Intbus702 jmah021-assign 2- v3

INTBUS 702 | Research in International ManagementAssignment Two | Multinational Corporations in International Business & ManagementSemester Two | August 18, 2008 <br />Jess Maher3328773The Conceptualisation of Multinational’s within the field of International Business & International Management <br /> Jess Maher (3328773) <br /> Introduction<br />There is a wide ‘consensus that Multinational Corporations (MNCs) have been the primary driver behind the trend toward globalisation’ (Dicken, 2007 as cited in Li, 2007), which is largely influential to the fields of International Business and International Management (IB&IM) research but also to the wider global community as a whole. The approach taken to the way multinationals are understood, conceptualised and researched within IB&IM varies as it is inherent in their nature that there are multiple dimensions and perspectives which can be adopted ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kogut</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>107</RecNum><record><rec-number>107</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=quot;
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>107</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name=quot;
Journal Articlequot;
>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kogut, Bruce</author><author>Zander, Udo</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Knowledge of the firm and the evolutionary theory of the Multinational Corporation</title><secondary-title>Journal of International Business Studies</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of International Business Studies</full-title></periodical><pages>516-529</pages><volume>34</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>INTERNATIONAL business enterprises</keyword><keyword>KNOWLEDGE, Theory of</keyword><keyword>EVOLUTIONARY economics</keyword><keyword>MANUFACTURING processes</keyword><keyword>TECHNOLOGY</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1993</year></dates><isbn>0047-2506</isbn><accession-num>11992329</accession-num><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Root</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>105</RecNum><record><rec-number>105</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=quot;
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>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Root, Franklin R.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Krug, Jeffrey A.</author><author>Daniels, John D.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>The Nature and Scope of Multinational Enterprise</title><secondary-title>Multinational Enterprise Theory</secondary-title></titles><pages>1-22</pages><volume>1</volume><section>1</section><dates><year>1990</year></dates><pub-location>London</pub-location><publisher>Sage Publications</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Kogut & Zander, 1993; Root, 1990). <br />The effect of developing countries continues to influence all areas of IB&IM and the process of emerging economies internationalising their own operations provides a new perspective within the field of multinational research. The varied perspective which is achieved by considering multinationals within a context which differs from the predominate context considered. The models which predominately contribute to the understanding of how multinationals evolve includes internalisation theory and the eclectic paradigm ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Dunning</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>112</RecNum><record><rec-number>112</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=quot;
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>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dunning, John H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Eclectic Paradigm of International Production: a restatement and some possible extensions</title><secondary-title>Journal of International Business Studies</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of International Business Studies</full-title></periodical><pages>1-26</pages><volume>Spring</volume><dates><year>1987</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.palgrave-journals.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/jibs/journal/v19/n1/pdf/8490372a.pdf</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Rugman</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>127</RecNum><record><rec-number>127</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=quot;
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>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rugman, Alan M. </author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Krug, Jeffrey A.</author><author>Daniels, John D.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>New Theories of Multinational Enterprise: An assessment of internalization theory </title><secondary-title>Multinational Enterprise Theory</secondary-title></titles><pages>79-92</pages><volume>2</volume><section>26</section><dates><year>1986</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Dunning, 1987; Rugman, 1986) have been widely criticised ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Verbeke</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>129</RecNum><record><rec-number>129</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=quot;
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>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Verbeke, A</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The evolutionary view of the MNE and the future if internalization theory</title><secondary-title>Journal of International Business Studies</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of International Business Studies</full-title></periodical><volume>34</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Dunning</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>112</RecNum><record><rec-number>112</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=quot;
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>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dunning, John H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Eclectic Paradigm of International Production: a restatement and some possible extensions</title><secondary-title>Journal of International Business Studies</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of International Business Studies</full-title></periodical><pages>1-26</pages><volume>Spring</volume><dates><year>1987</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.palgrave-journals.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/jibs/journal/v19/n1/pdf/8490372a.pdf</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Dunning, 1987; Verbeke, 2003), yet contributions from these ‘extant MNC theories’ have been widely referred to within the IB&IM fields of research PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MaTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDc8L1llYXI+PFJlY051
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Li, 2007; Mathews, 2006). <br />There is evidence to suggest that value can be gained from the implementation of these paradigms with caution from which MNCs are formed PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5EdW5uaW5nPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk4NzwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Dunning, 1987; Li, 2007). In order for research within IB&IM to accurately understand and theorise about the environment, system, and operations of multinational’s within the increasingly tumultuous and dynamic global economy, a variety of perspectives must be taken from a variety of dimensions. Further studies attempted to integrate or adapt the OCI model (Dunning 1987) categorised within the ‘extant MNC theories’ ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Li</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>116</RecNum><record><rec-number>116</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=quot;
ENquot;
db-id=quot;
>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Peter Ping Li</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Toward an integrated theory of multinational evolution: The evidence of Chinese multinational enterprises as latecomers</title><secondary-title>Journal of International Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of International Management</full-title></periodical><pages>296-318</pages><volume>13</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>MNE evolution</keyword><keyword>MNE latecomer</keyword><keyword>Integrated framework</keyword><keyword>Developing country</keyword><keyword>China</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year></dates><label>Printed Version on FileIntbus702 Assign2</label><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VPF-4P7FD3B-1&_user=140507&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2007&_alid=789334636&_rdoc=8&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_cdi=6205&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=43&_acct=C000011498&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=140507&md5=9a5055ebce7b0c5183088f1b66d38ed1</url></related-urls></urls><remote-database-name>Science Direct</remote-database-name><access-date>September 11, 2008</access-date></record></Cite></EndNote>(Li, 2007). Alternative frameworks have also used this model for the basis of concept ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kogut</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>107</RecNum><record><rec-number>107</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=quot;
ENquot;
db-id=quot;
>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kogut, Bruce</author><author>Zander, Udo</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Knowledge of the firm and the evolutionary theory of the Multinational Corporation</title><secondary-title>Journal of International Business Studies</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of International Business Studies</full-title></periodical><pages>516-529</pages><volume>34</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>INTERNATIONAL business enterprises</keyword><keyword>KNOWLEDGE, Theory of</keyword><keyword>EVOLUTIONARY economics</keyword><keyword>MANUFACTURING processes</keyword><keyword>TECHNOLOGY</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1993</year></dates><isbn>0047-2506</isbn><accession-num>11992329</accession-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Kogut & Zander, 1993) and others have used the basic understanding for model development ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mathews</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>143</RecNum><record><rec-number>143</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=quot;
ENquot;
db-id=quot;
>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mathews, John A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Dragon multinationals: New players in 21st century globalization</title><secondary-title>Asia Pacific Journal of Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Asia Pacific Journal of Management</full-title><abbr-1>Asia Pacific Journal of Management</abbr-1></periodical><pages>5-27</pages><volume>23</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2006</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.springerlink.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/marked-items/?markItem=d3p3607335040110%3acheck</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Mathews, 2006) or adopted an integrative approach using the eclectic paradigm ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Li</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>116</RecNum><record><rec-number>116</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=quot;
ENquot;
db-id=quot;
>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Peter Ping Li</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Toward an integrated theory of multinational evolution: The evidence of Chinese multinational enterprises as latecomers</title><secondary-title>Journal of International Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of International Management</full-title></periodical><pages>296-318</pages><volume>13</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>MNE evolution</keyword><keyword>MNE latecomer</keyword><keyword>Integrated framework</keyword><keyword>Developing country</keyword><keyword>China</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year></dates><label>Printed Version on FileIntbus702 Assign2</label><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VPF-4P7FD3B-1&_user=140507&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2007&_alid=789334636&_rdoc=8&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_cdi=6205&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=43&_acct=C000011498&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=140507&md5=9a5055ebce7b0c5183088f1b66d38ed1</url></related-urls></urls><remote-database-name>Science Direct</remote-database-name><access-date>September 11, 2008</access-date></record></Cite></EndNote>(Li, 2007). <br />Variety of Perspectives & Dimensions within the understanding of Multinationals <br />There are varied understandings of what constitutes a multinational corporation, ‘this is hardly surprising in view of the fact that “multinationality” has many dimensions and maybe viewed from different perspectives’ ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Root</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>105</RecNum><Suffix>`, p2</Suffix><record><rec-number>105</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=quot;
ENquot;
db-id=quot;
Book Sectionquot;
>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Root, Franklin R.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Krug, Jeffrey A.</author><author>Daniels, John D.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>The Nature and Scope of Multinational Enterprise</title><secondary-title>Multinational Enterprise Theory</secondary-title></titles><pages>1-22</pages><volume>1</volume><section>1</section><dates><year>1990</year></dates><pub-location>London</pub-location><publisher>Sage Publications</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Root, 1990, p2). The variety of perspective within which they study of MNC’s is divided commonly to include economic, organizational theory, history & politics ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kogut</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>107</RecNum><record><rec-number>107</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=quot;
ENquot;
db-id=quot;
>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kogut, Bruce</author><author>Zander, Udo</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Knowledge of the firm and the evolutionary theory of the Multinational Corporation</title><secondary-title>Journal of International Business Studies</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of International Business Studies</full-title></periodical><pages>516-529</pages><volume>34</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>INTERNATIONAL business enterprises</keyword><keyword>KNOWLEDGE, Theory of</keyword><keyword>EVOLUTIONARY economics</keyword><keyword>MANUFACTURING processes</keyword><keyword>TECHNOLOGY</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1993</year></dates><isbn>0047-2506</isbn><accession-num>11992329</accession-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Kogut & Zander, 1993). This consideration is inherently important when reviewing the range of concepts within this field as the contextual reference taken by the author may limit the applicability or transferability of such a model or paradigm. <br />Economic approaches to understanding of multinationals have been incredibly influential within the fields of IB&IM ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Dörrenbächer</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>100</RecNum><record><rec-number>100</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=quot;
ENquot;
db-id=quot;
>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dörrenbächer, Christoph</author><author>Geppert, Mike</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Micro-politics and conflicts in multinational corporations: Current debates, re-framing, and contributions of this special issue</title><secondary-title>Journal of International Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of International Management</full-title></periodical><pages>251-265</pages><volume>12</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2006</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VPF-4KNMBB3-1/2/1e90861f81fc18bc03cbce345230083e</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Dörrenbächer & Geppert, 2006), tendency to consider the MNC from this perspective has been supported in this review. A large amount of the literature considered in this review maintained a primarily economic view of multinationals in their approach PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5SdWdtYW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTg2PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Casson, 1986; Dunning, 1987; Johanson & Vahlne, 1977; Li, 2007; Mucchielli & Mayer, 2004; Oviatt & McDougall, 1994; Rugman, 1986). <br />Alternatively a political perspective is also commonly utilised within the study of MNC’s, predominately considering the influence of the host government within the MNC system PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Ew7ZycmVuYsOkY2hlcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDY8
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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Ew7ZycmVuYsOkY2hlcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDY8
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Dörrenbächer & Gammelgaard, 2006; Luo, 2004). A dominant area of research within the study of multinationals relates to the modes of entry taken in the internationalisation of their operations, the majority of this research is undertaken from an economic or political perspective PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5LaW08L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTkxPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNO
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Agawal & Ramaswami, 1991; Dörrenbächer & Gammelgaard, 2006; Dunning, 1987; Johanson & Vahlne, 1977; Kim & Hwang, 1991; Luo, 2004; Mucchielli & Mayer, 2004; Wells, 2000). There is however a considerable stream of research which considers the characteristics of national culture and its influence on multinationals entry modes, Kogut & Singh’s (1988) conceptualization of the effect of national culture on entry choice is widely referenced (in July 2008 this article was rated as the second most highly cited article within the Journal of International Business). <br />As structural changes occurred in the global economy ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Casson</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>133</RecNum><record><rec-number>133</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=quot;
ENquot;
db-id=quot;
Bookquot;
>6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Casson, Mark</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Multinationals and world trade : vertical integration and the division of labour in world industries</title></titles><pages>xi, 401 p.</pages><section>1-59</section><keywords><keyword>Vertical integration.</keyword><keyword>International division of labor.</keyword><keyword>International business enterprises.</keyword><keyword>Vertical integration Case studies.</keyword><keyword>International business enterprises Case studies.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1986</year></dates><pub-location>London ; Boston</pub-location><publisher>Allen & Unwin</publisher><isbn>0043381251 (alk. paper)</isbn><call-num>GENERAL LIBRARY 338.88; C34</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Casson, 1986), the approach in understanding MNC’s started to reflect this change, Verbeke (2003) analysis of ‘Kogut & Zanders (1993) view [of MNCs] was clearly informed by behavioural and evolutionary theories of the firm’ (p499). Kogut & Zander (1993) took an evolutionary approach to the study of multinationals, approaching the ‘firm as a social community whose knowledge defines comparative advantage’ (p626). Rugman (1986) refers to the industrial organisational approach taken by Hymer-Kindleberger-Caves*, whereby MNC’s use hierarchical organisational structures as a substitute for inoperable/inefficient market systems, which demonstrates the early recognition of the importance of the taking an organisational perspective within the study of multinationals. <br />There still seems to be a short comings in the literature in terms of the understanding of MNC’s from an organization-theoretical angle ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Dörrenbächer</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>100</RecNum><record><rec-number>100</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=quot;
ENquot;
db-id=quot;
>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dörrenbächer, Christoph</author><author>Geppert, Mike</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Micro-politics and conflicts in multinational corporations: Current debates, re-framing, and contributions of this special issue</title><secondary-title>Journal of International Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of International Management</full-title></periodical><pages>251-265</pages><volume>12</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2006</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VPF-4KNMBB3-1/2/1e90861f81fc18bc03cbce345230083e</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Dörrenbächer & Geppert, 2006), some of the literature considered adopted an economic approach in conjunction with considerations for organisational theoretical perspective ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Holm</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>102</RecNum><record><rec-number>102</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=quot;
ENquot;
db-id=quot;
>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Holm, Ulf</author><author>Sharma, D. Deo</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Subsidiary marketing knowledge and strategic development of the multinational corporation</title><secondary-title>Journal of International Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of International Management</full-title></periodical><pages>47-66</pages><volume>12</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Subsidiary</keyword><keyword>Marketing knowledge</keyword><keyword>Strategic development</keyword><keyword>Performance</keyword><keyword>Multinational corporation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VPF-4JHMJV8-1/2/d3eb29b2adcc91fa5ed9527e78fc49e6</url></related-urls></urls><remote-database-name>ScienceDirect</remote-database-name></record></Cite></EndNote>(Holm & Sharma, 2006), yet the selection of literature from specifically an organisational or social perspective is limited. Becker-Ritterspach (2006) draws theory from the field of sociology, with particular emphasis on Scandinavian Institutionalism and Structuralism theory to produce an alternative perspective on knowledge integration within MNCs. Becker-Ritterspach (2005) accredited the contribution of Kristensen and Zeitlin’s (2005) book, Local Players in Global Games: The Strategic Constitution of a Multinational Corporation, as a ‘much needed contribution to an emerging body of work focusing on the social constitution of the MNC’ (p383). <br />Hymer-Kindleberger-Caves*1, as cited in Rugman, 1986, p79The study of multinationals from the perspective of knowledge management, integration and transfer are hugely influential on the field of IB&IM research, Holm & Sharma (2006) state that ‘the accumulation or transfer of knowledge or competence across nations & subsidiaries are important activities for the survival and success of MNC’s’(p48). The lack of literature with study of MNC’s within the organisational or social perspectives is possibly of most determent to the research and understanding of knowledge transfer as this is the most apparent field to have the closest cross over within the fields of IB&IM, organisational behaviour, anthropology, sociology and psychology among others. <br />Multinationals & Developing Countries <br />Traditionally mainstream multinational research has focused on large established MNC’s from developed nations, however there is recent trend within IB&IM to consider multinationals within the context of developing nations ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Li</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>116</RecNum><record><rec-number>116</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=quot;
ENquot;
db-id=quot;
>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Peter Ping Li</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Toward an integrated theory of multinational evolution: The evidence of Chinese multinational enterprises as latecomers</title><secondary-title>Journal of International Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of International Management</full-title></periodical><pages>296-318</pages><volume>13</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>MNE evolution</keyword><keyword>MNE latecomer</keyword><keyword>Integrated framework</keyword><keyword>Developing country</keyword><keyword>China</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year></dates><label>Printed Version on FileIntbus702 Assign2</label><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VPF-4P7FD3B-1&_user=140507&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2007&_alid=789334636&_rdoc=8&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_cdi=6205&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=43&_acct=C000011498&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=140507&md5=9a5055ebce7b0c5183088f1b66d38ed1</url></related-urls></urls><remote-database-name>Science Direct</remote-database-name><access-date>September 11, 2008</access-date></record></Cite></EndNote>(Li, 2007). The current global economic and social conditions ‘link countries more effectively than we have seen in the past’ ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Oviatt</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>115</RecNum><Suffix>`, p52</Suffix><record><rec-number>115</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=quot;
ENquot;
db-id=quot;
>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Oviatt, Benjamin M. </author><author>McDougall, Patricia Phillips</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Toward a Theory of International new ventures</title><secondary-title>Journal of International Business Studies</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of International Business Studies</full-title></periodical><pages>45-64</pages><volume>25</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>1994</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.palgrave-journals.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/jibs/journal/v25/n1/pdf/8490193a.pdf</url></related-urls></urls><access-date>September 11, 2008</access-date></record></Cite></EndNote>(Oviatt & McDougall, 1994, p52) and the opportunity now presents itself to explore new markets which have previously been unexplored. This creates a different conceptualisation of how multinationals may institutionalise such markets, the consideration of a lack of infrastructure in some developing markets, demonstrates further considerations that firms make which make have not been address by previous theories PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MaTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDc8L1llYXI+PFJlY051
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