVGOU
VXEWUDFWLQJ PHDQ RI HDFK IHDWXUH IURP WKH RULJLQDO IHDWXUH DQG GLYLGLQJ WKH UHVXOW E WKH
VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ RI WKH VDPH IHDWXUH
[cL
[ L [ L 154. FDQ EH JHQHUDWHG DV WKH LQSXW RI
WKH VLJQDO FODVVLILHU
5WRRQTV 8GEVQT /CEJKPG
7KH WUDGLWLRQDO VWDWLVWLFDO WKHRU LV SULPDULO EDVHG RQ WKH DVPSWRWLF SULQFLSOH ZKLFK
SURYLGHV FRQFOXVLRQ RQO IRU WKH VLWXDWLRQ ZKHUH WKH VDPSOH VL]H LV WHQGLQJ WR LQILQLW
+RZHYHU LQ PRVW SUDFWLFDO DSSOLFDWLRQV WKH VDPSOHV DUH XVXDOO OLPLWHG VR WKDW LW LV GLIILFXOW
WR DFKLHYH WKH GHVLUHG UHVXOWV YLD H[LVWLQJ PHWKRGV 6WDWLVWLFDO /HDUQLQJ 7KHRU LV D QRYHO
VWDWLVWLFDO WKHRU EDVHG RQ VPDOO VDPSOH VWDWLVWLFV E 9DSQLN 9DSQLN 155. RPSDUHG WR
WKH FRQYHQWLRQDO VWDWLVWLFDO WKHRU VWDWLVWLFDO OHDUQLQJ WKHRU PDLQO FRQFHUQV WKH VWDWLVWLF
SULQFLSOHV ZKHQ VDPSOHV DUH OLPLWHG HVSHFLDOO WKH SURSHUWLHV RI OHDUQLQJ SURFHGXUH LQ VXFK
FDVHV 6WDWLVWLFDO OHDUQLQJ WKHRU SURYLGHV XV D QHZ IUDPHZRUN IRU WKH JHQHUDO OHDUQLQJ
SUREOHP ZKLFK QRW RQO FRQVLGHUV WKH DVPSWRWLF SHUIRUPDQFH EXW REWDLQV WKH RSWLPDO
UHVXOWV XQGHU WKH FRQGLWLRQ RI OLPLWHG LQIRUPDWLRQ ,Q RUGHU WR VWXG WKH JHQHUDOL]DWLRQ
SHUIRUPDQFH DQG WKH VSHHG RI XQLIRUP FRQYHUJHQFH D VHULHV RI LQGLFDWRUV XVHG WR HYDOXDWH
WKH OHDUQLQJ SHUIRUPDQFH RI IXQFWLRQ VHWV DUH GHILQHG LQ VWDWLVWLFDO OHDUQLQJ WKHRU 2QH RI
WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW FRQFHSWV LV 9DSQLNKHUYRQHQNLV9 156. GLPHQVLRQ ZKLFK ZDV RULJLQDOO
GHILQHG E 9ODGLPLU 9DSQLN DQG $OH[H KHUYRQHQNLV LQ 9GLPHQVLRQ LV D PHDVXUH
RI OHDUQLQJ PDFKLQH FRPSOH[LW RU WKH FDSDFLW RI D VWDWLVWLFDO OHDUQLQJ DOJRULWKP ZKLFK LV
WKH FDUGLQDOLW RI WKH ODUJHVW VHW RI SRLQWV WKDW WKH DOJRULWKP FDQ VKDWWHU 7KH OHDUQLQJ
PDFKLQH LV PRUH FRPSOH[ ZLWK D JUHDWHU 9GLPHQVLRQ 6WDWLVWLFDO OHDUQLQJ WKHRU SURYLGHV
D QRYHO VWUDWHJ WKDW EDODQFHV WKH HPSLULFDO ULVN DQG FRQILGHQFH LQWHUYDO $ QHVWHG VXEVHW
VHTXHQFH LV FKRVHQ IURP WKH JLYHQ VHW RI IXQFWLRQV DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH VL]H RI WKH 9
GLPHQVLRQ )RU D JLYHQ VXEVHW WKH PLQLPDO YDOXH RI WKH HPSLULFDO ULVN FDQ EH REWDLQHG DV WKH
PLQLPDO WUXH ULVN ZKLFK LV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ )LJ 7KLV PHWKRG LV QDPHG DV 6WUXFWXUDO ULVN
PLQLPL]DWLRQ 650 157. ZKLFK ZDV DOVR FRLQHG E 9DSQLN DQG KHUYRQHNLV LQ 7KH
SULQFLSOH RI 650 LV WR SURYLGH D PHWKRG WR UHDFK WKH WUDGHRII EHWZHHQ KSRWKHVLV VSDFH
FRPSOH[LW WKH 9 GLPHQVLRQ RI DSSUR[LPDWLQJ IXQFWLRQV 159. 7KH SURFHGXUH LV GHVFULEHG LQ GHWDLO DV IROORZV
$VVXPHG D IXQFWLRQ VHW 4[ ǂ 160. ǂ ƭ KDV D VHW 6 ZKLFK KDV D VWUXFWXUH VKRZQ LQ )LJ 7KH
VWUXFWXUH LV GHILQHG E D QHVWHG VXEVHW VHTXHQFH 6 6 6 Q ZKLFK VDWLVILHV
6 6 6Q
7KH HOHPHQWV RI WKH DERYH VWUXFWXUH KDYH WZR SURSHUWLHV DV IROORZV
161. 7KH 9 GLPHQVLRQ RI HDFK VXEVHW KN LV OLPLWHG DQG VDWLVILHV
www.intechopen.com
164. $Q HOHPHQW LQ WKH VWUXFWXUH 6N FRQWDLQV D VHW RI WRWDOO ERXQGHG IXQFWLRQ
d 4] ǂ 166. RU FRQWDLQV D IXQFWLRQ VHW ZKLFK VDWLVILHV WKH IROORZLQJ LQHTXDOLW IRU VRPH S 7 . 173. )RU D JLYHQ VHW RI REVHUYDWLRQ VHW ] ] ] O 650 DLPV WR FKRRVH WKH SURSHU IXQFWLRQ
N
4] ǂ O 174. ZKR PDNHV WKH HPSLULFDO ULVN PLQLPDO LQ VXEVHW 6 N ZLWK VPDOOHVW JXDUDQWHHG ULVN
$IWHU SHUIRUPLQJ HPSLULFDO ULVN PLQLPL]DWLRQ RQ HDFK VXEVHW WKH VXEVHW ZKRVH VXP RI
N
HPSLULFDO ULVN DQG 9 FRQILGHQFH LV VHOHFWHG 7KH RSWLPDO IXQFWLRQ 4] ǂ O 175. WKDW PDNHV WKH
HPSLULFDO ULVN PLQLPDO LQ VHOHFWHG VXEVHW LV WKH RSWLPDO VROXWLRQ
)LJ 7KH SULQFLSOH RI 6WUXFWXUDO 5LVN 0LQLPL]DWLRQ
6WDWLVWLFDO OHDUQLQJ WKHRU DOVR JLYHV WKH UHTXLUHG FRQGLWLRQV IRU UHDVRQDEOH VWUXFWXUH RI
IXQFWLRQ VXEVHW DQG WKH FRQYHUJHQFH SURSHUW RI DFWXDO ULVN LQ 650 SULQFLSOH 7KH DFWXDO
ULVN LV WKH VXP RI HPSLULFDO ULVN DQG FRQILGHQFH LQWHUYDO $V WKH LQGH[ RI WKH HOHPHQWV LQ WKH
VWUXFWXUH LQFUHDVHV WKH HPSLULFDO ULVN ZLOO EH UHGXFHG ZLWK H[WHQGHG FRQILGHQFH LQWHUYDO
7KH VPDOOHVW XSSHU ERXQG RI WKH DFWXDO ULVN FDQ EH GHULYHG IURP D FHUWDLQ HOHPHQW LQ WKH
VWUXFWXUH 6XSSRUW YHFWRU PDFKLQH LV D QRYHO XQLYHUVDO OHDUQLQJ PDFKLQH ZKLFK LV ZLGHO
XVHG LQ WKH ILHOGV RI SDWWHUQ UHFRJQLWLRQ UHJUHVVLRQ HVWLPDWLRQ DQG SUREDELOLW GHQVLW ,W LV
EDVHG RQ 9GLPHQVLRQ WKHRU DQG 650 SULQFLSOH ZKLFK KDV D EHWWHU JHQHUDOL]DWLRQ
www.intechopen.com
176. %[ENQUVCVKQPCT[ #RRTQCEJ VQ 5KIPCN GVGEVKQP CPF %NCUUKſECVKQP KP %QIPKVKXG4CFKQ 5[UVGOU
SHUIRUPDQFH E UHDFKLQJ D WUDGHRII EHWZHHQ PRGHO FRPSOH[LW ZLWK OLPLWHG VDPSOH GDWD
DQG FDSDFLW RI WKH OHDUQLQJ DOJRULWKP 7KH VXSSRUW YHFWRU PDFKLQH ZDV FRLQHG E 9DSQLN
LQ WKH ODWH V RQ WKH IRXQGDWLRQ RI VWDWLVWLFDO OHDUQLQJ WKHRU ,W ZDV RULJLQDOO GHYHORSHG
IRU ELQDU FODVVLILFDWLRQ SUREOHP 7KH RSWLPDO VROXWLRQ RI 690 IRU D OLQHDUO VHSDUDEOH FDVH
ZDV LQWURGXFHG E 9DSQLN /DWHU WKLV ZDV H[WHQGHG WR QRQVHSDUDEOH FDVHV ,Q WKH SUHYLRXV
UHVHDUFK D FRPPRQ VROXWLRQ WR FODVVLILFDWLRQ SUREOHP RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ VLJQDOV LV DUWLILFLDO
QHXUDO QHWZRUN $11 177. VXFK DV PXOWLODHU OLQHDU SHUFHSWURQ QHWZRUN $IWHU WKH ILUVW
SUHOLPLQDU VWXGLHV 690 KDYH VKRZQ D UHPDUNDEOH HIILFLHQF HVSHFLDOO ZKHQ FRPSDUHG
ZLWK WUDGLWLRQDO DUWLILFLDO QHXUDO QHWZRUNV 7KH PDLQ DGYDQWDJH RI 690 ZLWK UHVSHFW WR
$11 FRQVLVWV LQ WKH VWUXFWXUH RI WKH OHDUQLQJ DOJRULWKP FKDUDFWHUL]HG E WKH UHVROXWLRQ RI D
FRQVWUDLQHG TXDGUDWLF SURJUDPPLQJ SUREOHP 43 178. ZKHUH WKH GUDZEDFN RI ORFDO PLQLPD LV
FRPSOHWHO DYRLGHG %RVHU DW HO RUWHV
9DSQLN 6FKRONRSI 179. 6LQFH WKH
FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ VLJQDOV LV REYLRXV WR EH D OLQHDUO QRQVHSDUDEOH SUREOHP
ZH ZLOO RQO GLVFXVV WKH FRPSXWDWLRQ RI WKLV RSWLPL]DWLRQ SUREOHP LQ WKLV FKDSWHU *LYHQ
OLQHDUO QRQVHSDUDEOH FODVVLILFDWLRQ SUREOHP ZH VXSSRVH D WUDLQLQJ VHW LV ^[L L 180. `
1
ZKHUH [ 5 L $VVXPHG WKDW WKH VLJQDO JURXS FDQ EH FODVVLILHG E D
^
`
KSHUSODQH ZKLFK LV GHILQHG E
7
Z Ʒ [ 182. ZKHUH WKH YHFWRU Z GHILQHV WKH ERXQGDU RI GLIIHUHQW FODVVHV RI GDWD E LV D VFDODU WKUHVKROG
DQG Ʒ [ 183. [
,Q RUGHU WR VROYH WKLV QRQVHSDUDEOH SUREOHP WKH QRQPLQXV VODFN YDULDEOHV Ǐ L DUH
LQWURGXFHG DQG WKHQ WKH WUDLQLQJ YHFWRUV PXVW VDWLVI
7
L Z [ L EL 186. __Z__ WR EH PLQLPXP LV QDPHG DV WKH RSWLPDO
KSHUSODQH $OO RI WKH WUDLQLQJ YHFWRUV DUH FRUUHFWO FODVVLILHG E LW DQG WKH YHFWRUV RI HDFK
FODVV DUH VHSDUDWHG ZLWK D PD[LPXP PDUJLQ %XUJHV 187. 8VXDOO VWUXFWXULQJ D KSHUSODQH LV VROYHG DV D TXDGUDWLF RSWLPL]DWLRQ SUREOHP WKDW FDQ EH
IRUPXODWHG DV
PLQ
Z EǏ L
V W
O
7
Z Z
¦Ǐ
L
L
7
L Z Ʒ [ L 190. O
ZKHUH LV WKH SHQDOW SDUDPHWHU ZKLFK LV XVHG WR FRQWURO WKH WUDLQLQJ HUURU UDWH E
GLIIHUHQW YDOXHV
8VLQJ D /DJUDQJH PXOWLSOLHU WHFKQLTXH WKH RSWLPL]DWLRQ SUREOHP FDQ EH FRQYHUWHG LQWR
www.intechopen.com
194. L
ZKHUH DL L ! DUH /DJUDQJH PXOWLSOLHU IDFWRUV
*LYHQ OLQHDUO QRQVHSDUDEOH FODVVLILFDWLRQ SUREOHP ZH FDQ PDS WKH LQSXW GDWD LQWR D KLJK
GLPHQVLRQDO IHDWXUH VSDFH WKURXJK VRPH QRQOLQHDU WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ ZKLFK PDNHV WKH GDWD
OLQHDUO VHSDUDEOH 'HYURH 195. 1RWHG WKH DERYH VROXWLRQ WR OLQHDUO QRQVHSDUDEOH
FODVVLILFDWLRQ SUREOHP RQO WKH LQQHU SURGXFW RSHUDWLRQ RI WKH WUDLQLQJ VDPSOHV LV LQYROYHG
LQ WKH GHFLVLRQ IXQFWLRQ :KLOH VWUXFWXULQJ KLJK GLPHQVLRQDO IHDWXUH VSDFH WKH DOJRULWKP
RQO XVH WKH LQQHU SURGXFW 2 [L 199. ,I ZH
FDQ ILQG D IXQFWLRQ . VDWLVILQJ 0HUFHU FRQGLWLRQ 'DQLHO
-DPHV 204. LV WKH NHUQHO IXQFWLRQ ZKLFK LV XWLOL]HG IRU PDSSLQJ WKH LQSXW GDWD WR KLJKHU
GLPHQVLRQDO VSDFH LQ RUGHU WR UHGXFH WKH FRPSXWDWLRQDO ORDG 7KHUH DUH GLIIHUHQW NHUQHO
IXQFWLRQV OLNH SROQRPLDO VLJPRLG DQG UDGLDO EDVLV IXQFWLRQ 5%) 205. XVHG LQ 690 ZKLFK DUH
GHILQHG DV IROORZV
3ROQRPLDO .HUQHO
. [ [ L 212. 7KH ZLGWK RI WKH 5%) NHUQHO SDUDPHWHU R FDQ EH GHWHUPLQHG LQ JHQHUDO E DQ LWHUDWLYH
SURFHVV VHOHFWLQJ DQ RSWLPXP YDOXH EDVHG RQ WKH IXOO IHDWXUH VHW 7KH PDLQ GLIIHUHQFH
EHWZHHQ 5%) FODVVLILHU DQG WUDGLWLRQDO 5%) PHWKRG LV WKDW HDFK EDVLV IXQFWLRQ LQ WKH 5%)
FODVVLILHU FRUUHVSRQGV WR D VXSSRUW YHFWRU ZKLFK LV DXWRPDWLFDOO LGHQWLILHG E WKH DOJRULWKP
ZKHUH WKH GUDZEDFN RI ORFDO PLQLPD LV FRPSOHWHO DYRLGHG
6LJPRLG .HUQHO
. [ [ L 215. 7KLV NHUQHO XVHV VLJPRLG IXQFWLRQ DV LQQHU SURGXFW ZKLFK LV HTXLYDOHQW WR D PXOWLODHU
SHUFHSWURQ ZLWK RQO RQH KLGGHQ ODHU 7KH QXPEHU RI QRGH LQ KLGGHQ ODHU LV DXWRPDWLFDOO
GHWHUPLQHG E DOJRULWKP
7LOO QRZ WKH FKRLFH RI WKH NHUQHO IXQFWLRQV ZDV RIWHQ XVHG HPSLULFDOO DQG WKLV DOVR EHFDPH
D WKHRUHWLFDO GUDZEDFN RI 690 $ SURSHU NHUQHO IXQFWLRQ IRU D VSHFLILF SUREOHP LV
GHSHQGHQW RQ WKH VSHFLILF WUDLQLQJ VDPSOH GDWD ,Q WKH SUDFWLFDO DSSOLFDWLRQV KRZ WR FKRRVH
WKH SURSHU PRGHO DFFRUGLQJ WR WUDLQLQJ VDPSOH VHW ZLWK EHWWHU JHQHUDOL]DWLRQ DELOLW LV
FXUUHQWO D UHVHDUFK GLUHFWLRQ LQ WKH ILHOG RI 690 )RU D VLJQDO FODVVLILFDWLRQ SUREOHP XVLQJ
FFORVWDWLRQDU IHDWXUHV ZH XVH DQ LPSURYHG PHWKRG RI PRGHO VHOHFWLRQ EDVHG RQ NHUQHO
DOLJQPHQW ZKLFK ZLOO EH GHVFULEHG LQ 6HFWLRQ LQ GHWDLO 7KH FKRLFH RI WKH NHUQHO IXQFWLRQV
LV VWXGLHG YLD FRPSXWHU VLPXODWLRQV DQG RSWLPDO UHVXOWV DUH DFKLHYHG XVLQJ UDGLDOEDVLV
www.intechopen.com
217. NHUQHO IXQFWLRQ $ WSLFDO FODVVLILFDWLRQ H[SHULPHQW XVLQJ 5%) NHUQHO
IXQFWLRQ EDVHG 690 LV LOOXVWUDWHG DV IROORZV
)LJ $ WSLFDO FODVVLILFDWLRQ H[SHULPHQW XVLQJ 5%) NHUQHO IXQFWLRQ 6KHUURG 218. $IWHU FKRRVLQJ WKH EHVW NHUQHO IXQFWLRQ WKH GXDO UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI WKH RSWLPL]DWLRQ SUREOHP
FDQ EH REWDLQHG E FRPSXWLQJ WKH GHULYDWLYHV ZLWK UHVSHFW WR Z E Ǐ L ZKLFK LV GHVFULEHG DV
O
PD[
ǂ
V W
¦ǂ
L
L
O
¦ ǂ ǂ . [ [ 219. L
d ǂL d L
7
ǂ
M
L
M
L
M
L M
O
223. 7KH DUFKLWHFWXUH RI WKH 690 FODVVLILHU FRPELQLQJ VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ DQDOVLV LV VKRZQ LQ
)LJ
www.intechopen.com
230. ǂ ˜
)LJ $UFKLWHFWXUH RI WKH 690 FODVVLILHU FRPELQLQJ VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ DQDOVLV
2GTHQTOCPEG 'XCNWCVKQP CPF #PCN[UKU -GTPGN (WPEVKQP CPF 2CTCOGVGTU
5GNGEVKQP
$FFRUGLQJ WR WKH GHILQLWLRQ RI NHUQHO IXQFWLRQ LQ WKH SUHYLRXV VHFWLRQ WKH NHUQHO PDWUL[ FDQ
EH GHILQHG DV IROORZV /DQFNULHW DW HO 233. . O
O
.
. O
Q
.
. O O
. O O
º
»
»
»
»
»
»
¼
234. ZKHUH Q LV WKH QXPEHU RI WKH VDPSOHV ,W LV D VPPHWULF SRVLWLYH GHILQLWH PDWUL[ DQG VLQFH LW
VSHFLILHV WKH LQQHU SURGXFWV EHWZHHQ DOO SDLUV RI LQSXW HOHPHQWV LW FRPSOHWHO GHWHUPLQHV
WKH UHODWLYH SRVLWLRQV EHWZHHQ WKRVH SRLQWV LQ WKH HPEHGGLQJ VSDFH
,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ ZH XVH DQ LPSURYHG PHWKRG RI NHUQHO VHOHFWLRQ EDVHG RQ NHUQHO DOLJQPHQW WR
FKRRVH SURSHU NHUQHO IXQFWLRQ IRU RXU VFKHPH ULVWLDQLQL DW HO 235. $VVXPHG WKDW . DQG
. DUH NHUQHO PDWUL[ RI WKH NHUQHO IXQFWLRQ N DQG N UHVSHFWLYHO 7KH HPSLULFDO 236. DOLJQPHQW RI D NHUQHO N ZLWK D NHUQHO N ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKH VDPSOH 6 LV WKH TXDQWLW ZKLFK
FDQ EH GHILQHG E
Ö
$ 6 N N 238. O` IRU D VSHFLILF VLJQDO FODVVLILFDWLRQ SUREOHP
WKH VDPSOH FDQ EH GLYLGHG LQWR WZR WSHV ZKLFK DUH LGHQWLILHG E DQG 7KH VLJQDO WSH
www.intechopen.com
239. %[ENQUVCVKQPCT[ #RRTQCEJ VQ 5KIPCN GVGEVKQP CPF %NCUUKſECVKQP KP %QIPKVKXG4CFKQ 5[UVGOU
VHW LV GHQRWHG DV
^ L
O` ZLWK WKH YHFWRU IRUP
L r L
^ O `
7
DQG WKHQ DOLJQPHQW PDWUL[ FDQ EH GHILQHG E
ª
«
«
« #
«
«
«
¬
. DG
O
O
7
O
O
#
%
#
#
O
O O
O O
O
O O
O O
O
O
º
»
»
»
»
»
»
¼
240. 7KLV NHUQHO VHOHFWLRQ PHWKRG XVLQJ NHUQHO DOLJQPHQW LV EDVHG RQ DQ LPSRUWDQW DVVXPSWLRQ
WKDW WKH NHUQHO IXQFWLRQ KDV EHWWHU SHUIRUPDQFH LI WKH NHUQHO DOLJQPHQW RI WKH NHUQHO PDWUL[
DQG WKH DOLJQPHQW PDWUL[ LV KLJKHU 7KXV LI ZH FRQVLGHU . . . D G . WKHQ
7
Ö
$ 6 .
242. . .
$FFRUGLQJ WR WKH DERYH GHULYDWLRQ WKH RSWLPDO NHUQHO IXQFWLRQ SUREOHP FDQ EH WUDQVIRUPHG
LQWR NHUQHO DOLJQPHQW PD[LPL]LQJ SUREOHP ,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ WKH NHUQHO DOLJQPHQW YDOXHV RI
GLIIHUHQW NHUQHO IXQFWLRQV DUH FRPSDUHG YLD FRPSXWHU VLPXODWLRQ E 0$7/$% )RU WKH
VLPXODWLRQV ZH GHILQH D VLJQDO VHW DV ^$0 $6. )6. 36. 06. 436.` 7R REWDLQ WKH
NHUQHO DOLJQPHQW DW GLIIHUHQW 615 VLPXODWLRQV DUH FDUULHG RXW ZLWK VDPSOHV DW 615
UDQJLQJ IURP G% WR G% 6LPXODWLRQ UHVXOWV VKRZ WKDW WKH NHUQHO DOLJQPHQW RI WKH 5%)
NHUQHO LV WKH JUHDWHU WKDQ WKDW RI RWKHU NHUQHOV ZKLFK LV VKRZQ LQ )LJ $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH
VLPXODWLRQ UHVXOWV ZH FKRRVH 5%) NHUQHO DV WKH NHUQHO IXQFWLRQ RI WKH 690 LQ RXU VFKHPH
$IWHU WKH NHUQHO IXQFWLRQ LV VHOHFWHG WZR NH SDUDPHWHUV RI WKH 69: VKRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG
QH[W 7KH ILUVW SDUDPHWHU SHQDOW SDUDPHWHU RI WKH 690 LV XVHG IRU DGMXVWLQJ WKH UDQJH RI
WKH FRQILGHQFH LQWHUYDO WR FRQWURO WKH WUDLQLQJ HUURU UDWH E GLIIHUHQW YDOXHV 7KH VHFRQG RQH
WKH ZLGWK RI WKH 5%) NHUQHO SDUDPHWHU R FDQ FRQWURO WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ HUURU E FKDQJLQJ WKH
ODUJHVW 9 GLPHQVLRQ RI OLQHDU FODVVLILFDWLRQ SODQH 7KHUHIRUH WKHVH WZR SDUDPHWHUV KDYH D
JUHDW LPSDFW RQ WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ SHUIRUPDQFH KDSHOOH DW HO 243. ,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ ZH XVH
D VLPSOH FURVVYDOLGDWLRQ PHWKRG WR VHDUFK WKH EHVW SDUDPHWHUV R 244. ,Q QIROG FURVVYDOLGDWLRQ ZH ILUVW GLYLGH WKH WUDLQLQJ VHW LQWR Q VXEVHWV RI HTXDO VL]H
6HTXHQWLDOO RQH VXEVHW LV WHVWHG XVLQJ WKH FODVVLILHU WUDLQHG RQ WKH UHPDLQLQJ Q VXEVHWV
7KXV HDFK LQVWDQFH RI WKH ZKROH WUDLQLQJ VHW LV SUHGLFWHG RQFH VR WKH FURVVYDOLGDWLRQ
DFFXUDF LV WKH SHUFHQWDJH RI GDWD WKDW DUH FRUUHFWO FODVVLILHG 7KH SURFHVV RI FURVV
YDOLGDWLRQ LV GHVFULEHG DV IROORZV
www.intechopen.com
246. RI HTXDO VL]H DQG WKH HOHPHQWV RI
WKH VXEVHW DUH ƥ
^ Q ` ƭ ^ǔ ǔ ǔ Q ` Q LV WSLFDOO IURP
WR
$IWHU WUDLQLQJ HDFK L M ǔ L M 248. ZLWK EHVW FODVVLILFDWLRQ SHUIRUPDQFH LV XVHG WR IRUP WKH SDUDPHWHU VHW
ƥ
^
Q ` DQG ƭ
^ǔ
ǔ ǔ Q ` ǔ Q ǔ ǔ Q ǔ
5HSHDW VWHS XQWLO WKH QXPEHU RI ƥ L DQG ƭ L UHDFK WR D SUHFRQFHUWHG WKUHVKROG 7KH
L M
249. ǔ L M ZLOO EH WKH RSWLPDO FKRLFH IRU WKH VSHFLILF 690 DIWHU LWHUDWLRQV
$IWHU SHUIRUPLQJ FURVVYDOLGDWLRQ PHWKRG IRU RXU VFKHPH E 0$7/$% ZH FDQ REWDLQ WKH
EHVW NHUQHO SDUDPHWHUV ǔ DQG $IWHU WKH EHVW ǔ 250. LV IRXQG WKH ZKROH
WUDLQLQJ VHW LV WUDLQHG DJDLQ WR JHQHUDWH WKH ILQDO 690 FODVVLILHU
%NCUUKHKGT GUKIP
,Q RUGHU WR FRPSDUH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI GLIIHUHQW FODVVLILHUV WZR DSSURDFKHV EDVHG RQ
H[LVWLQJ PHWKRGV VXFK DV GHFLVLRQ WKHRU DQG DUWLILFLDO QHXUDO QHWZRUN DUH LQWURGXFHG ZLWK
VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ IHDWXUHV DV WUDLQLQJ GDWD
$KPCT[ GEKUKQP 6TGG
$IWHU GHFDGHV RI UHVHDUFK GHFLVLRQ WKHRU KDV EHHQ ZLGHO VWXGLHG LQ PDWKHPDWLFV VWDWLVWLFV
DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ FRQFHUQHG ZLWK LGHQWLILQJ WKH YDOXHV XQFHUWDLQWLHV DQG RWKHU LVVXHV
www.intechopen.com
251. %[ENQUVCVKQPCT[ #RRTQCEJ VQ 5KIPCN GVGEVKQP CPF %NCUUKſECVKQP KP %QIPKVKXG4CFKQ 5[UVGOU
UHOHYDQW LQ D JLYHQ GHFLVLRQ DQG WKH UHVXOWLQJ RSWLPDO GHFLVLRQ ,Q WKH FRQYHQWLRQDO GHFLVLRQ
WKHRU WKH ELQDU GHFLVLRQ WUHH %'7 252. LV D GHFLVLRQ VXSSRUW WRRO WKDW XVHV D JUDSK RU PRGHO
RI GHFLVLRQV PDSSLQJ IURP REVHUYDWLRQV WR WDUJHW YDOXH 6LQFH LW LV VLPSOH DQG HDV WR
XQGHUVWDQG ELQDU GHFLVLRQ WUHH LV ZLGHO XVHG LQ VLJQDO GHWHFWLRQ DQG UHFRJQLWLRQ $IWHU
REVHUYDWLRQ RI WKH YDOXH UDQJH WKH GLIIHUHQW IHDWXUHV LQ 7DEOH LW
V HDV WR ILQG WKDW IHDWXUH
[ FDQ EH XVHG WR FODVVLI WKH VLJQDOV LQWR WKUHH JURXSV ZKLFK DUH ^36. 06. 436.` ^)6.`
DQG ^$0 $6.` )XUWKHUPRUH IHDWXUH [ DQG [ FDQ EH XVHG WR GLVWLQJXLVK ^$6. $0` DQG
^06. 436.` UHVSHFWLYHO 7KXV D ELQDU GHFLVLRQ WUHH LV GHVLJQHG EDVHG RQ VSHFWUDO
FRUUHODWLRQ IHDWXUHV IRU SULPDU XVHU VLJQDO UHFRJQLWLRQ ,Q WKH GHFLVLRQ DOJRULWKP JLYHQ LQ
)LJ ZH PDNH XVH RI IHDWXUH [ WR UHFRJQL]H WKH )6. VLJQDO LQ WKH ILUVW ODHU DQG WKHQ
IHDWXUH [ DQG [ DUH XVHG IRU WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI $6. DQG $0 VLJQDOV DQG UHFRJQLWLRQ RI
36. VLJQDO LQ WKH VHFRQG ODHU ,Q WKH WKLUG OHYHO IHDWXUH [ LV XWLOL]HG WR GLVWLQJXLVK 06.
DQG 436. VLJQDO
IHDWXUH YHFWRU LQSXW
[ c [c [c [c [c 256. º
«
»
¬
¼
L
^ `
06.
436.
)LJ $UFKLWHFWXUH RI WKH %'7 FODVVLILHU EDVHG RQ VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ DQDOVLV
/WNVKNC[GT .KPGCT 2GTEGRVTQP 0GVYQTM
$UWLILFLDO 1HXUDO QHWZRUNV KDYH ORQJ EHHQ FRQVLGHUHG IRU SDWWHUQ UHFRJQLWLRQ DQG
PRGXODWLRQ FODVVLILFDWLRQ DQG KDYH SURYHQ WR EH UREXVW WR D YDULHW RI FRQGLWLRQV VXFK DV
LQWHUIHULQJ VLJQDOV DQG QRLVH ,Q RUGHU WR FRPSDUH WKH FODVVLILHU SHUIRUPDQFH RI DUWLILFLDO
QHXUDO QHWZRUN DQG VXSSRUW YHFWRU PDFKLQH D VLJQDO FODVVLILFDWLRQ DSSURDFK XVLQJ VSHFWUDO
FRUUHODWLRQ DQG QHXUDO QHWZRUNV ZKLFK ZDV SURSRVHG E $ )HKVNH )HKVNH DW HO 258. ZLWK QHXURQV LQ WKH KLGGHQ ODHU ZDV XVHG IRU HDFK VLJQDO FODVV DQG HDFK LQSXW ODHU XVHV
WKH QRUPDOL]HG VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ IHDWXUH YHFWRU [
[
W [ [
[
259. DV LQSXW (DFK 0/31
ZDV WUDLQHG ZLWK D EDFN SURSDJDWLRQ DOJRULWKP *XSWD 260. ZLWK DQ LQLWLDO OHDUQLQJ UDWH Q
GHFUHDVLQJ ZLWK HDFK HSRFK D PRPHQWXP FRQVWDQW D DQG DQ DFWLYDWLRQ IXQFWLRQ
WDQK[ 262. 7KH 0$;1(7
VWUXFWXUH VKRZQ LQ )LJ VLPSO FKRRVHV WKH VLJQDO ZKRVH 0/31 RXWSXWV WKH ODUJHVW YDOXH
$ WSLFDO JUDGLHQW GHVFHQW DOJRULWKP FDQ EH XVHG WR VROYH WKH OLQHDUO QRQVHSDUDEOH VLJQDO
www.intechopen.com
263. %QIPKVKXG 4CFKQ 5[UVGOU
FODVVLILFDWLRQ SUREOHP ZKLFK FDQ DFKLHYH PLQLPDO PHDQ VTXDUH HUURU RI H[SHFWHG RXWSXW
DQG DFWXDO RXWSXW 7KH WUDLQLQJ UHVXOWV RI DOO WKH 0/31 DUH LQSXWWHG LQWR D VLPSOH 0$;1(7
IRU ILQDO GHFLVLRQ 7KH GHFLVLRQ IXQFWLRQ RI WKH 0$;1(7 LV GHILQHG E
] N 266. 7KH VLJQDO FODVVLILFDWLRQ DSSURDFK XVLQJ VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ DQG 0/31 LV VKRZQ LQ )LJ
)LJ $UFKLWHFWXUH RI WKH 0/31 FODVVLILHU EDVHG RQ VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ DQDOVLV
5KOWNCVKQP 4GUWNVU
,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ D YDULHW RI 0RQWH DUOR VLPXODWLRQV DUH SUHVHQWHG WR LOOXVWUDWH WKH
SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH DOJRULWKP ,Q WKH VLPXODWLRQV ZH GHILQH D VLJQDO VHW DV ^$0 $6. )6.
36. 06. 436.` )RU HDFK WSH RI VLJQDO 1 VLJQDO VDPSOHV FRQVWLWXWH RQH IUDPH ZKLFK LV
XVHG DV DQ REVHUYDWLRQ ZLQGRZ WR FRPSDUH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH DOJRULWKP ZLWK GLIIHUHQW
GDWD VDPSOHV 7R GLVWLQJXLVK PRGXODWLRQ FODVVHV VLPXODWLRQ DUH FDUULHG RXW ZLWK
IUDPHV DW 615 UDQJLQJ IURP G% WR G% XVLQJ WKUHH FODVVLILHUV GHYHORSHG IUDPHV DUH
XVHG IRU WUDLQLQJ VDPSOHV DQG WKH UHPDLQLQJ IUDPHV DUH XVHG WR FDOFXODWH WKH
SUREDELOLW RI FRUUHFW FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI GLIIHUHQW FODVVLILHUV 7KH SUREDELOLW RI FRUUHFW
FODVVLILFDWLRQ 3FF 268. ZKHUH 1 LV WKH QXPEHU RI VLPXODWLRQV 3U + L + L @ LV WKH SUREDELOLW WKDW WKH DOJRULWKP
GHWHUPLQH WKH VLJQDO FODVV L FRUUHFWO
7KH UDGLR FKDQQHO PRGHOV FRQVLGHUHG LQ WKH VLPXODWLRQV LQFOXGH *DXVVLDQ FKDQQHO DQG
FRJQLWLYH UDGLR FKDQQHO ,Q RUGHU WR VLPXODWH WKH ZLUHOHVV HQYLURQPHQW RI FRJQLWLYH UDGLRV
:5$1 FKDQQHO PRGHO % UHFRPPHQGHG LQ ,((( VWDQGDUG LV XVHG DV FRJQLWLYH UDGLR
FKDQQHO 6RIHU ( KRXLQDUG 270. %[ENQUVCVKQPCT[ #RRTQCEJ VQ 5KIPCN GVGEVKQP CPF %NCUUKſECVKQP KP %QIPKVKXG4CFKQ 5[UVGOU
E WKH ,((( VWDQGDUG JURXS KDV D PXOWLSDWK SDWK 271. GHOD SURILOH ZKLFK LV
VXPPDUL]HG LQ 7DEOH
,Q WKH ,((( :5$1 VVWHP FRJQLWLYH UDGLR WHFKQRORJ LV FRQVLGHUHG WR VKDUH WKH
OLFHQVHG VSHFWUXP RI 'LJLWDO 79 WKH WSLFDO VHUYLFH FRYHUDJH LV IURP NLORPHWUHV WR
NLORPHWUHV 7KH UHIHUHQFH FKDQQHO PRGHO % IRU WKH ,((( :5$1 DUH GHULYHG IURP D
VFHQDULR WKDW WUDQVPLWV WKH VLJQDOV EHWZHHQ WKH IL[HG %6 DQG 3(V LQ ZLUHOHVV EURDGEDQG
HQYLURQPHQWV ,Q VXFK D GQDPLF FKDQQHO HQYLURQPHQW WKH GHOD H[WHQVLRQ LV KLJK ZLWK
ORZHU 'RSSOHU IUHTXHQF $Q ([DPSOH FKDQQHO UHVSRQVHV IRU WKH QRPLQDO :5$1 FKDQQHO %
LV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ )LJ
7DEOH 0XOWLSDWK SURILOHV RI WKH ,((( :5$1 UHIHUHQFH FKDQQHO PRGHO %
)LJ $Q ([DPSOH FKDQQHO UHVSRQVHV IRU WKH QRPLQDO :5$1 FKDQQHO %
7DEOH DQG 7DEOH LQGLFDWH WKH SUREDELOLW RI FRUUHFW FODVVLILFDWLRQ 3FF 272. IRU HDFK PRGXODWLRQ
WSH ZLWK WKH WUDLQLQJ GDWD OHQJWK RI RYHU *DXVV FKDQQHO DQG FRJQLWLYH UDGLR FKDQQHO
UHVSHFWLYHO 5HVXOWV VKRZ WKH RYHUDOO FRUUHFW UDWH LV DERYH IRU D 615 RI G% DQG
IRU D 615 RI G% 7KHVH JRRG UHVXOWV IRU VLJQDOV ZLWK ORZ 615 LQ WKH FRJQLWLYH UDGLR
HQYLURQPHQW VKRZ WKH SURSRVHG DSSURDFK LV LQVHQVLWLYH ZLWK 615 YDULDWLRQ ZKLFK FRPH
IURP WKH HIIHFWV RI WKH UREXVWQHVV RI 690 FODVVLILHU $FFRUGLQJ WR 7DEOH WKH SURSRVHG
DSSURDFK KDV EHWWHU SHUIRUPDQFH LQ ERWK FKDQQHO FRQGLWLRQV
www.intechopen.com
273. %QIPKVKXG 4CFKQ 5[UVGOU
7DEOH 3HF RI 690 FODVVLILHU RYHU *DXVVLDQ FKDQQHO
7DEOH 3FF RI 690 FODVVLILHU RYHU :5$1 FKDQQHO %
)LJ DQG )LJ VKRZ WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI 690 FODVVLILHU ZLWK GDWD OHQJWK DV SDUDPHWHU
RYHU GLIIHUHQW FKDQQHO PRGHOV :KHQ WKH GDWD OHQJWK LV DQG IRU D 615 RI G% WKH 3FF LV
XS WR DQG ZLWK GDWD OHQJWK DQG IRU D 615 RI G% WKH 3FF LQFUHDVHV WR :KHQ
WKH GDWD OHQJWK LV DQG IRU D 615 RI OG% WKH 3FF LV FORVH WR $ERYH UHVXOWV VKRZ
WKDW WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH 690 FODVVLILHU LV KLJK IRU VPDOO WUDLQLQJ GDWD LQ ERWK FKDQQHO
PRGHOV )LJ DQG )LJ DUH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH FRPSDULVRQ EHWZHHQ %'7 FODVVLILHU 0/31
FODVVLILHU DQG 690 FODVVLILHU ZLWK WKH VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ IHDWXUHV RYHU *DXVVLDQ FKDQQHO
DQG :5$1 FKDQQHO ZKLFK DUH FDOFXODWHG IRU GLIIHUHQW VLJQDOV XVLQJ GDWD OHQJWK RI DQG
UHVSHFWLYHO ,W LV VKRZQ WKDW ZKHQ WKH 615 LV ORZHU WKH 0/31 FODVVLILHU VKRZV SRRU
SHUIRUPDQFH :KLOH WKH 615 LV KLJKHU WKH SUREDELOLW RI FRUUHFW FODVVLILFDWLRQ LV LQFUHDVHG
,Q ORZHU 615 WKH YDULDWLRQ RI WKH VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ IHDWXUHV 6)V 274. LV GUDVWLFDOO GXH WR
WKH HIIHFW RI WKH QRLVH 7KXV WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI QHXUDO QHWZRUN LV QRW FRPSOHWH ZLWK VPDOO
WUDLQLQJ GDWD ZKLFK UHVXOWV LQ WKH SHUIRUPDQFH GHJUDGDWLRQ 7KH GHFLVLRQ WUHH EDVHG
FODVVLILHU RQO XVH WKH SDUWLDO LQIRUPDWLRQ RI WKH VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ IHDWXUHV 6)V 275. WKHUHIRUH WKH FRUUHFW SUREDELOLW LV ORZHU WKDQ 690 FODVVLILHU LQ WKH ZKROH 615 UDQJH $OO
WKH UHVXOWV VKRZ WKH KLJK SHUIRUPDQFH RI 690 FODVVLILHU EDVHG RQ VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ
IHDWXUHV 6)V 277. %[ENQUVCVKQPCT[ #RRTQCEJ VQ 5KIPCN GVGEVKQP CPF %NCUUKſECVKQP KP %QIPKVKXG4CFKQ 5[UVGOU
)LJ 7KH SHUIRUPDQFH RI 690 FODVVLILHU ZLWK GLIIHUHQW GDWD OHQJWK RYHU *DXVVLDQ FKDQQHO
)LJ 7KH SHUIRUPDQFH RI 690 FODVVLILHU ZLWK GLIIHUHQW GDWD OHQJWK RYHU :5$1 FKDQQHO
www.intechopen.com
278. %QIPKVKXG 4CFKQ 5[UVGOU
)LJ RPSDULVRQ EHWZHHQ WKUHH FODVVLILHUV ZLWK GLIIHUHQW GDWD OHQJWK RYHU *DXVVLDQ
FKDQQHO
%QPENWUKQP CPF (WVWTG 9QTM
,Q WKLV FKDSWHU ZH SURSRVHG D QRYHO DSSURDFK FRPELQLQJ WKH VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ IHDWXUHV
DQG 690 IRU VLJQDO FODVVLILFDWLRQ LQ FRJQLWLYH UDGLR HQYLURQPHQW )RXU VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ
FKDUDFWHULVWLF SDUDPHWHUV ZHUH FKRVHQ DV IHDWXUH YHFWRU RI 690 FODVVLILHU 6LPXODWLRQ UHVXOWV
VKRZ WKDW WKH RYHUDOO VXFFHVV UDWH LV DERYH ZLWK GDWD OHQJWK RI ZKHQ 615 LV
HTXDO WR G% RPSDUHG WR H[LVWLQJ PHWKRGV WKH SURSRVHG DSSURDFK LV PRUH HIIHFWLYH LQ WKH
FDVH RI ORZ 615 DQG OLPLWHG WUDLQLQJ QXPEHUV )XWXUH ZRUN LQ WKH DUHD RI VLJQDO
FODVVLILFDWLRQ IRU FRJQLWLYH UDGLR VVWHPV ZLOO LQYROYH WKH DQDOVLV RI KLJKHU RUGHU VSHFWUXP
FRUUHODWLRQ IHDWXUHV RI PRUH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ VLJQDOV %DVHG RQ WKHVH IHDWXUHV D PXOWLFODVV
690 FODVVLILHU FDQ EH XVHG WR LPSURYH WKH DFFXUDF RI FODVVLILFDWLRQ DQG UHGXFHV WKH
FRPSXWDWLRQDO FRPSOH[LW ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH FODVVLILHU SHUIRUPDQFH ZLOO EH WHVWHG YLD
VLPXODWLRQV XVLQJ VHYHUDO GLIIHUHQW FKDQQHO PRGHOV
#EMPQYNGFIGOGPVU
7KLV UHVHDUFK ZRUN LV VXSSRUWHG E KLQHVH 7RS 8QLYHUVLW 3K' 6WXGLQJ $EURDG 3URJUDP
IURP KLQD 6FKRODUVKLS RXQFLO 7KH DXWKRUV ZLVK WR WKDQN XMLQJ :DQJ IRU KHU KHOSIXO
VXJJHVWLRQV DQG VXSSRUW
4GHGTGPEGU
0LWROD - 0DJXLUH * 4 280. RJQLWLYH 5DGLR $Q ,QWHJUDWHG $JHQW $UFKLWHFWXUH IRU 6RIWZDUH 'HILQHG
5DGLR 3K' 7KHVLV 5RDO ,QVWLWXWH RI 7HFKQRORJ .7+ 282. (VWDEOLVKPHQW RI ,QWHUIHUHQFH 7HPSHUDWXUH 0HWULF WR 4XDQWLI DQG 0DQDJH
,QWHUIHUHQFH DQG WR ([SDQG $YDLODEOH 8QOLFHQVHG 2SHUDWLRQ LQ HUWDLQ )L[HG 0RELOH DQG
www.intechopen.com
283. %[ENQUVCVKQPCT[ #RRTQCEJ VQ 5KIPCN GVGEVKQP CPF %NCUUKſECVKQP KP %QIPKVKXG4CFKQ 5[UVGOU
6DWHOOLWH )UHTXHQF %DQGV (7 'RFNHW 1RWLFH RI ,QTXLU DQG 3URSRVHG
5XOHPDNLQJ
+DNLQ 6 284. RJQLWLYH 5DGLR %UDLQ(PSRZHUHG :LUHOHVV RPPXQLFDWLRQV ,(((
-RXUQDO RQ 6HOHFWHG $UHD LQ RPPXQLFDWLRQV YRO QR SS
$NLOGL] , ) /HH : 9XUDQ 0
0RKDQW 6 286. YRO QR SS
*KDVHPL $ 6RXVD ( 6 288. 6RPH IXQGDPHQWDO OLPLWV LQ FRJQLWLYH UDGLR 3URF
RI $OOHUWRQ RQI RQ RPPXQ RQWURO DQG RPSXWLQJ SS
'LJKDP ) ) $ORXLQL 0 6 6LPRQ 0 . 289. 2Q WKH HQHUJ GHWHFWLRQ RI XQNQRZQ
VLJQDOV RYHU IDGLQJ FKDQQHOV 3URF RI ,((( , $QFKRUDJH 86$ SS
7DQJ + 290. 6RPH SKVLFDO ODHU LVVXHV RI ZLGHEDQG FRJQLWLYH UDGLR VVWHP 3URF RI
,((( '63$1 SS
DEULF ' 0LVKUD 6 0
%URGHUVHQ 5 : 291. ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ LVVXHV LQ VSHFWUXP
VHQVLQJ IRU FRJQLWLYH UDGLRV 3URF RI WKH WK $VLORPDU RQIHUHQFH RQ 6LJQDOV 6VWHPV
DQG RPSXWHUV SS
)HKVNH $ *DHGGHUW - '
5HHG - + 292. $ QHZ DSSURDFK WR VLJQDO FODVVLILFDWLRQ
XVLQJ VSHFWUDO FRUUHODWLRQ DQG QHXUDO QHWZRUNV 3URF RI ,((( '63$1 SS
%HQQHWW :5 295. 2Q WKH 'HWHFWLRQ DQG ODVVLILFDWLRQ RI 4XDGUDWXUH 'LJLWDO
0RGXODWLRQV LQ %URDGEDQG 1RLVH ,((( 7UDQV RPPXQ YRO SS
6DSLDQR 3
0DUWLQ - ' 299. 6SHFWUDO RUUHODWLRQ 0HWKRG IRU 0RGXODWLRQ
5HFRJQLWLRQ -RXUQDO RI 6VWHPV (QJLQHHULQJ DQG (OHFWURQLFV YRO QR SS
1DQGL $ . $]]RX] ( ( 302. 3URFHGXUH IRU $XWRPDWLF 5HFRJQLWLRQ RI $QDORJXH DQG
'LJLWDO 0RGXODWLRQV ,((( 3URFHHGLQJV RQ RPPXQLFDWLRQV YRO QR SS
$]]RX] (( 1DQGL $ . 304. $OJRULWKPV IRU $XWRPDWLF 0RGXODWLRQ 5HFRJQLWLRQ RI
RPPXQLFDWLRQ 6LJQDOV ,((( 7UDQV RQ RPPXQLFDWLRQV YRO QR SS
www.intechopen.com
306. 7KH 1DWXUH RI 6WDWLVWLFDO /HDUQLQJ 7KHRU 6SULQJHU9HUODJ 1HZ RUN
+DQ * 307. 5HVHDUFK RQ %OLQG 6LJQDO 'HWHFWLRQ 7HFKQLTXHV LQ $GDSWLYH 6LQJOH DQG
0XOWLFDUULHU 0RGXODWLRQ 3K' 7KHVLV ;LGLDQ 8QLYHUVLW ;L
DQ KLQD
*DUGQHU :$ 308. 6SHFWUDO RUUHODWLRQ RI 0RGXODWHG 6LJQDOV3$57 , ²$QDORJ
0RGXODWLRQ ,((( 7UDQV RQ RPPXQ YRO QR SS
*DUGQHU :$ 309. 6SHFWUDO RUUHODWLRQ RI 0RGXODWHG 6LJQDOV 3$57 ,,
'LJLWDO
0RGXODWLRQ ,((( 7UDQV RQ RPPXQ YRO QR SS
*DUGQHU :
)UDQNV / 311. 0RGXODWLRQ UHFRJQLWLRQ DQG KLJK GQDPLF VQFKURQL]DWLRQ EDVHG RQ FFOLF
VSHFWUDO GHQVLW 3K' 7KHVLV +DUELQ ,QVWLWXWH RI 7HFKQRORJ 0DU
*DUGQHU : $ 6SRRQHU 0 312. FOLF 6SHFWUDO $QDOVLV IRU 6LJQDO 'HWHFWLRQ DQG
0RGXODWLRQ 5HFRJQLWLRQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH RQIHUHQFH RQ 0LOLWDU RPPXQLFDWLRQV
0,/20 316. 0RGXODWLRQ ,GHQWLILFDWLRQ 8VLQJ ODVVLF
3DWWHUQ 5HFRJQLWLRQ 7HFKQLTXHV ZZZDQGUHZFPXHGXXVHUGDQLHOJX3DWB5HFB
)LQDO B3DSHU B*XUPDQB9L]FDLQRB+ZDQJSGI
%RVHU % *XRQ , 9DSQLN 9 317. $ WUDLQLQJ DOJRULWKP IRU RSWLPDO PDUJLQ FODVVLILHUV
3URF RI )LIWK $QQXDO :RUNVKRS RQ RPSXWDWLRQDO /HDUQLQJ 7KHRU 3LWWVEXUJK $0
3UHVV
RUWHV 9DSQLN 9 319. ([WUDFWLQJ VXSSRUW GDWD IRU D JLYHQ WDVN
3URF RI )LUVW ,QWO RQI RQ .QRZOHGJH 'LVFRYHU 'DWD 0LQLQJ $$$ , 3UHVV SS
%XUJHV - 320. $ 7XWRULDO RQ 6XSSRUW 9HFWRU 0DFKLQHV IRU 3DWWHUQ 5HFRJQLWLRQ %HOO
/DERUDWRULHV /XFHQW 7HFKQRORJLHV
'HYURH / *URIL /
/XJRVL / 322. 6XSSRUW YHFWRU PDFKLQH WHFKQLTXHV IRU QRQOLQHDU
HTXDOL]DWLRQ ,((( 7UDQV RQ 6LJQDO 3URFHVVLQJ YRO QR SS
ULVWLDQLQL 1 6KDZH7DORU - (OLVVHHII $
.DQGROD - 325. KRRVLQJ PXOWLSOH SDUDPHWHUV IRU
VXSSRUW YHFWRU PDFKLQHV 0DFKLQH /HDUQLQJ YRO SS
/DQFNULHW * ULVWLDQLQL 1 %DUWOHWW *KDRXL 3 / -RUGDQ 0 327. 6WDWLF DQG 'QDPLF 1HXUDO 1HWZRUNV IURP )XQGDPHQWDOV WR $GYDQFHG
7KHRU :LOH 1HZ RUN
www.intechopen.com
328. Cognitive Radio Systems
Edited by Wei Wang
ISBN 978-953-307-021-6
Hard cover, 340 pages
Publisher InTech
Published online 01, November, 2009
Published in print edition November, 2009
Cognitive radio is a hot research area for future wireless communications in the recent years. In order to
increase the spectrum utilization, cognitive radio makes it possible for unlicensed users to access the spectrum
unoccupied by licensed users. Cognitive radio let the equipments more intelligent to communicate with each
other in a spectrum-aware manner and provide a new approach for the co-existence of multiple wireless
systems. The goal of this book is to provide highlights of the current research topics in the field of cognitive
radio systems. The book consists of 17 chapters, addressing various problems in cognitive radio systems.
How to reference
In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following:
Hao Hu (2009). Cyclostationary Approach to Signal Detection and Classification in Cognitive Radio Systems,
Cognitive Radio Systems, Wei Wang (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-021-6, InTech, Available from:
http://www.intechopen.com/books/cognitive-radio-systems/cyclostationary-approach-to-signal-detection-andclassification-in-cognitiveradio-systems
InTech Europe
University Campus STeP Ri
Slavka Krautzeka 83/A
51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Phone: +385 (51) 770 447
Fax: +385 (51) 686 166
www.intechopen.com
InTech China
Unit 405, Office Block, Hotel Equatorial Shanghai
No.65, Yan An Road (West), Shanghai, 200040, China
Phone: +86-21-62489820
Fax: +86-21-62489821