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A mateur  R adio  E mergency  C ommunications  C ourse Level 1 Version 4 – February 2009
Acknowledgements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Logistics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Overview ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Introduction ,[object Object],[object Object]
First, let’s start out with a scenario ….
Scenario ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Scenario – Where? ,[object Object],[object Object]
Scenario ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lesson 1: Introduction to Emergency Communications
What is a Communication Emergency? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],What are some potential causes of a Communications Emergency locally?
Western Washington Communications Emergency
Arizona Communication Emergencies
Other Communication Emergencies PSAP Failure Terrorism Grid Failure Hospital/EMS Comm Failure
Which of these may result in a communication emergency? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Disaster ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],“ Why don’t we tell people what to do when the nation  is on Orange Alert against a terrorist attack – instead of just telling them to be afraid?” -  Amanda Ripley, “The Unthinkable”
Exercise ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Seattle Risks
Useful Reading http://www.seattle.gov/emergency/
King County Disasters ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Earthquakes
Pacific Northwest Earthquakes Source: earthquake.usgs.gov
Pacific Northwest Earthquakes Source: http://www.pnsn.org
Seattle Earthquakes Source: earthquake.usgs.gov
A Few Earthquake Resources ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pacific Northwest Volcanoes
Major King County River Systems http://www.kingcounty.gov/environment/waterandland/flooding/documents/flood-hazard-management-plan.aspx
King County Flooding
2006 Flooding
Winter Weather ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Emergency Coordination Zones ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
King County Disaster Plan ,[object Object],http://www.metrokc.gov/prepare/programs/regionalplan.aspx
Arizona Earthquakes Source: http://www4.nau.edu/geology/aeic/aeic.html
What Makes a Good Emcomm Volunteer? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Where Do You Fit In? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],However….
Where Do You Fit In? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What You Are  Not ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What You Are  Not ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Leave your ego at the door!
Day-to-Day vs. Emergency Communications ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Day-to-Day vs. Emergency Communications ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Missions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],What are some of the missions you might see?
Communicating – Job #1 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Communicating – Job #1 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Your Operating Skills are just as important  as your Ham Radio Resources
Anatomy of a Communications Emergency ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Anatomy of a Communications Emergency ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Anatomy of a Communications Emergency ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Once Operations Begin…
Anatomy of a Communications Emergency Message Volume Grows Quickly Confusion Relief Operators Replacement Operators Food and Water Sleeping Accommodations Batteries Fuel Radio Failures Antenna Failures
Communication Assignments ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Need for Flexibility ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Not long after the operation has ended…
After-Action Review ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Critiques done properly can greatly improve your organization’s – and your own - effectiveness
 
Lesson 1 Activities ,[object Object],[object Object]
Lesson 1 Questions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lesson 1 Questions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lesson 1 Questions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lesson 1 Questions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lesson 1 Questions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Supplemental Exercise ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Match the information to an appropriate communication method
Lesson 1 References ,[object Object]
Lesson 2 – The Served Agency Relationship
 
Attitude is Everything ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Think of Yourself as an Unpaid Employee
Who Works for Whom? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],But I thought “volunteers” do not have to take orders…
Taking Orders ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],But what if there is a situation where you can’t comply…
Handling Situations Where You Can’t Comply ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Scenario ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
How are Volunteers Viewed? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Middle of Incident is not the time to change “ we don’t need you” attitude
Non-Communicating Roles ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Non-communicating Roles ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Flexibility is becoming increasingly important to continue our contribution to public safety as Amateur Radio Operators
Example Job Descriptions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],What are some other examples?
Served Agency Relationships ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example Relationships ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example Relationships ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Talking to the Press ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Consequences for unauthorized comments could  include being asked to leave – or worse
FCC Rules on Supporting News Gathering ,[object Object],[object Object]
What if the Press is Bugging You? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Scenario ,[object Object],[object Object]
Volunteering Where You are Not Known ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],If you are turned away, accept the situation gracefully
Volunteering Where You are Not Known ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Best time to offer your services to an emcomm group is well before any emergency occurs
Mutual Assistance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mutual Assistance Resources ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Worker’s Compensation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Scenario ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Scope of WAC 118-04 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Registration ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Highlights of WAC 118-04 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
When Are You On-Duty? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Vehicles, Vessels, or Aircraft ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What If I Get Injured? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
WAC 118-04 After Action Reporting ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
WAC 118-04 After Action Reporting ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
Other Legal Protections ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Good Samaritan Law ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lesson 2 Activities ,[object Object],[object Object]
Lesson 2 Questions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lesson 2 Questions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lesson 2 Questions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lesson 2 Questions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lesson 2 Questions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lesson 2 Reference Links ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lesson 3 -  Network Theory and the Design of Emergency Communication Systems
Network Theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Network theory is the process of matching a particular message to the  best  communication pathway
Single versus Multiple Destinations ,[object Object],[object Object]
Simplex Radio System
Remote Base System ,[object Object]
Repeater System ,[object Object]
Simulcast Radio System
Simulcast with Voting Receivers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Simulcast with Voting Receivers
High Precision versus Low Precision ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Precision and Message Handling ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],If you are not sure – ask the originator
Complexity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Timeliness ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Total elapsed time from the time the message originates to the time it is delivered to its final party
Priority ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Characteristics of Communication Channels ,[object Object]
The Telecom Network http://www.artesyncp.com/resources/teledata/
Telephone ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cellular Phone ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cellular RF Issues Multipath Fading                                                            
 
FAX ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Two-Way Voice Radio ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Trunked Radio ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Trunked Radio Systems ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Trunked Radio Systems ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Trunked Radio System Message on Channel 1 same frequency Reply on Channel 1 same frequency Conventional System Message on Talkgroup 1, uses frequency 1  Reply on Talkgroup 1, uses frequency 6 Next message on Talkgroup 1, uses frequency 3 Next reply on Talkgroup 1, uses frequency 8 The frequencies are entirely random within the system and dependent upon which frequencies are available at that exact moment Trunked System If the system uses a repeater, then Tx and Rx are different frequencies but do not change
Talkgroup ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Trunked Radio Types ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Digital Trunked Radio System ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example Trunked System http://www.macom-wireless.com/news/EDACS_VIDA.pdf
Packet Radio ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Store-and-Forward Systems ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Other Modes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Planning and Preparation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Planning and Preparation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Planning and Preparation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Planning and Preparation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Planning and Preparation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Planning and Preparation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Planning and Preparation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Remember, if you plan for problems, they cease to be  problems and become merely a part of the plan.
Planning and Preparation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],A little advance planning and effort can go a long way to  turning a volunteer mobilization into a versatile, effective,  professional-quality communication system
Planning and Preparation
Planning and Preparation
Lesson 3 Activities ,[object Object]
Lesson 3 Questions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lesson 3 Questions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lesson 3 Questions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lesson 3 Questions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lesson 3 Questions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lesson 3 References ,[object Object],[object Object]
Lesson 3 References ,[object Object]
10 Minute Break
Lesson 4 – Emergency Communication Organizations and Systems
Why is organization important to emcomm? ,[object Object],[object Object],Get the picture?
Why is organization important to emcomm? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ARES
Amateur Radio Emergency Service (ARES) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ARRL Sections Western Washington Section (WWA) Eastern Washington Section (EWA) http://www.arrl.org/sections/EWA.html http://www.arrl.org/sections/WWA.html
ARES Organization Structure Assistant Section Emergency Coordinator
Washington ARES Regions http://www.wastateares.org/
WWA ARES Leadership ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
WWA Emergency Coordinators ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ARES MOUs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
RACES
Why RACES? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
RACES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
RACES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
RACES Rules ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
RACES Rules ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Dedicated RACES Operating Frequencies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Washington RACES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],http://www.wastateares.org/
RACES Officials ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Switching Hats ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ARES vs. RACES FAQ ,[object Object],[object Object]
ARES vs. RACES FAQ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ARES vs. RACES FAQ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ARES vs. RACES FAQ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ARES vs. RACES FAQ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
SATERN
Salvation Army Team Emergency Radio Network (SATERN) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],146.820-  (103.5)
Civil Air Patrol
Civil Air Patrol ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CAP Frequencies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
NDMS & DMAT
National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMAT) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
King County Search & Rescue
KCSARA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],145.110- pl 103.5
Requirements from WAC 118.04 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Rapid Response Teams
The "Rapid Response Team" (RRT) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
RRT ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ARESMAT
ARES Mutual Assistance Team (ARESMAT) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ARESMAT Basic Action Elements  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ARESMAT Basic Action Elements  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ARESMAT Basic Action Elements  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ARESMAT Basic Action Elements  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ARESMAT Basic Action Elements  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ARESMAT Basic Action Elements  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
                
Military Affiliate Radio Service (MARS) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MARS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Army MARS Mission ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MARS Links ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
National Traffic System
National Traffic System (NTS) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],More Later ….
Local Radio Clubs Redmond ARES
Local Radio Clubs ,[object Object],[object Object]
National Communications System (NCS) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
SHARES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
SHARES http://www.ncs.gov/n3/shares/shares.htm
FEMA INTEGRATED NETWORK ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
FEMA INTEGRATED NETWORK Jessup, MD Frankfort,KY Emmitsburg, MD Chicago, IL Bothell, WA Kansas City, MO Maynard, MA Thomasville , GA Presidio Denver ,  CO Boston, MA Lanham, MD Philadelphia, PA New York, NY Atlanta, Ga Albany, NY Hyattsville NPSC Region 6 (+NTC) Mt. Weather Headquarters Elkridge, MD Olney, MD FIA Altern- ate
FEMA National Radio System (FNARS) ,[object Object]
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Level 1 Slides Lessons 1 5 V4wb70 Ml

Notas do Editor

  1. 1. Let us first thank you for choosing to expand you knowledge of Amateur Radio Emergency Communications; our professionalism and the effectiveness of our public service efforts will be greatly improved if we all share a common base of knowledge, skills, and procedures.
  2. Wind storms, volcanoes, earthquakes, underground cables dug up, accident, floods Fires in telco buildings, hospital or E911 systems fail, congestion on the network (telephone, cellular, internet) The Pacific Northwest is not subject to hurricanes like the East Coast, but it can sometimes receive violent windstorms that reach hurricane strength. Typically, loss of electrical services during a windstorm results from trees being blown onto power lines rather than from fallen power poles or lines. Photo shows Alki during a 1993 storm. 10/12/1962 'Columbus Day Storm'. It had 85 miles per hour sustained winds (equal to hurricane speed). Higher wind speeds (150 mph) on the coast demonstrated the protection that the Olympic Mountains give the region. Nevertheless, the damage was widespread. 46 people died throughout the region, 53,000 houses were damaged, and the power went out in many areas of Washington. It is not clear how much of this damage was in Seattle. 2/13/1979. The Hood Canal Bridge breaks apart in a violent storm. 11/24/1983. 'Thanksgiving Day Storm.' This storm surprised even the National Weather Service, revealing that long warning periods cannot always be counted upon. Downed trees were a leading cause of outages that left 75,000 without power in King County. The wind also damaged roofs and broke boats loose from their moorings.
  3. Others: Hospital’s telephone system fails – handle the mechanics of communicating so doctors and nurses can concentrate on patients Forest fire or search and rescue – set up personal phone patches for firefighters to their families, or logistical communication (food, etc.) National Weather Service Skywarn
  4. No matter which agency you serve – emcomm volunteers are like unpaid employees. Maintain the attitude that you are an employee of the agency you are serving. You are there to help solve their communication problems. Do whatever you can within reason to accomplish that goal and avoid becoming part of the problem.
  5. You job is not to show off fancy equipment, impress anyone with your knowledge of radio and electronics. It is communication – period!
  6. Why? Fire departments have a long history of competitiveness between volunteer and professional firefighters, so this may carry over to other volunteers. Police agencies are often distrustful of outsiders (maybe for security concerns). Don’t be offended if this attitude is obvious – it can’t be changed overnight. It takes time to prove yourselves. If your offer for assistance is rejected, do not press the issue. The served agency’s authority should never be challenged – they are in charge, and you are not.
  7. Some emcomm groups may still enforce a “communication only” policy, and in some agencies the old model may still apply. Discuss with your EC.
  8. Different people have different ideas and management styles, agencies in one area can have different needs from others, and these can affect the working relationship between the agency and its emcomm volunteers.
  9. Here are some examples of relationships: Department of Homeland Security (DHS) : In June 2003, ARRL and DHS signed a Statement of Affiliation, making ARES an affiliate member of DHS's Citizen's Corp community readiness program. The agreement provides for training and a accreditation of ARES members, raising public awareness of Amateur Radio's role in emergency communications, and coordination of shared activities. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) : In most cases Amateur Radio emcomm operators will have little direct contact with FEMA and other federal agencies, except within the Military Affiliate Radio System (MARS) and at the national level with ARRL. American Red Cross chapters may have their own communication teams that include Amateurs, or they may have a SOU with a local ARES group or radio club. Typical assignments include linking shelters and chapter houses, performing damage assessment, handling supply and personnel logistics, and handling health and welfare messages. The Salvation Army maintains its own internal Amateur Radio communication support group, known as the Salvation Army Team Emergency Radio Network (SATERN). In some areas, ARES or other groups provide local communication support. Assignments are similar to the Red Cross. State and Local Emergency Management: Some state and local emergency management agencies include Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES) teams as part of their own emergency communication plan. Others use "outside" groups such as the ARES. In a growing trend around the country, all ARES members are also RACES registered operators and vice versa. Communication assignments may be similar to the Red Cross and Salvation Army, but may also include government command and control, and inter-agency communications. SKYWARN is a self-contained program sponsored by the National Weather Service, and not all members are Amateur Radio operators. Many use other radio systems or telephone, fax or email to send in weather observations. SKYWARN volunteers collect on the spot weather observations that will allow forecasters to create forecasts that are more accurate, and issue timely warnings.
  10. Katrina Example
  11. In any event, the best time to offer your services to an emcomm group is well before any emergency occurs. This will allow you to obtain the proper training and credentials, and to become known to the group's managers. When the time comes to serve, you will be ready for your job, and a job will be ready for you.
  12. The best pathway is that which can transfer the information with the most efficiency, tying up the communication resources the least amount of time, and getting the information transferred most accurately and dependably. Hams are often invited to participate in emergency services planning, providing communications expertise. By incorporating some fundamental concepts about network theory into the planning of emergency communication systems, we can take advance steps to be sure that efficient and appropriate communication modes are available when the emergency strikes, thus providing a more valuable service to the public.
  13. And some messages addressed to one destination can be useful and informative to "incidental" listeners, like the National Weather Service. A specific instruction to a particular shelter manager is a completely different kind of communication than an announcement to all shelters. Yet, it is common to hear these messages on the same communications channel.
  14. Also, a message might need to be passed at a time when the receiving station is tied up with other business, and by the time the receiving station is free the sending station is then occupied. In these cases, provision can be made for "time shifting:" — the message can be left at a drop point for pickup when the receiving station becomes free. Timeliness also relates to the establishment of a communications link. Some modes, such as telephones, require dialing and ringing to establish a connection. An operator of a base station radio may need to track down a key official at the site to deliver a message. What matters is the total elapsed time from the time the message originates to the time it is delivered to its final party.
  15. Since this mode utilizes the human voice, transferring a large amount of high-precision data (such as spelling a long list of names or numbers) can become tedious and time consuming. But, the one-to-one relationship between sender and receiver makes it ideal for messages containing sensitive or confidential information, such as casualty lists. The exclusive nature of most telephone circuits makes it difficult or impossible to break-in on a conversation to deliver a higher-priority message. The need for break-in usually precludes leaving the channel open continuously between two points, resulting in the need to dial and answer each time a message needs to be sent. The major drawback to telephones during emergency situations is that the sending and receiving stations are not self-contained. The system requires wires and cables that can be damaged or destroyed during severe weather. When the central switching center goes down or becomes overloaded, all communications on this mode come to a halt, regardless of priority or criticality.
  16. It is becoming more and more likely that a fax machine will be found at the school, church, hospital, government center, or other institution involved in emergency or disaster-relief efforts. Most of today's computers (even laptops!) are equipped with modems that can send and receive fax information.
  17. Most units can operate on multiple frequencies, making it a simple matter to increase the number of available communication circuits as the need arises. The most common example of inefficient use of communication resources is a lengthy exchange between two stations on a channel being shared by a large number of users.
  18. Users are assigned a "group id" and field radios are programmed to only pick-up transmissions for that group. A computer, called the "site controller", automatically assigns a frequency for users belonging to the same group to communicate with each other. This is done over a data channel called the "control channel", which carries data that tells field radios what frequency they are on. Trunk radio systems may have one or more control channels and may rotate them every 24-hours.  Since communications on a trunked system never stay on one frequency, monitoring these communications with a conventional scanner is virtually impossible, especially in large metro areas where a trunked system can have dozens and dozens of users. Although, theoretically, in a small town system with just a couple of users like police and fire and little radio traffic, you could get by using a conventional scanner by programming all system frequencies and locking out the data channels. Although you will have to guess at who is who when you hear something. 
  19. In other words, more stations could share fewer frequencies, with each frequency being utilized at a higher rate. Under everyday circumstances, this results in more efficient spectrum use.
  20. The packet mode has another advantage when dealing with information that is in electronic form: there is no need for a conversion step before transmission. This is especially valuable when the information being sent is generated by machine (such as automated weather sensors, GPS receivers, or shelter management computers).
  21. Space limitations prohibit more discussion, but by now you get the idea of how communications channels relate to different types of messages.
  22. It is not too far fetched. Just ask anyone who has been around emcomm for a while -- they have seen it! This course is intended to help solve that problem, but without emcomm organizations, this course would be worthless.
  23. Some of the organizations discussed here do not directly involve Amateur Radio operators, but knowing about them and how they might assist in an emergency may be helpful. Your served agency may utilize or interact with one or more of these systems or organizations.
  24. In this case, each District is guided by a District Emergency Coordinator (DEC), working directly under the SEC. The next subdivision within ARES is the "county" or similar region assigned to an Emergency Coordinator (EC). Most ECs will have one or more Assistant Emergency Coordinators (AEC), who may have responsibility for specific tasks or cities. A large city with complex needs may have its own EC, but most towns and smaller cities will have an AEC.
  25. MARS' most visible mission, providing phone patches to family members for US military personnel overseas, has diminished with the advent of new satellites that provide email and phone service almost anywhere.
  26. You may have heard the required weekly EAS tests performed by radio and TV stations and their distinctive digital "squawk" sound.
  27. Newer "weather alert" radios are available from a variety of manufacturers with the digital Specific Area Message Encoding (SAME) alert mechanism. SAME equipped radios will remain silent until an alert is received for a specific geographic area. The user programs one or more five-digit FIPS codes for the areas they wish to monitor. When the NWS broadcasts the alert with the SAME code matching that programmed into the receiver, the receiver will activate and allow you to hear the audio message concerning the alert. Some receivers also provide a textual display of the alert information. The NWS tests the SAME network at least once weekly, and the radio will indicate that it has heard the test alert within the past week.
  28. ALL STATIONS
  29. In an emergency situation, these shared channel systems can quickly become overloaded. A common practice is to end all non-essential communications or perhaps move them to an Amateur system instead.
  30. Some departments may use familiar ITU Phonetics, some will use military systems, and still others will make them up as they go along. In addition, a few departments still use a "10 code" or something similar, but most are moving away from special codes in favor of plain language. Casual conversations are prohibited by FCC rules and are usually not permitted by the agency. All transmissions must be directly related to the agency's mission. Unfortunately, many departments are not aware of its intended use and treat it as their own private "car to car" channel. Many will not know they have a common channel since they use "channel designators" rather than frequencies. In addition, CTCSS was not supposed to be used on this channel to ensure inter-agency compatibility, but many departments use it anyway. This may become important if different police agencies must intercommunicate with each other in an emergency. If one or more use CTCSS, they will need to disable it by placing their radios in the "monitor" mode, if possible.
  31. The UHF channels are known as "Med 1" to "Med 10." In some cases, the hospital's radio is located on a nearby mountain or tall tower in order to achieve the required coverage, and connected to the emergency department by a radio or telephone link.
  32. Motorola Type II SmartZone Analog Voice