1. The Great WestChapter 26

3. Worcester v. Georgia 1832

4. “John Marshall made his decision, now let him enforce it”

6. Cultures Clash Dislocated tribes like Sioux and Cheyenne adapted to new life on Plains quickly White settlers bring hardships prior to Civil War Treaties such as Fort Laramie 1851 and Fort Atkinson 1853 begin reservation system Why did treaties fail?

8. Provided $$$ from sale of Eastern lands

9. $$$ later taken to pay for their care

10. Boomers pressured government to take away promised land:

11. Railroad

12. Farming

13. Increased amounts of settlers caused tension with existing Plains Indians

16. killed them mainly for their skins

17. Railroad crews slaughtered buffalo for sport

19. Sand Creek Massacre “Damn any man who sympathizes with Indians…’had come to kill Indians, and believed it to be honorable to kill Indians under any and all circumstances” -Col. Chivington to a young officer questioning orders to kill +200 "THEY WERE SCALPED, THEIR BRAINS KNOCKED OUT; THE MEN USED THEIR KNIVES, RIPPED OPEN WOMEN, CLUBBED LITTLE CHILDREN, KNOCKED THEM IN THE HEAD WITH THEIR RIFLE BUTTS, BEAT THEIR BRAINS OUT, MUTILATED THEIR BODIES IN EVERY SENSE OF THE WORD." -Testimony given against Col. Chivington during Congressional investigation

20. Battle of Little Big Horn George Armstrong Custer was sent to force the Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho back to their reservations. Commander of the 7th Calvary June 26, 1876 He was heavily outnumbered and trapped. Custer & all 220 of his men died “Custer’s Last Stand” outraged Americans and led to govt. retribution. The Sioux and Cheyenne were crushed within a year

24. Bureau of Indian Affairs set up to manage supplies and their distribution

25. Corrupt officials

26. $1,500 salary skimmed $50,000 in 1yr.

30. Sent copy to all members of Congress

33. Assimilate, mainstreamed and absorbed into US society

34. Adopt Christianity and White education

35. Individual land ownership

36. 1924 Voting rights granted

37. Abandon tribe, culture and become farmers

38. Male claimed 160 acres of land

39. Farm land for 25 years

40. Children would be sent to Indian schools

41. Carlisle, PA

43. Mining Frontier James Marshall and (John) Sutter’s Mill President Polk announces strike 49ers California statehood 1850 Thousands come to prospect for gold Others look to mine-miners 59ers Nevada statehood 1864

47. "A smart woman can do very well in this country. ... It is the only country I ever was where a woman received anything like a just compensation for work."-- A woman pioneer Men outnumbered women 20x-1 in some places Opportunities for women increased: Economically Socially Politically

48. The Cowboys

49. The Bronc BusterFrederick Remington

51. Joseph McCoy Solved problem of moving the cattle from Texas to cities of the East. Post-Civil War boom in railroad construction connects east and west Starting in 1867 cattle are loaded onto train cars in Abilene, Kansas and shipped back east…soon other towns begin to compete Cattle worth less than $5 in Texas might fetch $30 in Kansas

52. Cattle needed to be driven in large numbers from Texas to railheads in Kansas Trails utilized to drive cattle herds to market Large scale operation required several cowboys working ‘round the clock Cowboys, what good are they?

54. Rise of the beef and meatpacking industry.

56. Does This Look Like A Safety Valve? Farmer’s Frontier

58. Change in policy: revenue to stimulus “backbone of democracy”

59. By 1900: 500,000 people took advantage

60. However: 5x more bought land from other sources

61. Why? Stimulus Plan

63. Made land available

64. Offered own financing

65. Helped tame the West of Indians and BuffaloThe Role of the Railroad

67. Many of the ads were gross exaggerations of the quality of the land

68. Ads referred to the Plains with such phrases as ‘The Golden Belt of Kansas’ and ‘The Best Prairie Lands’ (Iowa and Nebraska)

72. Farmers Woes and Response Low prices…why? Static money supply Foreclosure: mortgage rates as high as 40% Railroad monopolies

74. Comprised mostly of farmers

75. Born out of Farmer’s Alliance (Granges)

76. Attacked railroad industry

78. Direct Election of Senators

79. Low Tariffs

80. Government ownership of railroads, telephones, and telegraphs

81. Women’s suffrage

82. Public Works Projects during economic hardships

83. Coxey’s Army

84. Graduated income tax

87. Republicans pick William McKinley

88. Democrats expected to pick Grover Cleveland

89. Both McKinley and Cleveland support Gold

91. The Great Commoner

92. The Boy Orator

93. Appealed to Democrats and Populists

94. “Cross of Gold Speech”

96. Women

97. Labor Unions

98. Reformers

99. Big Business Owners

100. Steel

101. Oil

102. Railroad

104. McKinley and advisor Mark Hanna

105. Bryan spent $300,000 and handled his own campaign

106. Outspent $20 to $1

107. Last agrarian versus urban battle

109. Imperialism A change in foreign policy approach

110. Under imperialism, stronger nations attempt to create empires by dominating weaker nations. The late 1800s marked the peak of European imperialism, with much of Africa and Asia under foreign domination. A policy of extending your rule over foreign countries A major departure of the US policy of “isolation” to involvementin world affairs.

112. “Seward’s Icebox or “Seward’s Folly”

113. $7.2 Million

114. Midway Islands-1867

115. Uninhabited

116. $1 Million

117. Samoa-1872 Pacific island with port at Pago Pago.

119. Why did America become imperial? GeoPolitical DarwinismRoosevelt and Lodge Scramble for colonies CommerceJames Blaine-Big Sister Policy with Latin America Agrarian needs Canal Nationalistic Hearst and Pulitzer New sense of power MilitaryBases and refueling stations Canal HumanitarianMissionaries White Man’s Burden

121. Keep up with Europe

122. Annex strategic islands in the S. Pacific and Caribbean Sea.

123. Trade center of the world

124. Build a canal

125. International policeman

127. Scramble For Colonies

129. Alfred Thayer Mahan.

130. The Influence of Sea Power upon History

131. Influenced among others

132. Theodore Roosevelt

133. Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge

134. Sen. Albert Beveridge

135. Caused all countries to start focusing on their naval resources, including the US.

137. Rudyard Kipling: The White Man’s Burden

140. Josiah Strong, Our Country:Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis… “It seems to me that God, with infinite wisdom and skill, is training the Anglo-Saxon race for an hour sure to come in the world’s future….The unoccupied arable lands of the earth are limited, and will soon be taken. Then will the world enter upon a new stage of its history----the final competition of races, for which the Angle-Saxon is being schooled….” Then this race of unequalled energy, with all the majesty of numbers and the might of wealth behind it----the representative, let us hope, of the largest liberty the purest Christianity, the highest civilization…will spread itself over the earth…. If I read not amiss, this powerful race will move down upon Mexico, down Central and South America, out upon the islands of the sea, over upon Africa and beyond. And can any one doubt that the result of this competition of races will be the “survival of the fittest”?

141. Venezuela Olney Letter Monroe Doctrine 1823 Brits adopt a policy of “patting the eagle’s head”

142. Annexation of Hawaii Economy dominated by foreign workers Sugar industry Duty free until McKinley Tariff 1890 Pearl Harbor 1887 1891 Queen Liliuokalani “Hawaii for Hawaiians” Overthrown by group with Sanford Dole President Cleveland recognized Republic of Hawaii President McKinley annexes Hawaii 1897 Congress approves 1898

144. The Butcher---ValerianoWeyler

145. Yellow Press/Journalism----Sensational

146. Spanish Ambassador de Lôme insulted President McKinley.

147. The USS Maine exploded, and the American public blamed Spain.

148. Congress recognized Cuban independence and authorized force against Spain.

149. Teller Amendment: US was fighting this war to help Cuba gains its independence and would not seek any land gains from Cuba.

151. Cuban people were fighting a revolution against Spanish brutality

152. Cubans wanted their independence from Spain

153. 90 miles from U.S.

158. USS Maine---260 US sailors killed Spain accused of blowing up the Maine….. Polarized Americans to support the war against Spain.

159. Yellow Journalism William Randolph Hearst “you furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war” Joseph Pulitzer Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst

163. July 1: Roosevelt led the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill.

164. July 3: The United States Navy sank the remaining Spanish ships.“A Splendid Little War”

166. Dewey Captures Manila!

171. Spain gave up the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to the US in return for $20 million.

172. The island nations then became unincorporated territories of the United States.

173. President McKinley installed a military government to protect American business interests.The Treaty of Paris, 1898

176. President McKinley installed a military government to protect American business interests.

177. Cuba drafted a constitution in 1900 that did not allow for U.S. involvement.

178. The U.S. government only agreed to remove its troops if Cuba included the Platt Amendment.

179. Remained in place until 1934.

181. Our “Little Brown Brothers” Filipino Revolution led by Emilio Aguinaldo. Erupted between the nationalists and U.S. troops Anti-Imperialist League strongly opposes Filipinos adopted guerilla tactics. U.S. troops declared entire areas battle zones No distinctions were made between combatants and civilians. 4,200 American and 16,000 Filipino soldiers are thought to have been killed in the fighting. US captured Aguinaldo in March 1901

183. Respect the territorial integrity of China

185. Spheres of Influence Areas in a country where a foreign nation claims sole rights to trade and invest.

186. Why is China considered so vital to American interests? America wants to end spheres of influence that existed and prevented our access to Chinese markets Open Door Policy…not rejected, therefore accepted China not consulted as to what they want Boxer Rebellion in China attempting to rid nation of foreign “devils” Group called Fists of Righteous Harmony use their martial arts skills and mystical beliefs to guide them in defending nation from outside influence “Support China and kill the foreigner” Boxers fail due to lack of weapons and manpower China billed $333 million; $24.5 to USA for damages

188. military protection of territories

190. A French company had bought a 25-year concession from Colombia to build a canal across Panama.

191. A concession is a grant for a piece of land in exchange for a promise to use the land for a specific purpose.

196. Roosevelt in Latin America — Under Roosevelt, the United States often intervened in Latin America.

198. Countries feared Japan because they were the power in the Pacific along with the US.

200. Anti-Imperialist League resistance to the Philippine War.