1. INTRODUCTION TO
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
HS 220 - Whitworth University

2. ORGANIZATION
Chemical
COMMON
Cells THEME
Tissues Each layer of
complexity involves
Organs
a group of related
Systems units from
preceding layer.
Organism

3. CHEMICAL LEVEL
• Smallest unit of an element that exhibits
properties of that element.
• C, H, O, and N are most prevalent in living organisms.
• Many atoms are considered
“micronutrients,” such as
trace minerals and vitamins...
• Vitamins A, C, E, Iron, Calcium,
Chromium, etc.

4. CHEMICAL LEVEL
• Atoms can exchange or share electrons to
combine and form larger compounds and
molecules.
• Important molecules: Water (H2O), Carbohydrates
(glucose), Lipids (cholesterol, steroids), Proteins (enzymes,
hemoglobin), nucleotides (DNA, RNA), ATP, and Caffeine!

5. CELLS
• Smallest unit of life
• Current cell theory...
• All living things composed of cells.
• All cells arise from preexisting cells via cell division.
• Contain hereditary material, which passes to other cells
during cell division.
• Chemical composition is similar between cells.
• Metabolic processes associated with life occur within
cells.

6. TISSUES
• Despite commonalities in structure, cells vary
greatly in shape, size, and function.
• Groups of cells with similar function comprise
tissues.
• Four main types:
epithelial, connective,
muscle, and nervous
tissue.

7. ORGANS
• Tissues working together to accomplish a
specific purpose.
• Examples include skin, blood vessels, heart, lungs, etc.

8. SYSTEMS
• Organs with the same general function.
• Examples include:
Muscular Skeletal Nervous Endocrine Circulatory
System System System System System

9. ORGANISM
• The top level of
biological
organization

10. INTEGUMENTARY

11. SKELETAL

12. MUSCULAR

13. NERVOUS

14. ENDOCRINE

15. CARDIOVASCULAR

16. RESPIRATORY

17. LYMPHATIC

18. DIGESTIVE

19. URINARY

20. REPRODUCTIVE

21. HOMEOSTASIS
• A “dynamic equilibrium” produced by the
ceaseless interplay of regulatory systems and
mechanisms within the body.
• Goal is to create a stable environment in which
cells can function.
• Disease is characterized by a failure to
maintain homeostasis.
• Diagnosed via signs & symptoms!

22. HOMEOSTASIS

23. QUESTIONS?