During the 1920s in the US, politics were dominated by the presidencies of Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge. Harding's administration was tainted by scandal, while Coolidge pursued policies of deregulation and tax cuts. Society became more urbanized and consumerist. New technologies like the radio and movies popularized culture on a national scale. However, social changes encountered resistance from those clinging to traditional values, exemplified by the Scopes Trial. The period also saw tensions over immigration, nativism, and racial issues. Disillusioned writers like Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Lewis critiqued and commented on this changing era.
9. 1920s Politics Give one example of the ways in which Coolidge reduces the influence of government in the economy.
10. 1920s Politics Increases Laissez-Faire! Deregulation of business Andrew Mellonâs tax cuts to the wealthy and business, tax burden on middle class Trickle-down economics?
11. 1920s Politics What is the name of the tariff Coolidge passes? What does it do to the tariff rate?
12. 1920s Politics Fordney-McCunber Tariff Highest Tariff in history! Supposed to fix the post-war slump American businesses were facing
13. 1920s Politics What is the significance of the Dawes Plan to international relations?
14. 1920s Politics Dawes Plan: Cycle of payments to help Germany pay reparations US to Germany, Germany to France/GB, France/GB to US US is now the âcreditor nationâ Shows that the world economies are interdependent, when one falls, they all will fallâŠforeshadowing?
16. 1920s Politics International agreement in which over 50 countries sign and denounce war and promise to promote peace Shows that the League of Nations is already seen as not enoughâŠ
18. 1920s Politics No binding pacts, alliances, or commitments with other nations! We still trade with other nations! HUGELY influential in the 1920s, 1930s
19. 1920s Politics What Supreme Court case overturns the Child Labor Tax Law of 1919 (another attempt by Progressives to attack child laborâif you employ children, you have to pay a taxâafter Keating-Owens was overturned by Hammer vs. Dagenhart)?
20. 1920s Politics Bailey vs. Drexel Furniture Company Progressive reform is over and will not be protected by the Supreme Court! End to Progressive Reform: biggest legacy out of World War I?
25. 1920s Economy Why is there a general increase in prosperity during the 1920s?
26. 1920s Economy Wages go up (because productivity of factories go up) but cost of living remains the same Products are mass produced, so they are cheaper to buy, so even though Americans are buying more stuff, that stuff costs less that it did in 1920! For example, the automobile!
27. 1920s Economy What are some examples of potential economic problems growing during the 1920s?
28. 1920s Economy Farm prices are going down and farmers cannot pay back loans they took out to expand production during World War I Buying on Credit=DEBT! Americans living outside their means (consumerism) Speculation in the Stock Market Overproduction of goods because of assembly line
30. 1920s Economy Businesses begin providing benefits/better conditions for workers voluntarily Pensions, vacation, sick-leave, higher wages Ford is master at this, but then he works his employees harder because he is giving them so much! Gain loyalty from their workers, increase workplace happiness, and therefore, productivity
32. 1920s Economy No need for unions because workplace has improved on its own! Membership declines by 20% âClosed shopsâ (Factories that require you to join a union if you work there) are opened!
38. 1920s Society Sought advice on child-raising, utilizing birth control methods (secretly), increasing choosing to both get married and get a career, divorce rate is increasing
39. 1920s Society Give one example of ways family life changes in the 1920s.
40. 1920s society More autonomy for kids, vast majority are in school for 12 years, at least Number of kids decreases Working class, middle class, upper class able to benefit from consumerism because appliances are so cheap! Divorce rate increase!
42. 1920s Society Response to the new right to vote, making themselves equal to men in dress and actions! Clothes: ties, smaller hats, boxy-dressed that diminish curves and give them a more masculine shape Drinking, smoking, going to clubs Attacking double-standards of sexuality The flapper is not the norm!
50. 1920s Society Give one example of an impact of Prohibition on American society.
51. 1920s Society Increase in organized crimeâbootlegging turns into mob action (AL CAPONE!) General breakdown in moral attitudes A huge portion of the American population is actively defying the American constitution daily! Can the American government really control individual actions and morals?
52. 1920s Culture Who impacts Americanâs relationship to sex in the 1920s?
53. 1920s Culture Margaret Sanger- a woman can play an active role in making decisions about sex and reproduction Sigmund Freud- sex is at the core of human development and relationships âVictorianâ culture (late 1800âs, early 1900s) of modesty and purity attacked! BUT: though sex is becoming more a part of American culture (advertising, movies, âsex appealâ), there is still a double standard for women!
59. 1920s Culture Easier to be informed! Pop Culture on the rise: radio shows (Little Orphan Annie), music, sports Creates a unified American culture and the emergence of celebrities and heroes!
60. 1920s Culture Give an example of a major sports figure of the time period!
62. 1920s Culture First âTalkieâ- 1927- The Jazz Singer Major movie stars of the period include Rudolph Valentino Charlie Chaplin
63. 1920s Culture What is the name for the ârebirthâ of black culture in the 1920s?
64. 1920s Culture Harlem Renaissance- named after area of NYC that most African-Americans settled in during the Great Migration Proud expression of unique black experiences forged in slavery, racism, and connection to Africa through music (JAZZ!), literature, and art Some urban, white Americans will embrace this culture, especially the Jazz (go to the Cotton Club) and celebrate African-American talents Langston Hughes-poet Zora Neale Hurston- âTheir Eyes Were Watching Godâ Aaron Douglas- author, stared magazine âFire!â with Hughes and Hurston Ella Fitzgerald, Louis Armstong- Jazz musicians
65. Resistance to Change! What is the name of the trial in which a teacher was fined for teaching evolution in Tennessee?
66. Resistance to Change! The Scopes Trial-1925 Clarence Darrow is defense lawyer, WJ Bryan is prosecutor Shows an attack on modernization/science by fundamentalist Christians Rural regions feel threatened by changes to society and seeming abandonment of religion because of the distractions of cars, jazz, and sports (to name a few) The Middletown Study shows that this is actually happening, Scopes Trial is reaction against this change! Who wins the trial?
67. Resistance to Change What is the reaction to the rise of black culture in urban regions?
68. Resistance to Change The rise of the KKK through the mid-1920s Reborn in 1915 after âBirth of a Nationâ is created, remains small Numbers skyrocket in the 1920s, especially in the midwest over anxiety from numbers of immigrants (especially Catholics or Jews) settling in region The KKK of the 1920s hates all non-native born, white, protestant Americans!
70. Resistance to Change! Also known as the National Origins Quota Act creates the quota system for immigrants 2% of the total population that came to the US in 1890 can come each year. RACIST! In 1890, there are still more people coming from GB, France, and Germany! Totally excludes Asian Immigration!
71. Resistance to Change! What event exemplifies the âfear of foreign radicalsâ and nativism in the 1920s?
72. Resistance to Change! The Sacco and Vanzetti Trial Italian anarchists are convicted of a armed robbery/double murder and executed even though there was little evidence! What event of 1919 is also example of âfear of foreign radicalsâ?
73. Resistance to Change! What is the name given to a group of writers who were disillusioned with the US entry into WWI, the outcome of the Treaty of Versailled, and excessive consumerism and materialism of the post-WWI era?