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Positive Behavioral Supports
- 1. Positive Behavioral Supports The Most Important Piece of the Puzzle
- 4. Positive Behavioral Supports What Is The Goal Of Positive Behavioral Supports? Behavioral Psychology 101 Cognitive Theory of Development Cognitive theory is concerned with the development of a person's thought processes. It also looks at how these thought processes influence how we understand and interact with the world. The foremost cognitive thinker was Jean Piaget. Cognitive development involves changes in cognitive process and abilities. In Piaget’s view, early cognitive development involves processes based upon actions and later progresses into changes in mental operations. Why do people behave the way they do?
- 5. Positive Behavioral Supports What Is The Goal Of Positive Behavioral Supports? Why do people behave the way they do? Behavioral Psychology 101 Cognitive Theory of Development Key Concepts Schemas – A child may have a schema about a type of animal, such as a dog. If the child’s sole experience has been with small dogs, a child might believe that all dogs are small, furry, and have four legs. Suppose then that the child encounters a very large dog. The child will take in this new information, modifying the previously existing schema to include this new information.
- 6. Positive Behavioral Supports What Is The Goal Of Positive Behavioral Supports? Why do people behave the way they do? Behavioral Psychology 101 Cognitive Theory of Development Key Concepts Assimilation – The process of taking in new information into our previously existing schema’s is known as assimilation. In the previous example, seeing a dog and labeling it “dog” is an example of assimilating the animal into the child’s dog schema. Accommodation – Another part of adaptation involves changing or altering our existing schemas in light of new information, a process known as accommodation. Accommodation involves altering existing schemas, or ideas, as a result of new information or new experiences. New schemas may also be developed during this process.
- 7. Positive Behavioral Supports What Is The Goal Of Positive Behavioral Supports? Why do people behave the way they do? Behavioral Psychology 101 Psychosocial Development One of the main elements of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction. According to Erikson, our ego identity is constantly changing due to new experience and information we acquire in our daily interactions with others. In addition to ego identity, Erikson also believed that a sense of competence also motivates behaviors and actions. Each stage in Erikson’s theory is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life. If the stage is handled well, the person will feel a sense of mastery, which he sometimes referred to as ego strength or ego quality. If the stage is managed poorly, the person will emerge with a sense of inadequacy.
- 8. Positive Behavioral Supports What Is The Goal Of Positive Behavioral Supports? Why do people behave the way they do? Behavioral Psychology 101 Psychosocial Development Psychosocial Stage 1 - Trust vs. Mistrust The first stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development occurs between birth and one year of age and is the most fundamental stage in life. Because an infant is utterly dependent, the development of trust is based on the dependability and quality of the child’s caregivers. If a child successfully develops trust, he or she will feel safe and secure in the world. Caregivers who are inconsistent, emotionally unavailable, or rejecting contribute to feelings of mistrust in the children they care for. Failure to develop trust will result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable.
- 9. Positive Behavioral Supports What Is The Goal Of Positive Behavioral Supports? Why do people behave the way they do? Behavioral Psychology 101 Psychosocial Development Psychosocial Stage 2 - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt The second stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development takes place during early childhood and is focused on children developing a greater sense of personal control. Like Freud, Erikson believed that toilet training was a vital part of this process. However, Erikson's reasoning was quite different then that of Freud's. Erikson believe that learning to control one’s body functions leads to a feeling of control and a sense of independence. Other important events include gaining more control over food choices, toy preferences, and clothing selection. Children who successfully complete this stage feel secure and confident, while those who do not are left with a sense of inadequacy and self-doubt
- 10. Positive Behavioral Supports What Is The Goal Of Positive Behavioral Supports? Why do people behave the way they do? Behavioral Psychology 101 Psychosocial Development Psychosocial Stage 3 - Initiative vs. Guilt During the preschool years, children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interaction. Children who are successful at this stage feel capable and able to lead others. Those who fail to acquire these skills are left with a sense of guilt, self-doubt and lack of initiative
- 11. Positive Behavioral Supports What Is The Goal Of Positive Behavioral Supports? Why do people behave the way they do? Behavioral Psychology 101 Psychosocial Development Psychosocial Stage 4 - Industry vs. Inferiority This stage covers the early school years from approximately age 5 to 11. Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities. Children who are encouraged and commended by parents and teachers develop a feeling of competence and belief in their skills. Those who receive little or no encouragement from parents, teachers, or peers will doubt their ability to be successful.
- 12. Positive Behavioral Supports What Is The Goal Of Positive Behavioral Supports? Why do people behave the way they do? Behavioral Psychology 101 Psychosocial Development Psychosocial Stage 5 - Identity vs. Confusion During adolescence, children are exploring their independence and developing a sense of self. Those who receive proper encouragement and reinforcement through personal exploration will emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self and a feeling of independence and control. Those who remain unsure of their beliefs and desires will feel insecure and confused about themselves and the future.
- 13. Positive Behavioral Supports What Is The Goal Of Positive Behavioral Supports? Why do people behave the way they do? Behavioral Psychology 101 Psychosocial Development Psychosocial Stage 6 - Intimacy vs. Isolation This stage covers the period of early adulthood when people are exploring personal relationships. Erikson believed it was vital that people develop close, committed relationships with other people. Those who are successful at this step will develop relationships that are committed and secure. Remember that each step builds on skills learned in previous steps. Erikson believed that a strong sense of personal identity was important to developing intimate relationships. Studies have demonstrated that those with a poor sense of self tend to have less committed relationships and are more likely to suffer emotional isolation, loneliness, and depression.
- 14. Positive Behavioral Supports What Is The Goal Of Positive Behavioral Supports? Why do people behave the way they do? Behavioral Psychology 101 Psychosocial Development Psychosocial Stage 8 - Integrity vs. Despair This phase occurs during old age and is focused on reflecting back on life. Those who are unsuccessful during this phase will feel that their life has been wasted and will experience many regrets. The individual will be left with feelings of bitterness and despair. Those who feel proud of their accomplishments will feel a sense of integrity. Successfully completing this phase means looking back with few regrets and a general feeling of satisfaction. These individuals will attain wisdom, even when confronting death.
- 16. Positive Behavioral Supports What Is The Goal Of Positive Behavioral Supports? Why do people behave the way they do? Behavioral Psychology 101 Classical Conditioning Have you ever heard someone compare something to "Pavlov's dogs" and wondered exactly what the reference means? The phrase refers to an accidental discovery by physiologist Ivan Pavlov, who found that dogs could be conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell. This process, known as classical conditioning, became a fundamental part of behavioral psychology.
- 17. Positive Behavioral Supports What Is The Goal Of Positive Behavioral Supports? Why do people behave the way they do? Behavioral Psychology 101 Operant Conditioning In addition to conditioning natural responses through association, behaviorist B.F. Skinner described a process in which learning could occur through reinforcement and punishment. This process, known as operant conditioning, functions by forming an association between a behavior and the consequences of the behavior.
Notas do Editor
- Obviously, individuals with a developmental disability, have impaired cognitive development. As a result, their ability to assimilate and accommodate new information may be somewhat or severely limited. As support staff, we need to remember this fact as we set our expectations of individuals – their ability to follow multi-step directions, their ability to learn and remember new independent living skills and pro-social skills.
- In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response. For example, when you smell one of your favorite foods, you may immediately feel very hungry. In this example, the smell of the food is the unconditioned stimulus. The unconditioned response is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus. For example, if the smell of food is the unconditioned stimulus, the feeling of hunger in response to the smell of food is the unconditioned response. The conditioned stimulus is previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response. For example, suppose that the smell of food is an unconditioned stimulus and a feeling of hunger is the unconditioned response. Now, imagine that when you smelled your favorite food, you also heard the sound of a whistle. While the whistle is unrelated to the smell of the food, if the sound of the whistle was paired multiple times with the smell, the sound would eventually trigger the conditioned response. In this case, the sound of the whistle is the conditioned stimulus. The conditioned response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. For example, let's suppose that the smell of food is an unconditioned stimulus, a feeling of hunger in response to the smell is a unconditioned response, and a the sound of a whistle is the conditioned stimulus. The conditioned response would be feeling hungry when you heard the sound of the whistle.
- Notice how one arm goes over the other with it's hand tucked under it's biceps (upper arm). At the same time, the hand of the lower arm has it's hand resting on top of the biceps of the other limb.
- Serve The Same Purpose – communicate frustration, anxiety, fear, desire, pain, etc Payoff/Reinforcement – provide a benefit to the individual (alleviate anxiety, task avoidance, provide attention, provide sexual gratification, etc.) As Soon or Sooner – payoff/reinforcement is time-dependent. If payoff/reinforcement will take too long, the individual’s frustration or anxiety will escalate which means, in their mind, the replacement behavior isn’t as effective as the challenging behavior – it doesn’t get them what they want. As Much or More - payoff/reinforcement is intensity-dependent. If payoff/reinforcement does not have the same emotional satisfaction, the individual’s frustration or anxiety will escalate which means, in their mind, the replacement behavior isn’t as effective as the challenging behavior – it make them feel like they want. Just As Easy or Easier - payoff/reinforcement is effort-dependent. If payoff/reinforcement is too hard, the individual’s frustration or anxiety will escalate which means, in their mind, the replacement behavior isn’t as effective as the challenging behavior.
- After presenting this slide, review the handout, “ Functional Assessment and Positive Behavioral Support Plan ” for Joe Consumer: Psychological & Psychosocial Assessments (Pages 1-3) Diagnoses Rationale for Interventions Long Term Goals & Short Term Objectives Functional Analysis of Behaviors Strengths & Assets Challenging Behaviors, Reinforcements, Pro-Social Skills (Pages 6-9) Positive Targeted Behaviors Behaviors of Concern and Definitions Functional Analysis of Behaviors of Concern Intervention Approaches/Strategies (Pages 9-12)
- Gentle Teaching – if the individuals don’t feel safe (fear, anxiety), they won’t feel loved (loneliness) – which means they won’t be loving toward others, which means they won’t be able to feel fully engaged in their community Active Listening Proactive – make time each day to talk with the individual in order to develop a relationship with them and to show them you care Reactive – sit down with them, give them your full attention, listen to what they’re saying with their words, their body language, their actions (remember that challenging behavior is communication), repeat what they said back to them so they know you are listening Validation – validate their feelings, let them know it’s ok to be angry, anxious, upset, depressed. You don’t have to agree with the way they feel or the way they’re expressing their feelings – just let them know you understand they feel the way they do. Positive Attribution – our goal is the reinforce the individual’s pro-social skills by praising them and providing them with extra, positive attention when they display these skills. Use the PBS terminology consistently to hammer home the point – “I really like that you didn’t interrupt Brian while he was talking. You’re definitely a “responsible guy.” I’m proud of you!”