1. Reporter: Juvy Darian Lao-ing
MA English
Subject Teacher: Dr. Daisy P. Labadia
INDIAN AND CHINESE PHILOSOPHY
AND EDUCATION

2. Indian philosophy and education
India has a rich and diverse philosophical
tradition dating back to the composition of
the Upanisads in the later Vedic period.
According toRadhakrishnan, the oldest of
these constitute "...the earliest philosophical
compositions of the world." Wikipedia, the
free encyclopedia.)

3. 5 September 1888 – 17 April 1975) was an Indian philosopher and
statesman who was the first Vice President of India (1952–1962) and
the second President of India from 1962 to 1967. One of India's best and
most influential twentieth-century scholars of comparative religion and
philosophy. Radhakrishnan was awarded the Bharat Ratna, the highest
civilian award in India, in 1954.Radhakrishnan believed that "teachers
should be the best minds in the country". Since 1962, his birthday is
celebrated in India asTeachers' Day on 5 September. his academic
appointments included the King George V Chair of Mental and Moral
Science at the University of Calcutta (1921–1932) and Spalding Professor
of Eastern Religion and Ethics at University of Oxford (1936–1952).

4. Since the late medieval age (ca.1000-1500)
various schools (Skt: Darshanas) of Indian
philosophy are identified as orthodox
(Skt: astika) or non-orthodox (Skt: nastika)
depending on whether they regard the Veda as
an infallible source of knowledge.

5. There are six schools of orthodox Hindu
philosophy and three heterodox schools. The
orthodox
are Nyaya, Vaisesika, Samkhya, Yoga, Purva
mimamsa and Vedanta. The Heterodox
are Jain, Buddhist and materialist (Cārvāka).
However, Vidyāraṇya classifies Indian
philosophy into sixteen schools where he
includes schools belonging
to Saiva and Raseśvara thought with others.

6. The main schools of Indian philosophy were
formalized chiefly between 1000 BC to the early
centuries AD. Subsequent centuries produced
commentaries and reformulations continuing
up to as late as the 20th century
by Aurobindo and Prabhupada among others.

7. Sri Aurobindo (Sri Ôrobindo), (15 August 1872 – 5 December
1950), born Aurobindo Ghose, was an
Indian nationalist,philosopher, yogi, guru and poet. He joined
the Indian movement for independence from British rule, for
a while became one of its influential leaders and then became
a spiritual reformer, introducing his visions on human
progress and spiritual evolution. Aurobindo was the first
Indian to create a major literary corpus in English.

8. Abhay Charanaravinda Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada 1
September 1896 – 14 November 1977) was a Gaudiya
Vaishnava spiritual teacher (guru) and the Founder-Acharya of
the International Society for Krishna Consciousness[1] He has
been described as a charismatic leader, in the sense used by
sociologist Max Weber, as he was successful in acquiring
followers in the United States, Europe, India and
elsewhere. CNN cites him on their Top-10 list of "wildly

9. Common themes
The Indian thinkers of antiquity (very much like
those of the Hellenistic schools) viewed
philosophy as a practical necessity that needed
to be cultivated in order to understand how life
can best be led. It became a custom for Indian
writers to explain at the beginning of
philosophical works how it serves human ends
(puruṣārtha). Recent scholarship has shown
that there was a great deal of intercourse
between Greek and Indian philosophy
during the era of Hellenistic expansion.

10. Indian philosophy is distinctive in its application of analytical
rigour to metaphysical problems and goes into very precise
detail about the nature of reality, the structure and function
of the human psyche and how the relationship between the
two have important implications for human salvation
(moksha). Rishis centred philosophy on an assumption that
there is a unitary underlying order (rta) in the universe which
is all pervasive and omniscient. The efforts by various schools
were concentrated on explaining this order and the
metaphysical entity at its source (Brahman). The concept of
natural law (Dharma) provided a basis for understanding
questions of how life on earth should be lived. The sages
urged humans to discern this order and to live their lives in
accordance with it.

11. Schools
Hindu philosophy
Many Hindu intellectual traditions were
classified during the medieval period of
Brahmanic-Sanskritic scholasticism into a
standard list of six orthodox (astika) schools
(darshanas), the "Six Philosophies" (ṣad-
darśana), all of which accept the testimony of
the Vedas.
1. Samkhya, the enumeration school. an
atheistic and strongly dualist theoretical
exposition of consciousness and matter.

12. 2. Yoga, the school of Patanjali (which
provisionally asserts the metaphysics of
Samkhya). a school
emphasising meditation, contemplation and libe
ration.
3. Nyaya, the school of logic. explores sources of
knowledge. Nyāya Sūtras
4. Vaisheshika, the atomist school.
an empiricist school of atomism

13. 5. Purva Mimamsa (or simply Mimamsa), the
tradition of Vedic exegesis, with emphasis on
Vedic ritual, , an anti-ascetic and anti-mysticist
school of orthopraxy
6. Vedanta (also called Uttara Mimamsa),
the Upanishadic tradition, with emphasis on
Vedic philosophy. , the last segment of
knowledge in the Vedas, or the 'Jnan'
(knowledge) 'Kanda' (section). Vedanta came to
be the dominant current of Hinduism in the
post-medieval period.

14. These are often coupled into three groups for
both historical and conceptual reasons: Nyaya-
Vaishesika, Samkhya-Yoga, and Mimamsa-
Vedanta. The Vedanta school is further divided
into six sub-
schools: Advaita (monism/nondualism), also
includes the concept
of Ajativada, Visishtadvaita (monism of the
qualified
whole), Dvaita (dualism), Dvaitadvaita(dualism-
nondualism), Suddhadvaita, and Achintya Bheda
Abheda schools.

15. Besides these schools Mādhava Vidyāraṇya also
includes the following of the aforementioned
theistic philosophies based on the Agamas and
Tantras:
Pasupata, school of Shaivism by Nakulisa
Saiva, the theistic Sankhya school
Pratyabhijña, the recognitive school
Raseśvara, the mercurial school
Pāṇini Darśana, the grammarian school (which
clarifies the theory of Sphoṭa)

16. The systems mentioned here are not the only
orthodox systems, they are the chief ones, and
there are other orthodox schools. These
systems, accept the authority of Vedas and are
regarded as "orthodox" (astika) schools of
Hindu philosophy; besides these, schools that
do not accept the authority of the Vedas are
categorised by Brahmins as unorthodox
(nastika) systems. Chief among the latter
category are Buddhism, Jainism and Cārvāka.

17. Cārvāka is a materialistic and atheistic school of
thought and, is noteworthy as evidence of
a materialistic movement within Hinduism.

18. Jain philosophy
Jainism came into formal being
after Mahavira synthesised philosophies and
promulgations of the
ancient Sramana philosophy, during the period
around 550 BC, in the region that is present
day Bihar in northern India. This period marked
an ideological renaissance, in which the Vedic
dominance was challenged by various groups
like Jainism and Buddhism.

19. A Jain is a follower of Jinas, spiritual 'victors'
(Jina is Sanskrit for 'victor'), human beings who
have rediscovered the dharma, become
fully liberated and taught the spiritual path for
the benefit of beings. Jainism is not considered
as a part of the Vedic Religion (Hinduism)

20. Jainism is a religious tradition in which all life is
considered to be worthy of respect and Jain
teaching emphasises this equality of all life
advocating the non-harming of even the
smallest creatures. Non-violence( Ahimsa) is
the basis of right View, the condition of right
Knowledge and the kernel of right Conduct in
Jainism.

21. Buddhist philosophy
Buddhist philosophy is a system of beliefs based on
the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, a prince
later known as the Buddha, or "awakened one".
From its inception, Buddhism has had a strong
philosophical component. Buddhism is founded on
the rejection of certain orthodox Hindu
philosophical concepts. The Buddha criticised all
concepts of metaphysical being and non-being as
misleading views caused by reification, and this
critique is inextricable from the founding of
Buddhism.

22. Buddhism shares many philosophical views with
other Indian systems, such as belief in karma, a
cause-and-effect relationship between all that
has been done and all that will be done. Events
that occur are held to be the direct result of
previous events. A major departure from Hindu
and Jain philosophy is the Buddhist rejection of
a permanent, self-existent soul (atman) in
favour of anatta (non-Self)
and anicca (impermanence).

23. Cārvāka philosophy
Cārvāka or Lokāyata was a philosophy
of scepticism and materialism, founded in
the Mauryan period. They were extremely
critical of other schools of philosophy of the
time. Cārvāka deemed Vedas to be tainted by
the three faults of untruth, self-
contradiction, and tautology. And in contrast to
Buddhists and Jains, they mocked the concept
ofliberation, reincarnation and accumulation
of merit or demerit through the performance of

24. They believed that, the viewpoint of
relinquishing pleasure to avoid pain was the
"reasoning of fools". Cārvāka thought
consciousness was an emanation from the body
and it ended with the destruction of the body.
They used quotes fromBrihadaranyaka
Upanishad to support this claim. Cārvāka denied
inference as a means of knowledge and held
sensory indulgence as the final objective of life.

25. Modern philosophy
Modern Indian philosophy was developed during
British occupation(1750–1947). The philosophers
in this era gave contemporary meaning to
traditional philosophy. Some of them were Bal
Gangadhar Tilak, Bankim Chandra
Chattopadhyay, Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Sri
Aurobindo, Kireet Joshi, Mahapandit Rahul
Sankrityayan, Debiprasad Chattopadhyay, M. N.
Roy, Indra Sen, Haridas Chaudhuri, Swami
Sahajanand Saraswati, Ananda
Coomaraswamy, Ramana Maharshi, and Sarvepalli

26. Among contemporary Indian
philosophers, Osho and J.
Krishnamurti developed their own schools of
thought. Pandurang Shastri Athavale, U. G.
Krishnamurti and Krishnanandaare other
prominent names in contemporary Indian
philosophy.

27. Political philosophy
The Arthashastra, attributed to
the Mauryan minister Chanakya, is one of the
early Indian texts devoted to political
philosophy. It is dated to 4th century BCE and
discusses ideas of statecraft and economic
policy.

28. The political philosophy most closely associated
with India is the one of ahimsa (non-violence)
and Satyagraha, popularised by Mahatma
Gandhi during the Indian struggle for
independence. It was influenced by the
Indian Dharmic philosophy, particularly
the Bhagvata Gita, as well as secular writings of
authors such as Leo Tolstoy, Henry David
Thoreauand John Ruskin. In turn it influenced
the later movements for independence and civil
rights, especially those led by Martin Luther
King, Jr. and to a lesser extent Nelson Mandela.

29. Influence
In appreciation of complexity of the Indian
philosophy, T S Eliot wrote that the great philosophers
of India "make most of the great European
philosophers look like schoolboys". Arthur
Schopenhauer used Indian philosophy to improve
upon Kantian thought. In the preface to his book The
World As Will And Representation, Schopenhauer
writes that one who "has also received and
assimilated the sacred primitive Indian wisdom, then
he is the best of all prepared to hear what I have to
say to him“. The 19th century American philosophical
movement Transcendentalism was also influenced by

30. India is the birthplace of two
religions
Hinduism and Buddhism

31. Hinduism
Hinduism, also known by the name Sanatana-
Dharma, is the dominant religion of the Indian
subcontinent, which consists of many diverse
traditions.It
includes Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism among
numerous other traditions, and a wide spectrum
of laws and prescriptions of "daily morality" based
on karma, dharma, and societal norms. Hinduism is a
categorisation of distinct intellectual or philosophical
points of view, rather than a rigid, common set of
beliefs.

32. Hinduism has been called the "oldest religion" in the
world, and many practitioners refer to Hinduism
as Sanātana Dharma, "the eternal law" or the
"eternal way" beyond human origins. It prescribes the
"eternal" duties all Hindus have to follow, regardless
of class, caste, or sect, such as honesty, purity, and
self-restraint.

33. Buddhism
Buddhism is a nontheistic religion that encompasses a
variety of traditions, beliefs and practices largely
based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha
Gautama, who is commonly known as the
Buddha, meaning "the awakened one"

34. According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha lived and taught
in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent sometime
between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE. He is recognized by
Buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared
his insights to help sentient beings end their sufferingthrough
the elimination of ignorance and craving by way
of understanding and the seeing of dependent
origination, with the ultimate goal of attainment of the
sublime state of nirvana.

35. Two major branches of Buddhism are generally
recognized: Theravada ("The School of the Elders")
and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle"). Theravada has a
widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast
Asia (Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar etc.).
Mahayana is found throughout East Asia (China,
Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Singapore, Taiwan etc.) and
includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren
Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, Shingon,
and Tiantai (Tendai). In some
classifications, Vajrayana—practiced mainly
in Tibet and Mongolia, and adjacent parts
of China and Russia—is recognized as a third branch,
while others classify it as a part of Mahayana.

36. While Buddhism is practiced primarily in Asia,
both major branches are now found throughout
the world. Estimates of Buddhists worldwide
vary significantly depending on the way
Buddhist adherence is defined. Estimates range
from 350 million to 1.6 billion, with 350–550
million the most widely accepted figure.
Buddhism is also recognized as one of
the fastest growing religions in the world.

37. Buddhist schools vary on the exact nature of the
path to liberation, the importance
and canonicity of various teachings and
scriptures, and especially their respective
practices. The foundations of Buddhist tradition
and practice are the Three Jewels: the Buddha,
the Dharma(the teachings), and the Sangha (the
community). Taking "refuge in the triple gem"
has traditionally been a declaration and
commitment to being on the Buddhist path, and
in general distinguishes a Buddhist from a non-
Buddhist.

38. Other practices may include following ethical
precepts; support of the monastic
community; renouncing conventional living and
becoming a monastic; the development
of mindfulnessand practice of meditation;
cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment;
study of scriptures; devotional practices;
ceremonies; and in the Mahayana
tradition, invocation of buddhas
and bodhisattvas.

39. Buddhism vs. Hinduism
Siddhartha
Gautama
Founder
Buddhism
Hinduism

40. Buddhism vs. Hinduism
The Buddha is NOT a God
Buddhism
Relationship with God
Hinduism
Atman=the individual
soul
Brahman=the Supreme
Creator

41. Buddhism vs. Hinduism
Ending Human
Sorrow and Suffering
Nirvana
Moksha-
Enlightenment
Goal of Life
Buddhism
Hinduism

42. Buddhism vs. Hinduism
None
The Vedas and
Upanishads
Sacred Texts
Buddhism
Hinduism

43. Buddhism vs. Hinduism
Detachment from
worldly life and
rejection of desire
(the chief cause of
suffering)
Attitude Toward the
Material World
Buddhism
Hinduism

44. Buddhism vs. Hinduism
Compassion,
nonviolence
towards all living
things
Attitude Toward
Nonviolence
Buddhism
Hinduism

45. Buddhism vs. Hinduism
Karma
The Cycle of
Rebirth
Reincarnation
Buddhism
Hinduism

46. Buddhism vs. Hinduism
Rejects the Caste System-all
human beings can reach Nirvana
as a result of their behavior in
this life
Division of human beings
into strict social castes
based on karma from
previous life
Caste System
Buddhism
Hinduism

47. Chinese Philosophy and Education
The majority of traditional Chinese
philosophy originates in the Spring and
Autumn and Warring States eras, during a
period known as the "Hundred Schools of
Thought", which was characterized by
significant intellectual and cultural
developments. Although much of Chinese
philosophy begins in the Warring States period,
elements of Chinese philosophy have existed for
several thousand years;

48. some can be found in the Yi Jing (the Book of
Changes), an ancient compendium
of divination, which dates back to at least 672
BCE. It was during the Warring States era that
the major philosophies of
China, Confucianism,Mohism, Legalism,
and Daoism, arose, along with philosophies that
later fell into obscurity,
like Agriculturalism, Chinese Naturalism, and
the Logicians

49. Confucianism

50. Confucianism is
an ethical and philosophical system, on occasion
described as a religion, developed from the
teachings of
the Chinese philosopher Confucius (孔夫子
Kǒng Fūzǐ, or K'ung-fu-tzu, lit. "Master Kong",
551–479 BCE). Confucianism originated as an
"ethical-sociopolitical teaching" during
the Spring and Autumn Period, but later
developed metaphysical and cosmologicaleleme
nts in the Han Dynasty. Following the official
abandonment of Legalism in China,

51. after the Qin Dynasty, Confucianism became the
official state ideology of the Han. Nonetheless,
from the Han period onwards, most Chinese
emperors have used a mix of Legalism and
Confucianism as their ruling doctrine. The
disintegration of the Han in the second century
CE opened the way for
thesoteriological doctrines
of Buddhism and Taoism to dominate
intellectual life at that time.

52. Taoism

53. Taoism, or Daoism, is a philosophical, ethical,
and religious tradition of Chinese origin that
emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao (also
romanized as Dao). The term Tao means "way",
"path" or "principle", and can also be found in
Chinese philosophies and religions other than
Taoism. In Taoism, however, Tao denotes
something that is both the source and the
driving force behind everything that exists. It is
ultimatelyineffable "The Tao that can be told is
not the eternal Tao.

54. While Taoism drew its cosmological notions
from the tenets of the School of Yin Yang,
the Tao Te Ching, a compact and ambiguous
book containing teachings attributed
to Laozi (Chinese: 老子; pinyin: Lǎozǐ; Wade–
Giles: Lao Tzu), is widely considered its keystone
work. Together with the writings of Zhuangzi,
these two texts build the philosophical
foundation of Taoism. This philosophical Taoism,
individualistic by nature, is not institutionalized..

55. Institutionalized forms, however, evolved over
time in the shape of a number of
different schools. Taoist schools traditionally
feature reverence for Laozi, immortals or
ancestors, along with a variety
of divination and exorcism rituals, and practices
for achieving ecstasy, longevity or immortality.

56. Taoist propriety and ethics may vary depending
on the particular school, but in general tends to
emphasize wu-wei (action through non-
action), "naturalness", simplicity, spontaneity, a
nd the Three Treasures:
compassion, moderation, and humility.

57. Confucianism Taoism
Place of origin
China China
Concept of
Deity
Most believe in
One God.
Most believe in
numerous
deities.
Place of
worship
Temple. Temple, shrine.

58. Confucianism Taoism
Scriptures
Analects of
Confucius and
Mencius; I Ching;
Doctrine of Mean,
etc.
Tao Te Ching; I
Ching
Practices
Visit to temples to
pay homage to
Ti'en(God or
Heaven), Confucius,
and ancestors; To
practice ('Jing zuo, ')
Visit to shrines, to
pay homage to
Taoist deities; Tai
Chi, etc.

59. Confucianism Taoism
Life after death
To be worshipped
as ancestors.
Taoists believe
that the soul
survives after
death and has
the ability to
travel through
space.

60. Confucianism Taoism
Time of origin
Approx. 550
B.C.E.(Before
Common Era)
Approx. 550 B.C.E
(before common
Era)
Goal of religion
To have a
structured society.
To be one with
nature.
Founder
Kong Qiu
(Confucius)
Lao Tzu

61. Confucianism Taoism
Socially inferior to
men.
generally equal,
spoken of highly in
the tao te ching
(oldest taoist text)
but varies among
schools.
Principle
Confucianism all
about the
brotherhood of
humanity.
Taoists believe that
life is good. Taoism
lays emphasis on
the body.

62. Confucianism Taoism
Holy
days/Official
Holidays
Chinese New Year,
Teacher Day,
Ancestor Day.
Chinese New Year,
3 Day Festival of
the Dead, Ancestor
Day.
Concept of God
One God. Numerous deities.
Human Nature
Humans should
respect those who
are superior to
them.
Humans should
just follow the
Tao(or 'the Way').

63. Confucianism Taoism
Belief of God
One God.
Ancestors also
worshipped,
though.
Most follow
numerous
deities.
Original
Language(s)
Mandarin or
Cantonese
Old Chinese
Goal of
Philosophy
Social Harmony. To gain balance in
life.

64. Confucianism Taoism
Confucianism is both
a religion and a
philosophy of China,
and of Asia as a
whole. It stresses
human conduct over
belief in God.
Taoism is both a
religion and a
philosophy of China,
and of Asia as a
whole. It stresses
humanity's
relationship with
nature.
View of the
Buddha
Buddha is followed by
many Confucianists.
Buddha is followed
by many Taoists.

65. Confucianism Taoism
Virtue(s) in
which religion
is based upon
Respect. Contemplation
Original
Languages
Mandarin or
Cantonese
Mandarin or
Cantonese.
Views on the
afterlife
To be worshipped
by one's
descendants and
their families.
The soul lives on.

66. Confucianism Taoism
Views on other
religion
Sees no contraction in
following more than
one religion.
Sees no
contradiction in
following more than
one religion.
Holy days
Chinese New Year,
Teacher Day, Ancestor
Day.
Chinese New Year,
Three Day Festival
of the Dead,
Lantern Festival
View of other
Oriental religions
Usually follows other
Oriental religions,
especially Taoism.
Usually follows
other Oriental
religions, especially
Confucianism.

67. Sources:
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
SlideShare, Internet website

68. END…