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Reversing paddock tree decline in Australia's temperate grazing zone Joern Fischer, Jenny Stott, Andre Zerger, Garth Warren, Kate Sherren, Robert Forrester (and other collaborators) The Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University 2 July 2009
Outline ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Livestock grazing globally ,[object Object],[object Object],1. Tilman D, Cassman KG, Matson PA, Naylor R, Polasky S (2002) Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature 418:671-677. 2. Foley JA, et al. (2005) Global consequences of land use. Science 309:570-574. 3. Asner GP, Elmore AJ, Olander LP, Martin RE, Harris AT (2004) Grazing systems, ecosystem responses, and global change. Annu Rev Environ Resour 29:261-299.
Livestock grazing in Australia ,[object Object],[object Object],Left: McIntyre, S., McIvor, J., Heard, K. (2002). Managing and conserving grassy woodlands. CSIRO Publishing. Right: http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/agriculture/beef/index.html
Modification levels McIntyre, S., McIvor, J., Heard, K. (2002). Managing and conserving grassy woodlands. CSIRO Publishing.
 
Photo: Jenny Stott
Extent and bias in clearing ,[object Object],[object Object],Here: the Upper Lachlan catchment (Fischer et al. in press. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment)
Many small patches and scattered trees Manning, A., Fischer, J., Lindenmayer, D. (2006). Biological Conservation. Plants tree  per se seed source other plants Abiotic stem flow nutrient enrichment hydrology (salinity, infiltration) Landscape functions Continuity through time Animals shelter hollows shade, litter, food ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Local functions
Photo:  Kate Sherren
The living dead? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The background for our work ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Critical knowledge gaps ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The ‘Sustainable Farms’ project Funded by the Australian Government,  via the Australian Research Council (ARC) and the Commonwealth Environment Research Facilities Program (CERF)
Some figures about the Lachlan catchment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Management factors affecting regeneration Partly based on: Vesk, P. A., and J. W. Dorrough. 2006. Getting trees on farms the easy way? Lessons from a model of eucalypt regeneration on pastures. Australian Journal of Botany 54:509-519.
Location and design ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Different ways of grazing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Grazing regimes at our sites
First major set of results ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Tree densities methods ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Tree densities results ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Tree diameters methods ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Graphs based on: Banks, J. C. G. 1997. Tree ages and ageing in yellow box. Pages 17-28 in J. Dargavel, editor. The coming of age - forest age & heritage values. Environment Australia, Canberra.
Tree diameters results ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Regression methods ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Regression results ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Parallels to other parts of the world ,[object Object],Pulido FJ, Diaz M, de Trucios SJH (2001) Size structure and regeneration of Spanish holm oak  Quercus ilex  forests and dehesas: effects of agroforestry use on their long-term sustainability. For Ecol Manag 146:1-13.
Parallels to other parts of the world ,[object Object],[object Object],Esquivel MJ, Harvey CA, Finegan B, Casanoves F, Skarpe C (2008) Effects of pasture management on the natural regeneration of neotropical trees. J Appl Ecol 45:371-380.
A tree regeneration crisis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Likely rates of tree decline ,[object Object],[object Object],100% 50% 0% Years into the future
Likely consequences ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Trees and water infiltration “…  both sorptivity and steady-state infiltration were significantly greater (approximately fivefold) under the timbered strata compared with the grassy slopes or cultivation …” D. J. Eldridge, D. Freudenberger, Austral Ecology 30, 336 (May, 2005).
Trees and bats (… and their estimated economic value in the USA …) L. F. Lumsden, A. F. Bennett, Biological Conservation 122, 205 (Mar, 2005). Quote from a study in the USA: “ We estimate the bats' value as pest control for cotton production in an eight county region in south-central Texas. Our calculations show an annual value of $741000 per year, with a range of $121000-$1725000, compared to a $4.6-$6.4 million per year annual cotton harvest.” C. J. Cleveland et al., Frontiers in Ecol. Environm. 5, 238 (Jun, 2006).
Trees and the Superb Parrot (threatened in NSW) Manning et al. (2004).Biol. Conserv. 120, 363-374 Superb Parrot (Geoffrey Dabb,  photogallery.canberrabirds.org.au)
 
Reversing the crisis “ Contrary to common wisdom, scattered trees are not doomed to be the living dead. Although low seed supply and a history of intensive land use impose constraints on tree regeneration in heavily cleared areas, reducing nutrient inputs and applying fast rotational grazing can substantially enhance regeneration.” (Fischer et al. 2009 PNAS)
Two vital management challenges: Soil nutrients and livestock grazing McIntyre, S., Lavorel, S. (2007). Agric. Ecosys. Environm. 119, 11-21
Benefits of low nutrient pastures ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Benefits of altering livestock grazing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Management options ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Management options ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Management options ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Prioritisation and policy options ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The ‘Sustainable Farms’ project Funded by the Australian Government,  via the Australian Research Council (ARC) and the Commonwealth Environment Research Facilities Program (CERF)
Future plans for the ecology component ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Back to our own data: Bird surveys 2007 and 2008 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Brown Treecreeper   (Tom Green,  photogallery. canberrabirds.org.au)
UNGRAZED WOODLAND REVEGETATION PADDOCK SCATTERED  TREE GRAZED  WOODLAND
Welcome Swallow Tree Martin Rainbow Bee-eater Cockatiel Varied Sitella White-browed Scrubwren Eastern Yellow Robin Speckled Warbler Spotted Pardalote Richard’s Pipit Brown Falcon Peaceful Dove Common Blackbird Rufous Songlark White-thr. Treecreeper Brown Treecreeper White-winged Chough Laughing Kookaburra Crimson Rosella Striated Pardalote Eastern Rosella Magpie-lark Crested Pigeon Noisy Miner Sulphur-cr. Cockatoo Grey-crowned Babbler Jacky Winter Superb Fairy-wren Superb Parrot
Overview of social science components + policy analysis and economic modelling
Conclusion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Acknowledgements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The full paper is FREELY available on the PNAS website: www.pnas.org (search for “Joern Fischer”) Fischer, J., Stott, J., Zerger, A., Warren, G., Sherren, K., Forrester, R. (2009). Reversing a tree regeneration crisis in an endangered ecoregion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA.
Land sparing or wildlife-friendly farming? Fischer, Brosi, Daily, Ehrlich, et al. (2008). Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment.

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Tree regeneration, Fenner School July 2009

  • 1. Reversing paddock tree decline in Australia's temperate grazing zone Joern Fischer, Jenny Stott, Andre Zerger, Garth Warren, Kate Sherren, Robert Forrester (and other collaborators) The Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University 2 July 2009
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  • 5. Modification levels McIntyre, S., McIvor, J., Heard, K. (2002). Managing and conserving grassy woodlands. CSIRO Publishing.
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  • 10. Photo: Kate Sherren
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  • 14. The ‘Sustainable Farms’ project Funded by the Australian Government, via the Australian Research Council (ARC) and the Commonwealth Environment Research Facilities Program (CERF)
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  • 16. Management factors affecting regeneration Partly based on: Vesk, P. A., and J. W. Dorrough. 2006. Getting trees on farms the easy way? Lessons from a model of eucalypt regeneration on pastures. Australian Journal of Botany 54:509-519.
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  • 19. Grazing regimes at our sites
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  • 32. Trees and water infiltration “… both sorptivity and steady-state infiltration were significantly greater (approximately fivefold) under the timbered strata compared with the grassy slopes or cultivation …” D. J. Eldridge, D. Freudenberger, Austral Ecology 30, 336 (May, 2005).
  • 33. Trees and bats (… and their estimated economic value in the USA …) L. F. Lumsden, A. F. Bennett, Biological Conservation 122, 205 (Mar, 2005). Quote from a study in the USA: “ We estimate the bats' value as pest control for cotton production in an eight county region in south-central Texas. Our calculations show an annual value of $741000 per year, with a range of $121000-$1725000, compared to a $4.6-$6.4 million per year annual cotton harvest.” C. J. Cleveland et al., Frontiers in Ecol. Environm. 5, 238 (Jun, 2006).
  • 34. Trees and the Superb Parrot (threatened in NSW) Manning et al. (2004).Biol. Conserv. 120, 363-374 Superb Parrot (Geoffrey Dabb, photogallery.canberrabirds.org.au)
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  • 36. Reversing the crisis “ Contrary to common wisdom, scattered trees are not doomed to be the living dead. Although low seed supply and a history of intensive land use impose constraints on tree regeneration in heavily cleared areas, reducing nutrient inputs and applying fast rotational grazing can substantially enhance regeneration.” (Fischer et al. 2009 PNAS)
  • 37. Two vital management challenges: Soil nutrients and livestock grazing McIntyre, S., Lavorel, S. (2007). Agric. Ecosys. Environm. 119, 11-21
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  • 44. The ‘Sustainable Farms’ project Funded by the Australian Government, via the Australian Research Council (ARC) and the Commonwealth Environment Research Facilities Program (CERF)
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  • 47. UNGRAZED WOODLAND REVEGETATION PADDOCK SCATTERED TREE GRAZED WOODLAND
  • 48. Welcome Swallow Tree Martin Rainbow Bee-eater Cockatiel Varied Sitella White-browed Scrubwren Eastern Yellow Robin Speckled Warbler Spotted Pardalote Richard’s Pipit Brown Falcon Peaceful Dove Common Blackbird Rufous Songlark White-thr. Treecreeper Brown Treecreeper White-winged Chough Laughing Kookaburra Crimson Rosella Striated Pardalote Eastern Rosella Magpie-lark Crested Pigeon Noisy Miner Sulphur-cr. Cockatoo Grey-crowned Babbler Jacky Winter Superb Fairy-wren Superb Parrot
  • 49. Overview of social science components + policy analysis and economic modelling
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  • 52. Land sparing or wildlife-friendly farming? Fischer, Brosi, Daily, Ehrlich, et al. (2008). Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment.

Notas do Editor

  1. Introduction I’m here to talk about Sustainable Farms, a very new project funded by the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts in the last CERF round, and the Australian Research Council. This particular presentation conveys the results of a scoping workshop held to set the research direction of the project, and give you a sense of what we hope to do over the next few years. I am Kate Sherren, research fellow on Sustainable Farms. I’m based at the Fenner School of Environment and Society at ANU, as is the rest of the Sustainable Farms team, which are Stephen Dovers, Joern Fischer, Jacki Schirmer, and – soon – Helena Clayton. Our advisory panel is also mostly local, comprising Neil Gunningham, Libby Robin and Richard Price. To give you some perspective on my background, I am a Geographer by training – specifically spatial science and cartography. I have worked in other resource management settings, including: Forestry in British Columbia, and Urban water issues in New Orleans But I’m quite new to the agricultural context. I completed a PhD last year at the Fenner School where I used numerous methods from the social sciences, including social network analysis, interviews, and questionnaires. This project provides a good opportunity for me to go forward, merging both skill sets.
  2. This is all the different sites graphed. If we draw rough polygons around them you can see that all the site of the same type are pretty much clustered.