1. Industrialization & Reform Unit # 1

2. Essential Questions 1. Who benefits and who suffers during the times of profound economic change?2. How does the economy affect where and how people live?3. How does immigration affect the immigrants and the society that they enter?4. How can people change society?5. Did this period of industrialization and reform move American closer or further away from its founding ideals?

4. Causes

5. Economic Terms & Philosophies

6. Geographic factors

7. Robber baron or Captain of Industry?

8. Labor

9. Working Conditions & labor demands

10. Labor Unions

11. StrikesImmigration Push & Pull Factors The Immigrant Experience Ellis Island Nativism and restricting immigration Reform Muckrakers and the need for reform Progressives Changes Made (state and federal)

12. Assessments: District Assessment # 1 (Current Topics Letter) Quizzes (most likely 2) Unit Test (tentatively Friday, October 16th) Short Term Assignments: The Founding Ideals through Images Assembly Line Current Events Discussion – Immigration in America Various Homework Assignments

13. What was America like prior to Industrialization? Communication was far more difficult Goods and ideas travel slower Goods made locally without mass production Most worked in villages and small towns (not cities)

14. What was America like prior to Industrialization? Women rarely worked, got involved in politics or ever voted Immigration came mostly from English speaking countries Federal gov’t made few, if any, changes (power in the local gov’t)

15. Causes of Industrialization # 1 – Wealth of Natural Resources # 2 – Inventions and Innovations # 3 – Gov’t support for big business # 4 – Growing urban population provided: a. Cheap labor b. Markets for new products

16. Natural Resources Abundance of natural resources gives America an advantage Numerous waterways Expansive lumber industry Farm surpluses ensure food supply Coal, iron ore, oil Growing nation relies on many natural resources Necessary for U.S. transformation (from agricultural to industrial)

17. Supply of Capital Capital=Money Where is it coming from? 1) Government is aiding business 2) Foreign investment to the U.S. 3) Formation of corporations Effect  increase in industrial funding and growth

18. # of Workers Increases mainly due to massive immigration (mostly cities) Many women and children Effects  More production, but less pay Child labor, sweatshops, labor disputes

20. The light bulb

21. Telegraph and telephone

22. Phonograph

23. Electric distributers

24. Other key inventions

25. Bessemer Process  process that reduces flaws in iron; mass produces cheap steel

26. railroad tracks (transcontinental railroad)

27. skyscrapers

28. Farm equipment

30. Edison next to other notorious Historical figures. Is Edison as important a man as Alexander the Great, George Washington, Napoleon or Adolf Hitler? "He led no armies into battle, he conquered no countries, and he enslaved no peoples... Nonetheless, he exerted a degree of power the magnitude of which no warrior ever dreamed. His name still commands a respect as sweeping in scope and as world-wide as that of any other mortal - a devotion rooted deep in human gratitude and untainted by the bias that is often associated with race, color, politics, and religion."

31. Innovations in Business Edwin Drake Drilled first oil well in PA (1859) Alexander Graham Bell The telephone Samuel Morse Designed a machine that could send coded messages Isaac Singer Sewing machines “What hath God wrought!”~ First ever telegraph message (Samuel Morse)

34. Atomic Bomb

35. Camera

37. Computers

38. Fabrics

39. Firearms

40. Radar/Sonar

42. Matches

43. Pasteurization

44. Plastic

45. Plumbing

46. Printing Press

48. World Wide Web

49. Radio

50. Clock

51. Calendar

52. Motion Pictures

53. Locomotives

54. Cotton Gin

55. Syringe

56. Stethoscope

57. X-Rays

58. Pen

59. Bessemer Process

60. Steam Engine

61. Satellites

62. Rubber

63. Rockets

66. Recession

67. Depression

68. Anarchy

69. Dividend

70. NYSE

71. Dow Jones

72. Bull Market

73. Capitalism

74. Mixed Economy

75. Socialism

76. Communism

77. Corporations

78. Laissez-Faire

79. Business Cycle

80. Pools (for a company)

82. Robber Barons or Captains of Industry? Andrew Carnegie U.S. Steel Corp 1st $ Billion Company Sold to J.P. Morgan (Banking tycoon) Monopoly over steel Known for his philanthropy J.D. Rockefeller Standard Oil Company Used trusts to monopolize oil Ethical business tactics? Also a philathropist

84. Gaining control of all steps involved in turning product from raw material to finished product

85. Vertical

86. Expanding by buying out all competing firmsManufacturing Manufacturing Manufacturing HORIZONTAL VERTICAL

87. Titled: “What a Funny Little Government”

89. “Captain of Industry” – term used to show that businessmen made a positive impact on society and gave back through philanthropy.

90. Briefly research one of the following businessmen

91. Andrew Carnegie

92. J.D. Rockefeller

93. J.P. Morgan

94. Cornelius Vanderbilt

95. George Pullman

96. Jay Gould

97. Jay Cooke

100. Adolf Hitler Andrew Carnegie Charles Darwin Jack London Herbert Spencer

101. Economic Philosophies (con’t) “Gospel of Wealth” Idea from Andrew Carnegie Money should be used to perform good works (philanthropy) Conspicuous Consumption Term dubbed by Thorstein Veblen Showing off of one’s wealth

102. Advantages of a Corporation 1) Raise large amounts of capital Economies of scale  more units a company makes, less it costs per unit 2) Limited liability  stockholder only loses what they put in 3) Stability  In cases of death or resignation

103. The Labor Movement Industrialization & Refrom

104. What rights / needs do you have as workers?

105. Major Goals of Labor 1) Hours Used to work 6-7 days/week; 12+hours/day 2) Wages Sweatshops exist Women make far less than men Approx. $500 a year for workers compared to $23 million for businessmen 3) Working Conditions No worker’s compensation No vacation or sick leave Many accidents on the job

106. Major Labor Unions National Labor Union (NLU) Formed in 1866 Allowed only skilled laborers First large scale labor union (little success) Knights of Labor Formed in 1869 Open to skilled and unskilled workers (all races and sexes) Lose influence after failures of some strikes

107. Major Labor Unions (con’t) American Federation of Labor (AFL) 1886 by Samuel Gompers Allowed only skilled workers Most successful of all early labor union American Railway Union (ARU) Eugene V. Debs Skilled and unskilled workers Unions become connected to socialism Much like the Industrial Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)

108. “The Strike is the Weapon of the Oppressed”~ Eugene V. Debs (Leader of the ARU and Presidential candidate)

109. Were Strikes Successful? 60% of strikes during Industrial Revolution were successful. Industrialization concentrated large numbers of workers together – bad working conditions (Triangle Shirt Fire). American capitalists often used their wealth to control the press in order to sway public opinion or to pay off the government to aid them during a strike.

110. Case Study: The Homestead Strike Background Carnegie Steel Company in Homestead, PA (outside Pittsburgh) 1892 Dispute b/w Amalgamated Association of Iron & Steel Workers and Carnegie Steel Corp. Not the 1st strike b/w the two parties

111. Frick a Target Henry Clay Frick was shot in the neck twice and stabbed twice by an anarchist Brings further negative attention to Homestead and labor in general PA State Militia shows up (Gov. Pattison supported Carnegie) Strikebreakers once again brought in to work the mill. Boycott and picketing does not work (many immigrants cross the line) Workers eventually give in

113. Steel unions fall apart

115. Protesting wage cuts

116. President Rutherford B. Hayes intervenes to end the strike (claimed workers were hurting interstate commerce)

117. Ultimately unsuccessful

118. Pullman Strike of 1894

119. Pullman company laid off workers, cut wages and hired scabs

120. President Grover Cleveland sends in troops to intervene

122. Haymarket Square in Chicago

123. Protesting of police brutality toward strikers

124. Bomb was tossed at police by anarchists

125. 8 were arrested (4 hanged; 1 suicide in prison)

126. Impact of the strikes

127. Gov’t supports big business

128. Public turns against labor unions and strikes

129. Workers gain very little

131. Worked in a Textile Mill

132. Machine in mill tore off part of her scalp

133. Spent 7 months in the hospital

134. Testified to Congress

137. Immigration Terms Steerage – Lowest deck on a ship Parochial School – School run by a religious group Melting Pot – Mixture of people of different cultures who blend together by giving up national identity (Americanization) Nativism – Hostility from native-born Americans towards immigrants

138. Reasons for Coming to America Push Factors Poverty in homeland Religious persecution and genocide Overcrowding Famine (Ireland) Lack of jobs Pull Factors Economic opportunity and equality Less regulation on emigration Cheaper and faster travel Letters sent from America A sense of adventure

139. What characteristics describe early immigrants to the United States (prior to the Civil War)?

140. Old vs. New Immigration Old Immigration Protestant Immigrants Northern and Western Europe Arrived before the year 1880 Very few language barriers Less nativism Settle in Midwest and Great Plains New Immigration Catholic and Jewish immigrants Southern and Eastern Europe Arrived after 1880 Many language barriers Intense nativism Settle in cities

144. Most well known Immigration Center

145. Open from 1892-1954

148. The Great Hall – Main Processing Area in Ellis Island

150. Angel Island Small island in San Francisco Bay Opened in 1910 to process mostly Asians coming into the U.S. Often faced long questioning and detention Approx. 50,000 Chinese immigrants

151. Angel Island (in 1918), San Francisco Bay, California

152. Statue of Liberty 150.9 ft. high Gift from the French in 1886 (for U.S. centennial in 1876) One of the best known symbols of American people Originally called “Liberty Enlightening the World” Emma Lazarus poem

153. “The New Colossus” by Emma Lazarus Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame, "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore, Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"

154. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breath free”

155. What else is a symbol of America? The bald eagle 8) The Great Seal Uncle Sam 9) White House, Capital Mount Rushmore 10) Gateway Arch Liberty Bell 11) the Alamo American Flag Washington Monument, Lincoln Monument Declaration of Independence, U.S. Consitution

156. Nativist Sentiment Many immigrants hold onto their cultural identity Belief that true Americans are Anglo-Saxon Protestants Harsh feelings towards Catholics and Jews Belief that immigrants are taking jobs from Americans Connections b/w immigrants and radicals

157. What Problems did immigrants face in the past and what do they face now?

159. Restrictions on Immigration Immigration Restriction League Push for laws against immigration Literacy Test Chinese Exclusion Acts Chinese faced intense nativism (mostly due to lack of work) Banned all immigrants from China 1882, 1892, 1902 (repealed in 1943) Gentlemen’s Agreement Put a great limit on Japanese immigration Ends school segregation in San Francisco 1907-08

160. U.S. Population density in 1900

161. Industrialization & Reform The Progressive Response

162. Reform = a change for the better In contemporary America, what types of issues should undergo reform? Using what you know about the early 20th century, what issues do you believe reformers would focus on?

164. Spoils System – giving jobs to friends in government

165. Fraud – Fake names and illegal votes used to win elections

167. 14th Amendment (Sec. 1)  All person born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges. (July, 9, 1868)

168. 19th Amendment  The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex. (Aug. 18, 1920)

169. Equal Rights Amendment (Sec. 1)  Equality of Rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex.

171. Women’s Movement Terms Suffrage  the right or privilege of voting Abolition  the act of doing away with slavery Feminist  doctrine that advocates equal rights for women

172. Early Movement Women’s Rights ConventionSeneca Falls, New York (1848) Beginning of the Women’s Rights movement in the United States Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton Created the “The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolution” (modeled on the Dec. of Independence) 300 participants Very controversial and treated with extreme ridicule

173. "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal..."~ Declaration of Sentiments and Resolution (1848)

174. Susan B. Anthony Also concerned with the abolition of slavery Published “The Revolution”  called for equal pay of women Demanded women be given the same rights as African Americans under the 14th and 15th Amendments Convicted of violating voting laws in 1873 “The fact is, women are in chains, and their servitude is all the more debasing because they do not realize it.”

176. They argued that because of the 14th Amendment, states could not stop women from voting.

177. She was stopped and sued the state of Missouri

180. Progressive Movement (1900-1920) Definition – Reform movement of the early 1900’s Causes Influence of Populism Corrupt and unresponsive government Political machines Muckraker writings Growth of educated middle class

181. 4 Goals 1) Protect social welfare 2) Promote moral improvement 3) Create economic reform 4) Foster efficiency

183. “Wisconsin Idea” – La Follette’s Progressive program

184. 1ststate income tax

185. railroad rate commission

186. conservation laws

187. regulation of state banks

189. “Don’t any of you realize that there is only one life between that madman and the Presidency.”~ Mark Hanna (fellow Republican) The assassination of President William McKinley by Leon Czolgosz

190. Roosevelt, the Progressive (The Accidental President) TR gets away from laissez-faire and creates more government power TR takes initiative and sets new policy (strengthens the role of the President) Square Deal – Working for the people’s needs to achieve what is fair and right Known as a trustbuster (Trust = Large business combinations)

193. A Square Deal A response to reading Upton Sinclair’s novel, “The Jungle” Meat Inspection Act (1906) Inspectors could see the meat that crosses state lines Outlawing of the “wonder drug”, cocaine Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) Require manufacturers to put contents of foods and drugs onto labels

194. The Muckrakers Muckrakers-investigative journalists Term coined by Theodore Roosevelt Committed to exposing scandal, corruption and injustice Uncovered child labor, immigrant ghettoes, prostitution First focused on railroad abuses Turned to political corruption in big cities, labor unions and corporations Ida Tarbell Influential journalist who chronicled the ruthless business tactics of John D. Rockefeller in History of the Standard Oil Company.

197. Conservationist- published articles promoting the passage of laws to protect the wilderness

198. got Roosevelt to increase the amount of national forests from 47 million to 195 million acres and doubled the amount of national parks

200. The Election of 1912 William Howard Taft (Republican) Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive or Bull Moose Party) Woodrow Wilson (Democratic) Eugene V. Debs (Socialist) Severe split in Republican voting

202. Woodrow Wilson Very well educated and well-spoken Long struggle to win nomination but then easily wins Presidency 28th President of the United States (1913-1921)

203. Wilson’s Reforms Federal Reserve Act – 3 layered system of regulation (still exists) Clayton Anti-Trust Act – strengthen former anti-trust laws Tried to outlaw child labor 18th and 19th Amendments

204. “Give the Government back to the People!”~ Cry of the Progressive Movement

205. Statewide Reforms Initiative – Voters propose a bill and present it to the legislature Referendum – Voters vote on bill offered by the legislature Recall – Allow voters to remove a public official from office before the end of term Primary – Party members have opportunity to choose their party candidates Which of the five American ideals do these reforms help achieve?

206. The Progressive Amendments

208. Progressive Tax – Higher taxes to those with higher incomes

209. Purpose to give more money to governmentWhat are the arguments for higher or lower taxes today? Direct election of senators by voters Before – state legislatures choose Increase voters power and cut down on corruption

210. 18th Amendment (1919) Led by women’s movement and Christian groups Prohibition – banning the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages Did not achieve its goals Overturned by the 21st Amendment

212. 19th Amendment Gives women the right to vote Wyoming (1869) Reasons for more jobs for women Progressive movement strong leaders public demonstrations World War I Finally passed in 1920, fulfilling the work of so many female leaders like Stanton and Anthony

213. The Impact of Industrialization & Reform Industrialization & reform

214. Good or Bad? Positives Labor unions struggle, but don’t disappear Women get the right to vote Numerous reforms in society & gov’t U.S. Industry makes it a potential world power Negatives Gap b/w rich and poor widens Little to no changes in discrimination and nativism Workers still struggle (including child labor) Corruption still prevalent