1. Chapter 11: Congress
A More Perfect Union 1/e

2. Congress
• The Origins of Congress
– Finding a Balance of Power
• Congressional Elections
– Incumbency
– Reapportionment and Redistricting
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3. Congress
• The Powers of Congress
– Enumerated Powers
• Judicial
• Economic
• National Security
• Regulatory
• Administrative
– Necessary and Proper
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5. Congress
• The Functions of Congress
– Models of Representation
• Trustee
• Instructed Delegate
• Pork Barrel and Earmarks
• Casework
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6. Congress
• The Functions of Congress (continued)
– Policy Making: A Central Responsibility
– Oversight: A Check on the Executive Branch
– Agenda Setting
– Managing Societal Conflict
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7. Congress
• The House and the Senate Compared
– The House
• Larger
• Shorter election cycle
• Narrow constituency
– The Senate
• Smaller
• Broad constituency
• More deliberative
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9. Congress
• The Legislative Process
– Introducing a Bill
– The Bill in Committee
• Agency Review
• Hearings
• Markup
• Report
– Debate on the House and Senate Floor
– Presidential Action
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12. Congress
• Congressional Leadership
– Leadership in the House of Representatives
– Leadership in the Senate
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14. Congress
• Decision-Making in Congress:
The Legislative Context
– Political Parties and Partisanship in Decision Making
– Colleagues and Staff: Trading Votes and Information
– Interest Groups: Influence Through Organization
– The President’s Effect on Decision Making
– Constituents: The Last Word
• The People and Their Representatives
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20. Chapter Four
Lawmaking

21. Exhibit 4-1
Legislation

22. Exhibit 4-2
Standing Policy Committees of the
California Senate
Agriculture Health
Banking, Finance, and Insurance Human Services
Budget and Fiscal Review Judiciary
Business, Professions, and Labor and Industrial Relations
Economic Development Local Government
Education Natural Resources and Water
Elections, Reapportionment, and Public Employment and
Constitutional Amendments Retirement
Energy, Utilities and Public Safety
Communications Revenue and Taxation
Environmental Quality Transportation and Housing
Governmental Organization Veterans Affairs
Government Modernization,
Efficiency, and Accountability

23. Exhibit 4-2
Standing Policy Committees of the
California Assembly
Aging and Long-Term Care Jobs, Economic Development,
Agriculture and the Economy
Budget Judiciary
Business and Professions Labor and Employment
Education Local Government
Elections and Redistricting Natural Resources
Environmental Safety and Toxic Public Employees, Retirement,
Materials and Social Security
Governmental Organization Public Safety
Health Revenue and Taxation
Higher Education Transportation
Housing and Community Utilities and Commerce
Development Water, Parks, and Wildlife
Human Services
Insurance

24. Exhibit 4-3
An Interest
Group:
The
California
Correctional
Peace
Officers
Association

25. California Lobbying Activity:
Exhibit 4-4
24-month 2003-2004 Legislative Session
CATEGORY TOP LOBBYIST EMPLOYERS SUBTOTAL TOTAL
AGRICULTURE $6,100,000
CALIFORNIA FARM BUREAU
FEDERATION $1,320,000
EDUCATION $28,200,000
CALIFORNIA TEACHERS
ASSOCIATION $5,340,000
CALIFORNIA SCHOOL
BOARDS ASSOCIATION $1,720,000
ASSOCIATION OF
CALIFORNIA SCHOOL
ADMINISTRATORS $1,340,000
Total = $413,591,000

26. California Lobbying Activity:
Exhibit 4-4
24-month 2003-2004 Legislative Session
CATEGORY TOP LOBBYIST EMPLOYERS SUBTOTAL TOTAL
ENTERTAINMENT/RECREATION $7,890,000
MOTION PICTURE
ASSOCIATION OF
AMERICA, INC. $544,000
WALT DISNEY COMPANY $522,000
FINANCE/INSURANCE $34,700,000
BLUE CROSS OF CALIFORNIA $2,610,000
CALIFORNIA BANKERS
ASSOCIATION $2,250,000
ASSOCIATION OF
CALIFORNIA INSURANCE
COMPANIES $1,480,000
CALIFORNIA CREDIT UNION
LEAGUE $1,050,000

27. California Lobbying Activity:
Exhibit 4-4
24-month 2003-2004 Legislative Session
CATEGORY TOP LOBBYIST EMPLOYERS SUBTOTAL TOTAL
GOVERNMENT $69,700,000
CALIFORNIA STATE ASSOCIATION OF
COUNTIES $2,560,000
LOS ANGELES, COUNTY OF $2,190,000
LEAGUE OF CALIFORNIA CITIES $2,100,000
SAN BERNARDINO, COUNTY OF $1,710,000
ALAMEDA, COUNTY OF $1,680,000
ORANGE, COUNTY OF $1,680,000
SAN DIEGO, COUNTY OF $1,520,000
LOS ANGELES, CITY OF $1,400,000
METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT OF
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA $1,300,000
REDDING, CITY OF $1,200,000
ASSOCIATION OF CALIFORNIA WATER
AGENCIES $1,150,000
STATE BAR OF CALIFORNIA $1,110,000
SAN DIEGO, CITY OF $1,100,000
REGIONAL COUNCIL OF RURAL COUNTIES AND
ITS JOINT POWERS AUTHORITY (RCRC) $1,080,000

28. California Lobbying Activity:
Exhibit 4-4
24-month 2003-2004 Legislative Session
CATEGORY TOP LOBBYIST EMPLOYERS SUBTOTAL TOTAL
HEALTH $46,400,000
CALIFORNIA HEALTHCARE
ASSOCIATION, ET AL $2,560,000
KAISER FOUNDATION HEALTH
PLAN, INC. $1,550,000
JOHNSON & JOHNSON
SERVICES, INC. $1,280,000
ALLIANCE OF CATHOLIC HEALTH
CARE $1,230,000
CALIFORNIA DENTAL
ASSOCIATION AND ITS
WHOLLY OWNED
SUBSIDIARIES $1,130,000
BLUE SHIELD OF CALIFORNIA $1,110,000
CALIFORNIA ASSOCIATION OF
HEALTH PLANS $1,110,000

29. California Lobbying Activity:
Exhibit 4-4
24-month 2003-2004 Legislative Session
CATEGORY TOP LOBBYIST EMPLOYERS SUBTOTAL TOTAL
LABOR UNIONS $17,600,000
CALIFORNIA STATE COUNCIL
OF SERVICE EMPLOYEES $3,310,000
CALIFORNIA STATE COUNCIL
OF LABORERS $2,220,000
CALIFORNIA LABOR
FEDERATION, AFL-CIO $1,970,000
CALIFORNIA PROFESSIONAL
FIREFIGHTERS $1,020,000
CALIFORNIA FEDERATION OF
TEACHERS $1,010,000

30. California Lobbying Activity:
Exhibit 4-4
24-month 2003-2004 Legislative Session
CATEGORY TOP LOBBYIST EMPLOYERS SUBTOTAL TOTAL
LEGAL $7,110,000
CONSUMER ATTORNEYS OF
CALIFORNIA $3,050,000
CALIFORNIA APPLICANTS'
ATTORNEYS
ASSOCIATION $1,250,000
LODGING/RESTAURANTS $2,120,000
CALIFORNIA RESTAURANT
ASSOCIATION $1,220,000

31. California Lobbying Activity:
Exhibit 4-4
24-month 2003-2004 Legislative Session
CATEGORY TOP LOBBYIST EMPLOYERS SUBTOTAL TOTAL
MANUFACTURING/INDUSTRIAL $41,700,000
ALLIANCE OF AUTOMOBILE
MANUFACTURERS $3,040,000
CALIFORNIA
MANUFACTURERS &
TECHNOLOGY
ASSOCIATION $2,260,000
CALPINE CORPORATION $1,490,000
CALIFORNIA FORESTRY
ASSOCIATION $1,120,000
PHILIP MORRIS USA, INC., BY
ITS SERVICE COMPANY,
ALTRIA CORPORATE
SERVICES, INC. $1,070,000

32. California Lobbying Activity:
Exhibit 4-4
24-month 2003-2004 Legislative Session
CATEGORY TOP LOBBYIST EMPLOYERS SUBTOTAL TOTAL
MERCHANDISE/RETAIL $7,430,000
CALIFORNIA RETAILERS
ASSOCIATION $1,430,000
MISCELLANEOUS $51,800,000
CALIFORNIA CHAMBER OF
COMMERCE $5,280,000
CALIFORNIA SCHOOL
EMPLOYEES ASSOCIATION $2,830,000
NATIONAL FEDERATION OF
INDEPENDENT BUSINESS $1,310,000
CALIFORNIA COUNCIL FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL &
ECONOMIC BALANCE $1,060,000
CALIFORNIA TRANSIT
ASSOCIATION $1,050,000

33. California Lobbying Activity:
Exhibit 4-4
24-month 2003-2004 Legislative Session
CATEGORY TOP LOBBYIST EMPLOYERS SUBTOTAL TOTAL
OIL AND GAS $14,500,000
WESTERN STATES
PETROLEUM
ASSOCIATION $5,400,000
CHEVRON-TEXACO
CORPORATION $2,540,000
BP AMERICA $2,240,000
SHELL OIL PRODUCTS U.S. $1,290,000
POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS $931,000
CALIFORNIA NATIONAL
ORGANIZATION FOR
WOMEN $307,000

34. California Lobbying Activity:
Exhibit 4-4
24-month 2003-2004 Legislative Session
CATEGORY TOP LOBBYIST EMPLOYERS SUBTOTAL TOTAL
PROFESSIONAL/TRADE $24,900,000
CALIFORNIA BUILDING
INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION $2,440,000
CALIFORNIA MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION $2,430,000
CALIFORNIA CABLE &
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
ASSOCIATION $1,050,000
PUBLIC EMPLOYEES $5,660,000
CALIFORNIA STATE
EMPLOYEES
ASSOCIATION (CSEA) $1,280,000

35. California Lobbying Activity:
Exhibit 4-4
24-month 2003-2004 Legislative Session
CATEGORY TOP LOBBYIST EMPLOYERS SUBTOTAL TOTAL
REAL ESTATE $11,500,000
CALIFORNIA ASSOCIATION
OF REALTORS $1,730,000
TRANSPORTATION $8,250,000
LOS ANGELES COUNTY
METROPOLITAN
TRANSPORTATION
AUTHORITY $704,000
CALIFORNIA ELECTRIC
TRANSPORTATION
COALITION $567,000

36. California Lobbying Activity:
Exhibit 4-4
24-month 2003-2004 Legislative Session
CATEGORY TOP LOBBYIST EMPLOYERS SUBTOTAL TOTAL
UTILITIES $27,100,000
PACIFIC TELESIS GROUP
SBC $5,370,000
EDISON INTERNATIONAL $3,860,000
AT&T $1,580,000
VERIZON COMMUNICATIONS,
INC. $1,560,000
LOS ANGELES WATER AND
POWER DEPARTMENT,
CITY OF $1,110,000
CALIFORNIA WIND ENERGY
ASSOCIATION $1,090,000
$413,591,000

37. Exhibit 4-5
An Iron Triangle of Interest Group Relationships

38. Exhibit 4-6
A Partial Issue Network for SB 19 (2001), Escutia,
School Nutrition

39. Exhibit 4-7
Lawmaking
by the
Initiative
Petition

40. Exhibit 4-9
Rulemaking