This document provides an overview of the major topics in Earth Science, including the four main areas of study: geology, meteorology, astronomy, and oceanography. It defines Earth Science as the study of Earth and its processes, then describes each of the four areas in 1-2 sentences. For example, geology is defined as the study of Earth and its matter, processes, and history. The document also briefly introduces other key concepts in Earth Science, such as scientific measurement units and the scientific method.

1. What is Earth Science Pages 5 to 9 (Textbook) Chapter 1-1

2. Science The process of observing, explaining, and understanding things in our world; means “having knowledge”; divided into four general areas: Chemistry, Physics, Life Science, and Earth Science. (p 6) (Key Science Words)

3. The Four Major Sciences Chemistry Life Science Physics Earth Science

4. EARTH SCIENCE Earth Science is divided into four specific areas of study: Geology Meteorology Astronomy Oceanography

5. Geology The study of Earth and its matter, processes, and history. (p 8) Death Valley California

6. Astronomy The study of object in space, including stars, planets, comets, and their origins

7. Meteorology The study of the Earth’s weather and the forces that it causes. (p 8)

8. Oceanography The study of Earth’s oceans, their processes, and life within them. (p 8)

9. What is Earth Science? Science Earth Science Life Science Astronomy Questions 1 - 4

10. What is Earth Science Physics Geology Chemistry Meteorology Oceanography

11. What is Earth Science? Astronomy Geology Meteorology Oceanography Fire up the NumaNuma!

12. Chapter 1 –Section 2 Applying Science Pages 10 to 11 Textbook

13. Technology Technology is the use of scientific discoveries. Technology is transferable , it can be used in new situations. What is an example of a piece of technology being used or modified to be used in another situation?

14. The Effects of Technology Technology can have both positive and negative effects. Postitive: Satellites for predicting weather, monitor pollution, etc. Give an example of a positive effect of technology. Negative When forests are cleared to build cities, soil erosion increases, and weather patterns can change. Jobs can be lost because human are replaced with robots. Pollution (Coal Stokers, Cars, etc)

15. Use pgs 10 -11 in your textbook Scientific Forests machines robots

16. technology problems pollution environment

17. Use pgs 10-11 in your textbook Technology Technology is the use of scientific discoveries. Cars, Computers, Robots, Air Conditioners, Dangerous work can now be done by robots instead of people.

18. Use pgs 10-11 in your textbook Technology has improved medicine, health care, and foods. Technology can cause pollution. Air Conditioners can be helpful by keeping rooms cool. Air conditioners release chemicals that can be harmful to the environment.

19. Pollution Video

20. Chapter 1 (Section 3) Solving Problems Pages 12 to 18 Textbook

21. Strategies use to Solve Problems Read pages 12 to 15 in your textbook. Answer Section Wrap-Up question number 1. List some strategies you can use to solve problems. (below) Identify the problem, collect information; make lists to help organize information; use trial and error; solve a simpler problem; make a model or a drawing or graph; separate important information from unimportant information; analyze your conclusion; use the scientific notation. ANSWER Answers

22. Steps of the Scientific Method Determine the problem Make a hypothesis Hypothesis is an educated guess. Test your hypothesis Analyze your results. Draw conclusion. **These steps must be memorized!!

23. Variables and Controls An experiment should have only ONE variable being tested at a time. A variable is a changeable factor in an experiment. Why should you only have one variable being tested at a time? 1. If more than one variable is tested at a time, you don’t know what is causing the end result.

24. Theories and Laws Theory An explanation backed by results obtained from repeated tests or experiments is a theory. Law 1. A well tested description of the behavior of something in nature; predict or describe what will happen in a given situation but don’t explain why.

28. Chapter 1 (Section 4) Measurement and Safety Pages 19 to 25 Textbook

29. IV. Measurement International System of Units (SI) Si is a modern version of the metric system. SI is based on a decimal system that uses the number 10 as the base unit. Only 3 Countries consider the customary system (Our system…3ft = 1yd etc) a. See Next Slide

30. The 3 Countries who don’t use Metric

31. IV. Measurement Length The standard unit in SI for length is the METER.. A meter is larger than a yard.

32. IV. Measurement C. Mass The standard unit in SI for mass is a Gram. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. a. Mass depends on the number and kinds of atoms that make up an object.

33. IV. Measurement Weight Weight is the measure of gravitational force on a mass. Gravity is an attraction force that exists between all objects. The standard measurement for weight is the NEWTON. a. Sir Isaac Newton was the first person to describe gravity.

34. IV. Measurement Area (Area of any rectangle is Length X width) Area requires a combination of SI units. Area is the amount of surface included within a set of boundaries. Area is measured in square centimeters. cm2 cm2 is the same thing as cm X cm… Example…the area of a rectangle that is 4cm by 3m would be 12 cm2. Because….that would be 4cm X 3cm= 4 X 3 X cm X cm…

35. IV. Measurement Volume Volume is a measure of how much space an object occupies. Liquid Volume is measured in milliliters in a beaker. Liquid volume can also be measured in cubic centimeters (cm3) One 1ml is equal to 1cm3

36. Measurement. Volume (Continued) Graduated Cylinder and a Beaker a. A graduated cylinder is more accurate and precise than a beaker when measuring liquids. Graduated cylinder Beaker Stop!

37. How to read a beaker or graduated cylinder. (do not copy) It is important to notice what each line or interval on the graduated cylinder represents. Different kinds of graduated cylinders are set up differently. A 10 milliliter cylinder, for example, usually has one tenth of a milliliter for each graduation, but some have two-tenths milliliter for each graduation. The way to check this is to count the divisions between consecutive numbers. Here we have the usual 10 divisions from one number to the next; therefore, the volume increment for each of those lines is a tenth of a milliliter. Estimating your measurements by reading between the lines, you should be able to measure to a hundredth of a milliliter.

38. Measurement (How to read a beaker or graduated cylinder) 3. The Meniscus A characteristic of liquids in glass containers is that they curve at the edges. This curvature is called the meniscus. You measure the level at the horizontal center or inside part of the meniscus. With water in glass, the meniscus will curve up at the edges and down in the center so we say you read the bottom of the meniscus.

39. The meniscus in a graduated cylinder A characteristic of liquids in glass containers is that they curve at the edges. This curvature is called the meniscus. You measure the level at the horizontal center or inside part of the meniscus. With water in glass, the meniscus will curve up at the edges and down in the center so we say you read the bottom of the meniscus. Only copy the diagram!!

40. Measurement Density Density is a measure of the amount of matter that occupies a particular space. Density = Mass/ Volume Density is measured in grams per cubic centimeter. a. g/cm3

41. Circle of Stupidity Can be used with any formula with three variables. A= l X w D = m/v n/4 = 24 Division Bar Next to each other is multiplication

42. Finding Density, mass, or volume If the Volume of an object is 3 cm3 and the Density is 8 g/cm3; What is the mass of that object? If the Mass of an object is 51 grams, and the Density is 17 g/cm3; What is the volume?

43. H. Temperature SI unit for temperature is Kelvin. a. The Symbol for Kelvin is K. Many Scientists use Celsius instead of Kelvin. b. The symbol for Celsius is C. Common temperatures in Celsius: Freezing point= 0 degrees Boiling Point = 100 degrees.

44. I. Converting Fahrenheit to Celsius You can use this website if you are near a computer. NOAA website Formula for converting F to Celsius Subtract 32 from the Fahrenheit temp and divide by 1.8 Formula for converting Celsius to Fahrenheit Multiply the Celsius temp by 1.8 and add 32.

45. J. Safety in the Lab Please see page 26 in your textbook.

46. Converting Metric Units Kilo—Hecto—Deca—BASE—deci—centi—mili Largest------------------Base----------------smallest Move the decimal left or right…b/c the metric system is based on 10…just like our number system.. Any unit that is only 1 letter m(meter), g(gram), l (liter)..is a base unit King-Henry-Died-By-drinking-chocolate-milk

47. Converting Metric Units Kilo—Hecto—Deca—BASE—deci—centi—mili How this works: 5 kg= _______ g… Problem starts with Kilograms…so we start at K. They want the answer in g (grams) a base unit (only 1 letter) So we move from K to Base..3 spots to the right. Then we move the decimal in 5kg 3 spots to the right = 5000 grams!!!

48. Metric Conversion Game Complete all of the answers with the partner at your table. Once complete have answers checked by Mr. Motuk. You can change any incorrect answers until you get the right answer if you want. Answers will be collected at the end of class and checked for correctness. Play the game with the dice when you fill confident in all of your answers.

49. Metric Conversion Practice

50. 1. Mass 2. Celsius

51. 3. Area 4. Centi-

52. 6. Meter 5. Gravity

53. 8. Kelvin 7. Density

54. 9. Weight 10. Gram

55. 11. Volume 12. milli-

56. 13. What are the only two letters not used in this puzzle? 13. SI