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AIDS: A Four Letter Word
Unit 4
Viruses, Bacteria,
and Immunology
Bacteria
 Unicellular prokaryotes (lack a nucleus or other
membrane-bound organelles)
 Contain a cell wall
 Bacteria are separated into two kingdoms
– Eubacteria
– Archaebacteria
Section 18-3
Concept Map
are characterized by
such as
and differing which place them in
which coincides withwhich coincides with
which place them in which is subdivided into
Living
Things
Kingdom
Eubacteria
Kingdom
Archaebacteria
Eukaryotic
cellsProkaryotic cells
Important
characteristics
Cell wall
structures
Domain
Eukarya
Domain
Bacteria
Domain
Archaea
Kingdom
Plantae
Kingdom
Protista
Kingdom
Fungi
Kingdom
Animalia
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
CELL TYPE
CELL
STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF
CELLS
MODE OF
NUTRITION
EXAMPLES
Bacteria
Eubacteria
Prokaryote
Cell walls with
peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Streptococcus,
Escherichia coli
Archaea
Archaebacteria
Prokaryote
Cell walls
without
peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Methanogens,
halophiles
Protista
Eukaryote
Cell walls of
cellulose in
some; some
have
chloroplasts
Most unicellular;
some colonial;
some
multicellular
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Amoeba,
Paramecium,
slime molds,
giant kelp
Fungi
Eukaryote
Cell walls of
chitin
Most
multicellular;
some
unicellular
Heterotroph
Mushrooms,
yeasts
Plantae
Eukaryote
Cell walls of
cellulose;
chloroplasts
Multicellular
Autotroph
Mosses, ferns,
flowering
plants
Animalia
Eukaryote
No cell walls or
chloroplasts
Multicellular
Heterotroph
Sponges,
worms,
insects, fishes,
mammals
Eukarya
Classification of Living Things
Section 18-3
Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of
Kingdoms and Domains
Section 19-1
Concept Map
are classified into the kingdoms of
live in harsh
environments such as
include a variety of
lifestyles such as
Bacteria
Eubacteria Archaebacteria
Infecting large
organisms
Thick mudLiving in soil
Animal
digestive
tracts
Salty lakes Hot springs
Eubacteria vs. Archaebacteria
 Eubacteria
– Exist almost everywhere (fresh water, salt water,
land, humans)
– Have cell walls made of peptidoglycan (a
carbohydrate)
 Archaebacteria
– Many live in extremely harsh environments
– Have cell walls that lack peptidoglycan
– May be the ancestors of eukaryotes
Peptidoglycan
Cell
wall
Cell
membrane
Ribosome
Flagellum DNA Pili
The Structure of a Eubacterium (Escherichia coli)
Images taken from:
www.mirandacastro.com/
articles/images/bacilli.jpg,
www.bio.davidson.edu/.../
restricted/bacilli.jpg,
biology.clc.uc.edu/.../
bacilli_P7060990.jpg
Shapes of Bacteria
1. Bacilli (Rod-shaped)
Images taken from:
www.astrosurf.com/lombry/
Bio/cellule-cocci.jpg,
www.aae.org/ images/cocci.gif
Shapes of Bacteria
2. Cocci (Spherical-shaped)
These images were taken from:
www.uic.edu/classes/
bios/bios100/labs/celllab.htm,
www.dmu.edu/
microbiology/bacteria.htm
Shapes of Bacteria
3. Spirilla (Spiral and corkscrew-shaped)
Metabolism
Energy
 Heterotrophs – obtain energy from organic molecules
(eat)
 Autotrophs – make their own food from inorganic
molecules
– Photoautotroph – uses the sun to make organic compounds
– Chemoautotrophs – uses the energy from chemical reactions
to make organic compounds
 Saprophytic – live of dead or decaying organic matter
– decomposers
Metabolism
Respiration
 Obligate aerobes – organisms that require a
constant supply of oxygen
 Obligate anaerobes – organisms that do NOT
require oxygen
 Facultative anaerobes – organisms that can
survive with or without oxygen
The following image was taken
from: fig.cox.miami.edu/.../
150/mitosis/fission.jpg
Growth and Reproduction
1. Binary fission
– DNA replicates and bacterium divides in half;
produces two identical daughter cells
- asexual reproduction
This following image was taken
from:
fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/
150/gene/sf9x3box.jpg
Growth and Reproduction
2. Conjugation
– The exchange of genetic information through a
hollow bridge
– Sexual reproduction
Conjugation
This image was taken from:
fruit.naro.affrc.go.jp/.
../micro/AJ007.gif
Growth and Reproduction
3. Spore formation
– The formation of spores during harsh conditions
– Remain dormant until conditions are better
The Importance of Bacteria
 Bacteria act as decomposers
– by breaking down dead organic matter into
important materials that are released into the soil
 Bacteria act as nitrogen fixers
– Rhizobium bacteria convert nitrogen gas into a form
plants can use (nitrogen cycle)
The Importance of Bacteria Cont.
 Human uses of bacteria . . .
– Food and beverage production
 Canning (temperature and pressure)
– Oil spill clean up
– Remove waste products and poisons from water
– Mine minerals from the ground
Viruses
 Viruses are made of . . .
– Non-cellular particle (no organelles)
– Genetic material (DNA or RNA)
– Protein (outer coat or capsid)
– Example - bacteriophage
Virus Structures
T4 Bacteriophage
Tobacco Mosaic
Virus
Influenza
Virus
Head
Tail
sheath
DNA
Tail
fiber
RNA
Capsid
Surface
proteins Membrane
envelope
RNA
Capsid
proteins
Section 19-2
Viral Infections
 A virus binds to specific proteins on the host
cell’s surface
 Two types of viral infections
– Lytic infection
– Lysogenic infection
Lytic Infection vs. Lysogenic Infection
Lytic Infection
 A virus enters the cell, makes copies of itself,
and causes the cell to burst
Lysogenic Infection
 A virus integrates its DNA into the DNA of the
host cell
 The viral DNA replicates with the host cell’s
DNA
Lytic and Lysogenic Infections
Unit 4
Disease
 Disease – any change, other than injury, that
disrupts the normal functions of the body
 Symptoms – any change in the body as a
result of disease
 Pathogen – a disease-causing agent
– Examples: bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoans
 Germ theory of disease – infectious diseases
are caused by microorganisms, or germs
The pathogen
should always be
found in the body
of a sick
organism and
should not be
found in a
healthy one.
The pathogen
must be
isolated and
grown in the
laboratory in
a pure
culture.
When purified
pathogens are
placed in a
new host, they
should cause
the same
disease that
infected the
host.
The very same
pathogen should
be reisolated
from the second
host. And it
should be the
same as the
original
pathogen.
No pathogen Suspected
pathogen Suspected pathogen
Injection of
organisms from
pure culture
Pathogen
Dead mouse Dead mouse
Dead mouse
Healthy mouse
Healthy mouse
Suspected
pathogen grown
in pure culture.
Section 40-1
Koch’s Postulates: rules used to
identify the cause of a disease
Spread of Disease
 Diseases can be spread through
– Physical contact
– Contaminated food and water
– Infected animals
Bacterial Disease
 Some common bacterial diseases include
bacterial meningitis, lyme disease, and strep
throat
 How do bacteria produce disease?
– Use cells for food (ex. Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
– Release toxins into body (ex. Streptococcus)
Bacterial Diseases Cont.
 Vaccines can prevent bacterial diseases
– The weakened or killed pathogen is injected into the
body
 Antibiotics can be used to attack and destroy
bacteria once it invades the body
– Block growth and reproduction of bacteria
– Examples – penicillin and tetracycline
Viral Diseases
 Common viral diseases include chickenpox,
colds, flu, warts, West Nile, and AIDS
 How do viruses cause disease?
– Attack and destroy certain cells
– Causes a disruption in the body’s normal equilibrium
 Vaccines
 Viral diseases cannot be treated by antibiotics
The Immune System
 The primary defense against pathogens
 Non-specific defense
– First line of defense – Skin, mucus, sweat, tears
Goal is to keep pathogens out of body
– Second line of defense – The inflammatory
response
Reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or
infection (pus and inflammation)
Phagocytes (WBCs) engulf the pathogens
(causing swollen lymph nodes, fever)
The Inflammatory Response
Skin
Wound
Bacteria enter
the wound
Phagocytes move into the
area and engulf the bacteria
and cell debris
Capillary
Section 40-2
Unit 4
The Immune System Cont.
Specific Defense
 An attack of the immune system against one
particular pathogen
 Two main types of specific defenses
– Humoral Immunity
– Cell-mediated Immunity
Humoral Immunity
 B-cells (B-lymphocytes) – made in bone
marrow
 B-cells recognize antigens (a substance
recognized as foreign by the body)
 B-cells develop into
– Plasma cells that release antibodies (proteins that
recognize and bind to antigens – and destroy them)
– Memory B-cells (remember the antigen and can
attack quickly the next time it invades)
Section 40-2
Humoral Immunity
Unit 4
Cell-mediated Immunity
 T-cells (T lymphocytes) – made in the thymus
 Killer T-cells - attack and lyse pathogens, cause
body to reject transplants
 Helper T-cells - direct the immune response
 Mast cells - produce histamines that cause
swelling and congestion (allergies = over active
mast cells)
Macrophage
T Cell
Helper
T Cell
Killer
T Cell
Infected Cell
Antigens are displayed on
surface of macrophage
T cell binds to
activated
macrophage
T cell, activated by macrophage,
becomes a helper T cell
Helper T cell activates
killer T cells and B cells
Killer T cells bind to infected cells,
disrupting their cell membranes and
destroying them
Section 40-2
Cell-mediated Immune Response
Unit 4
Unit 4
Types of Immunity
 Inborn immunity –
– Present at birth
– Inherited characteristic
– permanent
Types of Immunity cont.
 Active
– Natural
By infection and
production of
antibodies
Long lasting and
permanent
– Artificial
Injection of vaccines
Several years to
permanent
 Passive
– Natural
Transfer of
antibodies from
mom to infant
6 months – 1 year
– Artificial
Injection of serum
containing
antibodies
2 weeks – 1 month
Acquired Immunity
Immune System Disorders
 Allergies
– Allergy-causing antigens enter the body and attach
to mast cells (the mast cells initiate the inflammatory
response)
– The mast cells release histamines which increase
the flow of blood and fluids to surrounding area and
increase mucus production
Immune System Disorders Cont.
 Autoimmune diseases
– when the body attacks its own cells
– Ex. Type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis (MS), and
rheumatoid arthritis
Immune System Disorders Cont.
 Immunodeficiency Disease
– Ex. AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
 AIDS
– Caused by a virus called HIV (human
immunodeficiency virus)
– HIV is a retrovirus (carries its genetic information on
RNA, not DNA)
– Attacks helper T-cells
AIDS
 Modes of Transmission
– Sexual intercourse with a person with HIV
– Sharing of needles in IV drug use with an HIV
infected person
– Blood transfusions that contain HIV
– Mother to newborn - during birth or breast feeding
AIDS Cont.
 Detection of Virus
– Antibody production by immune system
 Tests do not look for the virus but antibodies
– Monitor Helper T-cell numbers (detects start of AIDS)
 Effects of Virus
– Destroys body’s ability to fight of disease
 Helper T-cells cannot coordinate B-cells and T-cells to fight
disease
 Antibody production is greatly reduced
 Pathogens go unrecognized
– Opportunistic diseases weaken or kill person
 Rare types of cancers and fungal infections
AIDS Cont.
 Treatment / Prevention
– No cure or vaccine
– Drugs can slow the grow of the virus - slowing
onset of AIDS
– Avoid exposure to HIV
Unit 4
NumberofCases
Female
Male
AIDS in 13- to 19 -Year-Olds, by Sex and Year of
Report, through December 2001, United States
N= 4,428
34 35 53
77
126136
181
162 152
578
412
392 398
371
298 311
1993 definition change
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Year of Report
Before
1985
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
340
372
2000 2001
NumberofCases
NumberofCases
Female
Male
AIDS in 13- to 19 -Year-Olds, by Sex and Year of
Report, through December 2001, United States
N= 4,428
34 35 53
77
126136
181
162 152
578
412
392 398
371
298 311
1993 definition change
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Year of Report
Before
1985
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
340
372
2000 2001
NumberofCases
Female
Male
AIDS in 13- to 19 -Year-Olds, by Sex and Year of
Report, through December 2001, United States
N= 4,428
34 35 53
77
126136
181
162 152
578
412
392 398
371
298 311
1993 definition change
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Year of Report
Before
1985
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
340
372
2000 2001
NumberofCases
NumberofCases
Female
Male
AIDS in 13- to 19 -Year-Olds, by Sex and Year of
Report, through December 2001, United States
N= 4,428
34 35 53
77
126136
181
162 152
578
412
392 398
371
298 311
1993 definition change
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Year of Report
Before
1985
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
340
372
2000 2001
NumberofCases
Female
Male
AIDS in 13- to 19 -Year-Olds, by Sex and Year of
Report, through December 2001, United States
N= 4,428
34 35 53
77
126136
181
162 152
578
412
392 398
371
298 311
1993 definition change
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Year of Report
Before
1985
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
340
372
2000 2001
NumberofCases
NumberofCases
Female
Male
AIDS in 13- to 19 -Year-Olds, by Sex and Year of
Report, through December 2001, United States
N= 4,428
34 35 53
77
126136
181
162 152
578
412
392 398
371
298 311
1993 definition change
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Year of Report
Before
1985
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
340
372
2000 2001
NumberofCases
Female
Male
AIDS in 13- to 19 -Year-Olds, by Sex and Year of
Report, through December 2001, United States
N= 4,428
34 35 53
77
126136
181
162 152
578
412
392 398
371
298 311
1993 definition change
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Year of Report
Before
1985
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
340
372
2000 2001
NumberofCases
AIDSin Adolescents and Adults, by Sex and Age at
Diagnosis, Reported in 2001 , United States
13-19 years
N= 372 N= 1,461
20-24 years
Male Female
59%
41%
N= 40,271
≥25 years
75%
25%
52%
48%
AIDSin Adolescents and Adults, by Sex and Age at
Diagnosis, Reported in 2001 , United States
13-19 years
N= 372 N= 1,461
20-24 years
Male Female
59%
41%
N= 40,271
≥25 years
75%
25%
52%
48%
Required
Pediatric only
HIV Infection* and AIDSin 13- to 19-Year-Olds
Reported in 2001
0
HIV AIDS
NJ
DE
MD
DC
CT
RI
MA
N= 1166 N= 372
1
0
1
3
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
1
3
5
2
1
0
4
3
2
3
7
12
3
2
6
0
0
5
9
13
0
11
2
4
1
2
7
11
0
1
0
1
12
17
11
5
15
10
33
22
11
40
27
54
27
1
2
0
200
22
40
27
36
8
1
4
3
6
205
9
4
3
26
14
16
10
12
270 119
53
2
11
Guam
U.S. Pacific Islands
U.S. Virgin Islands
Puerto Rico
* For areas with confidential HIV infection surveillance. Includes 24 persons who were residents of areas without HIV infection
surveillance but who were reported by areas with HIV infection surveillance and 5 persons with an unknown state of residence.
** HIV cases reported by patient name
Confidential
HIV Reporting**
Required
Pediatric only
HIV Infection* and AIDSin 13- to 19-Year-Olds
Reported in 2001
0
HIV AIDS
NJ
DE
MD
DC
CT
RI
MA
N= 1166 N= 372
1
0
1
3
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
1
3
5
2
1
0
4
3
2
3
7
12
3
2
6
0
0
5
9
13
0
11
2
4
1
2
7
11
0
1
0
1
12
17
11
5
15
10
33
22
11
40
27
54
27
1
2
0
200
22
40
27
36
8
1
4
3
6
205
9
4
3
26
14
16
10
12
270 119
53
2
11
Guam
U.S. Pacific Islands
U.S. Virgin Islands
Puerto Rico
* For areas with confidential HIV infection surveillance. Includes 24 persons who were residents of areas without HIV infection
surveillance but who were reported by areas with HIV infection surveillance and 5 persons with an unknown state of residence.
** HIV cases reported by patient name
Confidential
HIV Reporting**

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Unit 4

  • 1. AIDS: A Four Letter Word Unit 4 Viruses, Bacteria, and Immunology
  • 2. Bacteria  Unicellular prokaryotes (lack a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles)  Contain a cell wall  Bacteria are separated into two kingdoms – Eubacteria – Archaebacteria
  • 3. Section 18-3 Concept Map are characterized by such as and differing which place them in which coincides withwhich coincides with which place them in which is subdivided into Living Things Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria Eukaryotic cellsProkaryotic cells Important characteristics Cell wall structures Domain Eukarya Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia
  • 4. DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Streptococcus, Escherichia coli Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell walls without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Methanogens, halophiles Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Fungi Eukaryote Cell walls of chitin Most multicellular; some unicellular Heterotroph Mushrooms, yeasts Plantae Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts Multicellular Autotroph Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Animalia Eukaryote No cell walls or chloroplasts Multicellular Heterotroph Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals Eukarya Classification of Living Things Section 18-3 Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains
  • 5. Section 19-1 Concept Map are classified into the kingdoms of live in harsh environments such as include a variety of lifestyles such as Bacteria Eubacteria Archaebacteria Infecting large organisms Thick mudLiving in soil Animal digestive tracts Salty lakes Hot springs
  • 6. Eubacteria vs. Archaebacteria  Eubacteria – Exist almost everywhere (fresh water, salt water, land, humans) – Have cell walls made of peptidoglycan (a carbohydrate)  Archaebacteria – Many live in extremely harsh environments – Have cell walls that lack peptidoglycan – May be the ancestors of eukaryotes
  • 7. Peptidoglycan Cell wall Cell membrane Ribosome Flagellum DNA Pili The Structure of a Eubacterium (Escherichia coli)
  • 9. Images taken from: www.astrosurf.com/lombry/ Bio/cellule-cocci.jpg, www.aae.org/ images/cocci.gif Shapes of Bacteria 2. Cocci (Spherical-shaped)
  • 10. These images were taken from: www.uic.edu/classes/ bios/bios100/labs/celllab.htm, www.dmu.edu/ microbiology/bacteria.htm Shapes of Bacteria 3. Spirilla (Spiral and corkscrew-shaped)
  • 11. Metabolism Energy  Heterotrophs – obtain energy from organic molecules (eat)  Autotrophs – make their own food from inorganic molecules – Photoautotroph – uses the sun to make organic compounds – Chemoautotrophs – uses the energy from chemical reactions to make organic compounds  Saprophytic – live of dead or decaying organic matter – decomposers
  • 12. Metabolism Respiration  Obligate aerobes – organisms that require a constant supply of oxygen  Obligate anaerobes – organisms that do NOT require oxygen  Facultative anaerobes – organisms that can survive with or without oxygen
  • 13. The following image was taken from: fig.cox.miami.edu/.../ 150/mitosis/fission.jpg Growth and Reproduction 1. Binary fission – DNA replicates and bacterium divides in half; produces two identical daughter cells - asexual reproduction
  • 14. This following image was taken from: fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/ 150/gene/sf9x3box.jpg Growth and Reproduction 2. Conjugation – The exchange of genetic information through a hollow bridge – Sexual reproduction
  • 16. This image was taken from: fruit.naro.affrc.go.jp/. ../micro/AJ007.gif Growth and Reproduction 3. Spore formation – The formation of spores during harsh conditions – Remain dormant until conditions are better
  • 17. The Importance of Bacteria  Bacteria act as decomposers – by breaking down dead organic matter into important materials that are released into the soil  Bacteria act as nitrogen fixers – Rhizobium bacteria convert nitrogen gas into a form plants can use (nitrogen cycle)
  • 18. The Importance of Bacteria Cont.  Human uses of bacteria . . . – Food and beverage production  Canning (temperature and pressure) – Oil spill clean up – Remove waste products and poisons from water – Mine minerals from the ground
  • 19. Viruses  Viruses are made of . . . – Non-cellular particle (no organelles) – Genetic material (DNA or RNA) – Protein (outer coat or capsid) – Example - bacteriophage
  • 20. Virus Structures T4 Bacteriophage Tobacco Mosaic Virus Influenza Virus Head Tail sheath DNA Tail fiber RNA Capsid Surface proteins Membrane envelope RNA Capsid proteins Section 19-2
  • 21. Viral Infections  A virus binds to specific proteins on the host cell’s surface  Two types of viral infections – Lytic infection – Lysogenic infection
  • 22. Lytic Infection vs. Lysogenic Infection Lytic Infection  A virus enters the cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst Lysogenic Infection  A virus integrates its DNA into the DNA of the host cell  The viral DNA replicates with the host cell’s DNA
  • 23. Lytic and Lysogenic Infections
  • 25. Disease  Disease – any change, other than injury, that disrupts the normal functions of the body  Symptoms – any change in the body as a result of disease  Pathogen – a disease-causing agent – Examples: bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoans  Germ theory of disease – infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, or germs
  • 26. The pathogen should always be found in the body of a sick organism and should not be found in a healthy one. The pathogen must be isolated and grown in the laboratory in a pure culture. When purified pathogens are placed in a new host, they should cause the same disease that infected the host. The very same pathogen should be reisolated from the second host. And it should be the same as the original pathogen. No pathogen Suspected pathogen Suspected pathogen Injection of organisms from pure culture Pathogen Dead mouse Dead mouse Dead mouse Healthy mouse Healthy mouse Suspected pathogen grown in pure culture. Section 40-1 Koch’s Postulates: rules used to identify the cause of a disease
  • 27. Spread of Disease  Diseases can be spread through – Physical contact – Contaminated food and water – Infected animals
  • 28. Bacterial Disease  Some common bacterial diseases include bacterial meningitis, lyme disease, and strep throat  How do bacteria produce disease? – Use cells for food (ex. Mycobacterium tuberculosis) – Release toxins into body (ex. Streptococcus)
  • 29. Bacterial Diseases Cont.  Vaccines can prevent bacterial diseases – The weakened or killed pathogen is injected into the body  Antibiotics can be used to attack and destroy bacteria once it invades the body – Block growth and reproduction of bacteria – Examples – penicillin and tetracycline
  • 30. Viral Diseases  Common viral diseases include chickenpox, colds, flu, warts, West Nile, and AIDS  How do viruses cause disease? – Attack and destroy certain cells – Causes a disruption in the body’s normal equilibrium  Vaccines  Viral diseases cannot be treated by antibiotics
  • 31. The Immune System  The primary defense against pathogens  Non-specific defense – First line of defense – Skin, mucus, sweat, tears Goal is to keep pathogens out of body – Second line of defense – The inflammatory response Reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection (pus and inflammation) Phagocytes (WBCs) engulf the pathogens (causing swollen lymph nodes, fever)
  • 32. The Inflammatory Response Skin Wound Bacteria enter the wound Phagocytes move into the area and engulf the bacteria and cell debris Capillary Section 40-2
  • 34. The Immune System Cont. Specific Defense  An attack of the immune system against one particular pathogen  Two main types of specific defenses – Humoral Immunity – Cell-mediated Immunity
  • 35. Humoral Immunity  B-cells (B-lymphocytes) – made in bone marrow  B-cells recognize antigens (a substance recognized as foreign by the body)  B-cells develop into – Plasma cells that release antibodies (proteins that recognize and bind to antigens – and destroy them) – Memory B-cells (remember the antigen and can attack quickly the next time it invades)
  • 38. Cell-mediated Immunity  T-cells (T lymphocytes) – made in the thymus  Killer T-cells - attack and lyse pathogens, cause body to reject transplants  Helper T-cells - direct the immune response  Mast cells - produce histamines that cause swelling and congestion (allergies = over active mast cells)
  • 39. Macrophage T Cell Helper T Cell Killer T Cell Infected Cell Antigens are displayed on surface of macrophage T cell binds to activated macrophage T cell, activated by macrophage, becomes a helper T cell Helper T cell activates killer T cells and B cells Killer T cells bind to infected cells, disrupting their cell membranes and destroying them Section 40-2 Cell-mediated Immune Response
  • 42. Types of Immunity  Inborn immunity – – Present at birth – Inherited characteristic – permanent
  • 43. Types of Immunity cont.  Active – Natural By infection and production of antibodies Long lasting and permanent – Artificial Injection of vaccines Several years to permanent  Passive – Natural Transfer of antibodies from mom to infant 6 months – 1 year – Artificial Injection of serum containing antibodies 2 weeks – 1 month Acquired Immunity
  • 44. Immune System Disorders  Allergies – Allergy-causing antigens enter the body and attach to mast cells (the mast cells initiate the inflammatory response) – The mast cells release histamines which increase the flow of blood and fluids to surrounding area and increase mucus production
  • 45. Immune System Disorders Cont.  Autoimmune diseases – when the body attacks its own cells – Ex. Type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis (MS), and rheumatoid arthritis
  • 46. Immune System Disorders Cont.  Immunodeficiency Disease – Ex. AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)  AIDS – Caused by a virus called HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) – HIV is a retrovirus (carries its genetic information on RNA, not DNA) – Attacks helper T-cells
  • 47. AIDS  Modes of Transmission – Sexual intercourse with a person with HIV – Sharing of needles in IV drug use with an HIV infected person – Blood transfusions that contain HIV – Mother to newborn - during birth or breast feeding
  • 48. AIDS Cont.  Detection of Virus – Antibody production by immune system  Tests do not look for the virus but antibodies – Monitor Helper T-cell numbers (detects start of AIDS)  Effects of Virus – Destroys body’s ability to fight of disease  Helper T-cells cannot coordinate B-cells and T-cells to fight disease  Antibody production is greatly reduced  Pathogens go unrecognized – Opportunistic diseases weaken or kill person  Rare types of cancers and fungal infections
  • 49. AIDS Cont.  Treatment / Prevention – No cure or vaccine – Drugs can slow the grow of the virus - slowing onset of AIDS – Avoid exposure to HIV
  • 51. NumberofCases Female Male AIDS in 13- to 19 -Year-Olds, by Sex and Year of Report, through December 2001, United States N= 4,428 34 35 53 77 126136 181 162 152 578 412 392 398 371 298 311 1993 definition change 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year of Report Before 1985 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 340 372 2000 2001 NumberofCases NumberofCases Female Male AIDS in 13- to 19 -Year-Olds, by Sex and Year of Report, through December 2001, United States N= 4,428 34 35 53 77 126136 181 162 152 578 412 392 398 371 298 311 1993 definition change 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year of Report Before 1985 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 340 372 2000 2001 NumberofCases Female Male AIDS in 13- to 19 -Year-Olds, by Sex and Year of Report, through December 2001, United States N= 4,428 34 35 53 77 126136 181 162 152 578 412 392 398 371 298 311 1993 definition change 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year of Report Before 1985 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 340 372 2000 2001 NumberofCases NumberofCases Female Male AIDS in 13- to 19 -Year-Olds, by Sex and Year of Report, through December 2001, United States N= 4,428 34 35 53 77 126136 181 162 152 578 412 392 398 371 298 311 1993 definition change 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year of Report Before 1985 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 340 372 2000 2001 NumberofCases Female Male AIDS in 13- to 19 -Year-Olds, by Sex and Year of Report, through December 2001, United States N= 4,428 34 35 53 77 126136 181 162 152 578 412 392 398 371 298 311 1993 definition change 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year of Report Before 1985 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 340 372 2000 2001 NumberofCases NumberofCases Female Male AIDS in 13- to 19 -Year-Olds, by Sex and Year of Report, through December 2001, United States N= 4,428 34 35 53 77 126136 181 162 152 578 412 392 398 371 298 311 1993 definition change 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year of Report Before 1985 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 340 372 2000 2001 NumberofCases Female Male AIDS in 13- to 19 -Year-Olds, by Sex and Year of Report, through December 2001, United States N= 4,428 34 35 53 77 126136 181 162 152 578 412 392 398 371 298 311 1993 definition change 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year of Report Before 1985 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 340 372 2000 2001 NumberofCases
  • 52. AIDSin Adolescents and Adults, by Sex and Age at Diagnosis, Reported in 2001 , United States 13-19 years N= 372 N= 1,461 20-24 years Male Female 59% 41% N= 40,271 ≥25 years 75% 25% 52% 48% AIDSin Adolescents and Adults, by Sex and Age at Diagnosis, Reported in 2001 , United States 13-19 years N= 372 N= 1,461 20-24 years Male Female 59% 41% N= 40,271 ≥25 years 75% 25% 52% 48%
  • 53. Required Pediatric only HIV Infection* and AIDSin 13- to 19-Year-Olds Reported in 2001 0 HIV AIDS NJ DE MD DC CT RI MA N= 1166 N= 372 1 0 1 3 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 3 5 2 1 0 4 3 2 3 7 12 3 2 6 0 0 5 9 13 0 11 2 4 1 2 7 11 0 1 0 1 12 17 11 5 15 10 33 22 11 40 27 54 27 1 2 0 200 22 40 27 36 8 1 4 3 6 205 9 4 3 26 14 16 10 12 270 119 53 2 11 Guam U.S. Pacific Islands U.S. Virgin Islands Puerto Rico * For areas with confidential HIV infection surveillance. Includes 24 persons who were residents of areas without HIV infection surveillance but who were reported by areas with HIV infection surveillance and 5 persons with an unknown state of residence. ** HIV cases reported by patient name Confidential HIV Reporting** Required Pediatric only HIV Infection* and AIDSin 13- to 19-Year-Olds Reported in 2001 0 HIV AIDS NJ DE MD DC CT RI MA N= 1166 N= 372 1 0 1 3 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 3 5 2 1 0 4 3 2 3 7 12 3 2 6 0 0 5 9 13 0 11 2 4 1 2 7 11 0 1 0 1 12 17 11 5 15 10 33 22 11 40 27 54 27 1 2 0 200 22 40 27 36 8 1 4 3 6 205 9 4 3 26 14 16 10 12 270 119 53 2 11 Guam U.S. Pacific Islands U.S. Virgin Islands Puerto Rico * For areas with confidential HIV infection surveillance. Includes 24 persons who were residents of areas without HIV infection surveillance but who were reported by areas with HIV infection surveillance and 5 persons with an unknown state of residence. ** HIV cases reported by patient name Confidential HIV Reporting**