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1.
2.
GUÍA PARA LA
REMINERALIZACIÓN DE LAS AGUAS DESALADAS GUIDELINE FOR THE REMINERALISATION OF DESALINATED WATERS !"#$%&'(%)#*#+%,-.$*)%,
3.
AGRADECIMIENTO
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ota aclaratoria a la 2ª edición: Explanatory note to the 2nd edition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`#!.&/&2"#.(#),#5*6,#V*(#3(#$*1)&/,#,L7%,#/7%%&+(#(34,# L"*2&U.;&:;*3*6.&6<&3":&>8*;:&.6C&+8=,*2":;&)611:)3&3"*2&*.R &'$%(/&3&2"#8#,'$)6,#4,'1&C"#)73#/%&4(%&73#$,%,#()#/H)/*)7# 4))814)?&4.;&=164;:.2&3":&)1*3:1*4&<61&*.;*1:)3&)4,)8,43*6.& &".&%(/47#.()#GOJ#,#$,%4&%#.()#&"/%('("47#.(#),#:!=# 6<&3":&I(-&<169&3":&*.)1:42:&6<&3":&_@# !)#,*47%# L":&483"61 0:E0?!P 9*".,/&2"#:("4%7#:,",%&7#.()#0+*, :[#0)1,3,";-#QQ :[#O,"#9%,"/&3/7#X-#K),"4,#QT-#Y!#/=#Q S`#!.&/&2"c#0+7347#STQT SRTZa#?,.%&. ZRTTS#O,"4,#:%*;#.(#B("(%&W(= bbb=,/*,'(.=(3 bbb=W//,=(3 JOdDc#UaRIR_IQ_IZXSXIR
4.
PREFACIO
PREFACE LA REMINERALIZACIÓN, GARANTÍA DE Remineralisation, quality assurance for CALIDAD DEL AGUA DESALADA desalinated water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
5.
ÍNDICE ?J'N%3$1%#'D'06#0&$386#%3'JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJT TJ'S")"0B%)M3B80"3'+%'&"3'"7$"3'+%3"&"+"3'JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJU >J'S)8B%)863'5")"'&"'%E"&$"089#'+%'&"3'"7$"3'+%3"&"+"3'D')%18#%)"&8,"+"3'JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ>T VJ'W8E%&%3'95B8163'+%'&"')%18#%)"&8,"089#'JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJVV @J'S*&0$&6'8#+8)%0B6'+%&'P.F'D'+%&'./N'+%&'"7$"')%18#%)"&8,"+" ' "'5")B8)'+%'&63'+"B63'+%'S<'D'5('"#B%3'D'+%35$I3'+%'&"')%18#%)"&8,"089#'JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ@X XJ'YI0#80"3'5")"'&"')%18#%)"&8,"089#'+%'&"3'"7$"3'+%3"&"+"3'JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJXV ZJ'[)60%+818%#B6'+%'B61"'+%'1$%3B)"32'06#3%)E"089#'D'"#*&8383'+%'"7$"3'+%3"&"+"3'D')%18#%)"&8,"+"3'JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJZU J'.6;)%'&"3'1%,0&"3'+%'"7$"3')%18#%)"&8,"+"3'06#'"7$"3'+%3"&"+"3'JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJV INDEX 8D&!;11+/<&+#)&$-#$,;*"-#*&DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD7
D TD&S(+/+$'%/"*'"$*&-2&)%*+,"#+'%)&>+'%/*& DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDT8 D 7D&S/"'%/"+&2-/&'(%&+**%**1%#'&-2&)%*+,"#+'%)&+#)&/%1"#%/+,"*%)&>+'%/*&DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD77 UD&F.'"1;1&,%4%,*&-2&/%1"#%/+,"*+'"-#&DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDU9 9D&C#)"/%$'&$+,$;,+'"-#&-2&'(%&P!C&+#)&!6@&-2&/%1"#%/+,"*%)&>+'%/ & 2/-1&)+'+&-#&HS&+#)&VM&./"-/&'-&+#)&2-,,->"#0&/%1"#%/+,"*+'"-#&DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD9W D XD&I%$(#"G;%*&2-/&'(%&/%1"#%/+,"*+'"-#&-2&)%*+,"#+'%)&>+'%/*&DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDX9 WD&V/-$%);/%&2-/&'(%&*+1.,"#0:&$-#*%/4+'"-#&+#)&+#+,<*"*&-2&)%*+,"#+'%)&+#)&/%1"#%/+,"*%)&>+'%/*& DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDY8 D YD&L"K%*&-2&/%1"#%/+,"*%)&+#)&)%*,"#+'%)&>+'%/*& DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDY9 D
6.
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' !"#$%&'B)*+'4O7.$/"01'9-.'3I*'9-.'&#$&'%-C"1-%&."M&9&'9-' !"#$%&'B)B+'4O7.$/"01'9-'9"82"1278'JK'6'9-.'FLP'9-.'&#$&' O&%"&8'9-8&.&97%&8'/71'."#-%&'87A%-978"! '/&/"01'9-'3I*)' 9-8&.&9&'/71'.&'&9"/"01'9-'<&QIKR)'' <#' &"' R87$)"' VJT' 3%' 1$%3B)"#' $#"' 3%)8%' +%' 5&"#B"3' +6#+%' <#' 3%7$#+6' &$7")' 3%' $B8&8,9' $#' "7$"' )%18#%)"&8,"+"' 06#' %&' Se>' +%' 3"&8+"' %3' 8#C%)86)' "' ?2' 17' Se>^P2' &6' 4$%' +"' "' V??'17'YH.^P2'>>'17'S">G^P2'Z?'17'S"SeV^P'+%'"&0"- %#B%#+%)'4$%'#6'3%'A"'+638! '0"+6'3$! '08%#B%'Se>'D'3%'A"'06#- &8#8+"+2' >?oS' D' "' 5(' ' D' 3%' C$%' "$1%#B"#+6' %&' 5(' 06#' 3$18+6' B6+6' +$)"#B%' %&' 5)60%36' +%' )%18#%)"&8,"089#J' [6)' W"]e(_' 06#' %&' ! +%' E%)' 87$"&1%#B%' &"' %E6&$089#' +%&' '#' B"#B62'%&'"7$"'B8%#+%'"'";36);%)'Se>'+%'&"'"B193C%)"'A"3B"' 5(3"B2'5(%4'D'%&'P.FJ' %4$8&8;)")3%'06#'%&&"J' <#' &"' R87$)"' VJ@' 3%' 6;3%)E"2' %#' %3B%' 0"362' 4$%' %&' 5(3"B2' <#'&"'R87$)"'VJ>'%&'C%#91%#6'%3'"&')%EI3J'/4$M2'%&'06#B%#8+6' 5(%4'D'5('+%&'"7$"'3%'0)$,"#'%#'$#'E"&6)'5)9O816'"'g2>' %#'Se>'"'&"'3"&8+"'+%'&"')%18#%)"&8,"089#'%3'3$5%)86)'"&'+%' +6#+%'%&'P.F'%3'0%)6'D'4$%'"'%3B%'5('%&'06#B%#8+6'%#'Se>' &"'"B193C%)"J'[6)'B"#B62'3%'5)6+$0%'$#"'5I)+8+"'+%'Se>'+%&' %3B*' "&)%+%+6)' +%' ?2' 17' Se>^PJ' P$%762' I3B"' 3%)M"#' &"3' "7$"'A"3B"'4$%'&&%7"'"'%4$8&8;)")3%J' 06#+8086#%3'+6#+%'%#'B%6)M"'%3B"'"7$"'5%)1"#%0%)*'%3B";&%' 06#'&"'"B193C%)"2'06#3%)E"#+6'"+%1*3'%&'P.F'87$"&'6'1$D' S615")"#+6'&63'+"B63'+%'&"3'R87$)"3'VJT'D'VJ>'06#'&63'+%' 5)9O816'"'0%)6J' &"3'R87$)"3'TJX'D'TJZ'+%&'S"5MB$&6'T'3%'6;3%)E"'4$%'%&'5(' ' +%' %4$8&8;)86' +%&' "7$"' +%3"&"+"' %3B*' "&)%+%+6)' +%' ?2V' 17' Se>^P'%#'&$7")'+%'?2'17'Se>^P'0616'60$))%'06#'%&'"7$"' )%18#%)"&8,"+"J' 3.3.2 Simulación matemática de la remineralización [")"'"#"&8,")'1%K6)'%3B%'C%#91%#6'+%'8#B%)"0089#'+%&'"7$"' +%3"&"+"' D' )%18#%)"&8,"+"' %#' %4$8&8;)86' 06#' &"' "B193C%)"' 3%'A"#'A%0A6'+63'381$&"086#%3'1"B%1*B80"3'+%&'5)60%36'+%' )%18#%)"&8,"089#J@' <#'5)81%)'&$7")'3%'$B8&8,9'$#'"7$"'+%3"&"+"']>??'17'YH.^Pb' 5('`'Z2>b'?2X'17'S">G^Pb''@2X'17'S"SeVb'>?oS_'D'3%'"$1%#- B9'%&'5('06#'W"]e(_'06#'%&'! '#'+%'+%163B)")'4$%'&"'C"&B"'+%' 0"&086'%3'$#'C"0B6)'8#3"&E";&%'4$%'#6'5%)18B%'&&%7")'"'06#3%- !"#$%&' B)H+' 4O7.$/"01' 9-' .78' 9"82"1278' JK' 6' 9-.' FLP' 7$8)'$#'P.F'+%'0%)6'56)'1$0A6'4$%'3%'"$1%#B%'%&'5(J /71'.&'&9"/"01'9-'<&QIKR'&'$1'&#$&'/71'*S'C#EF'3&*=;' TS'C#EF'3&3IB;'*SU3;'"1"/"&.C-12-'&'JK'N)' P63' )%3$&B"+63' "5")%0%#' %#' &"' R87$)"' VJVJ' S616' 5$%+%' 0615)6;")3%2' "' $#"' 06#0%#B)"089#' +%' Se>' +%' ?2' 17^P2' <#'&"'387$8%#B%'381$&"089#'3%'A"#'+638!'0"+6'+83B8#B"3'0"#B8- +6#+%'%&'"7$"'%3B")M"'%#'%4$8&8;)86'06#'&"'"B193C%)"2'%&'5(' +"+%3'+%'Se>'"'$#'"7$"'+%3"&"+"'D'+%K*#+6&"'%#'%4$8&8;)86' +%&'"7$"'"&0"#,"'%&'E"&6)'"&)%+%+6)'+%''D'%&'P.F'5%)1"#%0%' 06#'0"&08B"'A"3B"'4$%'"&0"#,"3%'%&'5(3"B'D'56)'B"#B6'P.F'+%' #%7"B8E6'"&)%+%+6)'+%'-@'"'-VJ''.%'6;3%)E"'B"1;8I#'4$%'%&' 0%)6J''<#'&"'R87$)"'VJX'3%'1$%3B)"'4$%'&"'%E6&$089#'+%&'5(2' 5(3"B'D'%&'5(%4'#6'&&%7"#'"'0)$,")3%'"$#4$%'%&'5('"&0"#0%' S">G'D'Se>'%#'"7$"3'06#'+83B8#B6'7)"+6'+%')%18#%)"&8,"089#' %&'E"&6)'+%'UJ'<&'0)$0%'3%'5)6+$0%'"'5('nT>J D'%#'%4$8&8;)86'06#'&"'0"&08B"J VX
11.
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