2. Francisco Baquero: Shoemaker and Organizer Francisco was aged 31, he was a dark-skinned mestizo born in Buenos Aires and is a Master Shoemaker. Artisans that immigrates from Europe to Buenos Aires were horrified of the low status that the majority of the artisans lived. Francisco became an apprentice at the age 12, when he finally gather enough money to open shop he married. However he didn’t have access to rich clientele so he was stuck repairing and making ready to wear shoes for a local shop. These circumstanced made him believe that the creation of a guild would stabilize the market. In 1789 the permission to create a guild passed. The clause however had a restrictive clause that no “foreigner” could hold guild officers. Baquero also joined a segregated militia unit reserved for Indians and quickly became an officer. Because he was a non white master shoemaker and a militia officer many looked to him for leadership. Baquero later attempted to established a separate guild for non-whites.
3. Cristobal Bequer: Wayward Prebend Christobal was born in Lima in 1693, he was a prebend of the cathedral chapter at the monastery of San Agustin in Lima He joined the priesthood a few months after his brother murdered someone and he was labeled as a collaborator. He was named media racion on the cathedral chapter back in Lima, which was remarkable because his education and family background made him poorly qualified. The city of Lima was dominated by the church. The churches set the tone for much of the public life. In one incident Bequer took a church key and smashed it against the choir chaplains head, he survived and denounced Bequer. Bequer’s behavior grew outrageous after that as he began attacking other people. He eventually died before a full investigation on him could be done.
4. Isabel Moctezuma: Pioneer of Mestizaje Isabel is the christened name of Tecuichopzuma, the first born daughter of Moctezuma. Cortes arranged for her to marry a prominent conquistador. He hoped that she would become a model of Hispanicized Indian womanhood. In 1528 her husband died and Cortes took her under his roof as a mistress, she became pregnant and Cortes began to arrange for her second marriage. It wasn’t until her fifth husband that she felt the first years of tranquility. She bore five children during this marriage. She died in 1550.
5. Miguel Hernandez: Master of Mule Trains Miguel was a free mulatto who lived in 16th century Mexico. He was a diligent and persistent man who gradually expanded his horizons. His ties to Mexico City were strong, but he did not stay there. Chances for colored men breaking through legal and social barriers to become masters of a craft were rare. Miguel eventually moved to the town of Queretaro, a small agricultural and commercial town. Upon arrival he became a muleteer because he was free, literate, and skilled. Many of his relationships crossed racial and social boundaries. He died suddenly in 1604, leaving his wife and children as survivors.
6. Hernando de Valencia: Tax Promoter Hernando was a Treasury agent during the early 1600’s The Spanish Government was short on funds because of its wars in Europe. They attempted to extort wealth Spanish Americans for revenue. This task was entrusted to Hernando. He was appointed because of his twenty years satisfactory service as royal accountant of grants, with previous service as a police notary and constable. After a series of mishaps with the viceroy he was declared a fugitive and issued a writ of arrest. His fugitive title was later cleared.
7. EnricoMartinez: Printer and Engineer Enrico was a printer from Seville who arrived in Veracruz, Mexico in 1589. He wanted to see the new world and make his fortune. Over the years his non-Spanish origins, European travels, and scientific knowledge helped Enrico establish himself in Mexico City. He obtained a high reputation as a scientist and public official. Many intellectuals who came to the new world were trouble because they had to find a way of living with out sacrificing their intellectual interest. Enrico was briefly imprisoned for the ludicrous charge of sabotaging his own work. Aftwards he entered a period of disillusionment. He moved to Veracruz to try and fit into colonial society. He persisted but did not succeed.
8. History of Spain Kingdom of Spain was created in 1492 with the unification of the Kingdom of Castile and Aragon. The voyage of Christopher Columbus began the development of the Spanish Empire. For the next three centuries after its creation, Spain became the most important colonial power in the world. In the 16th century Spain partnered with Portugal and became the vanguard of European global exploration and colonial expansion. They began the decline in power due to economic damage from their wars. War of Spanish succession was when the decline culminated. It caused Spain to lose its position as the leading western power. Spain was shattered and destabilized by war, which eventually lead to the independence of Spain’s colonies in America. Many different political parties fought for power, anyone who gained control only did so for a short period of time before being replaced. In 1935 the bloody Spanish Civil War occurred Spain was neutral during World War II.
9. Spanish Empire At its peak, Spain became one of the largest empires in world history. They originated from the Age of Exploration. During the 16th century, Spain settled in the Caribbean’s while conquistadors toppled the mighty empires of the Aztecs and Incas with superior military technology. The Spanish empire grew quickly because of the rapid colonization of the Americas. The rapid colonization was influenced by the desire to spread Catholicism and improve national prestige. Spain’s Golden Age was during the 16th and 17th century.
10. Spanish Colonization of the Americas The colonization of the Americas began when Columbus accidently discover it while looking for a trade route to India The road of colonization was paved by the warrior-explorers known as the conquistadors. The primary motive of colonization was to spread Catholicism and expand trade. The Spaniards were committed, by Vatican decree, to convert the new world into subjects of Catholicism. An estimated 740,000 Spaniards immigrated to America, mainly to Mexico and Peru.
11. Spanish Conquistador Conquistador means “conqueror” in the Spanish and Portuguese language. It was used to descript soldiers, explorers, and adventurers that brought control of the new world to Spain and Portugal. Most conquistadors were volunteer militia, they had to supply themselves. A few were supported by the government. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire by Cortes was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the America’s
12. Spanish Conquistador (cont.) The conquest of the Inca empire by Pizarro was another campaign that was key to the Spanish colonization of the America’s The conquistadors had more advanced military technology and were given more tactical advantages thanks to the horse. Guns were used, however they were unreliable. The key military advantage was the use of steel swords. Germs was another weapon the conquistadors didn’t know they had, but was one of the most effective at wiping out Inhabitants almost completely.
