2. Critical view 1
What happens if we take away the frame? To pension off the narrators and
straighten out the time scheme might tumble us more quickly into the ‘main’
plot, but it’s doubtful whether we should then make any more sense of what
would be left in the novel – or even be prepared to bother with it at all. It has
often been pointed out how a summary of the plot proves totally inadequate
to the effect of the novel as a whole, the extreme and frequently violent
incidents reducing to a catalogue of melodrama and sensationalism. So we
must conclude that the narrative structure in Wuthering Heights – the
constant movement between contrasting alternatives of extremity and
ordinariness – is in fact not merely perverse, a surface (dis)organisation that
gets in the way of the ‘real’ story. I’d like to suggest that this movement should
itself be seen as a part of the story – or, more accurately, of the way we make
sense of the story.... the intricate ordinariness within which events and
characters are gradually pieced together, the mosaic of dates and
narrators, provides a familiar and manageable context; a means by which we
can begin to grasp the scale, and gain access to the significance, of what is
going on. (Paul Norgate, ‘The Almanac and the Window; Narrative,Time and
Viewpoint in the Structure of Wuthering Heights’)
3. Critical view 2
Time in the novel is interestingly treated. Emily Brontë does view it as
an imprisoning influence... but also as a valid means of structuring
experiences.This shows in her reliance on retrospect; a means of
revealing the past identity of her characters....To Heathcliff of
course, time is the main enemy after Catherine’s death. His view of the
past is central to understanding his final state of mind. In the crucial
chapter 29, he begins by recounting the previous night’s bargain with
the sexton, during which the years of anguished memory are
crystallized:‘She has disturbed me, night and day, through eighteen
years incessantly – remorselessly – till yesternight’.We can now make
the link between Heathcliff’s account of his visit to Catherine’s grave on
the night of her burial, and Isabella’s alternative account of those
events, made over one hundred pages earlier. Her unsympathetic
version is now balanced by Heathcliff’s expression of his suffering,‘to
beguile me with the spectre of hope, through eighteen years!’ – the
hope that her spirit might continue to exist by his side. (Jenny
Oldfield, Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights: A Study Guide)
4. Critical View 3
One of the most fascinating aspects of Wuthering Heights is
Emily Brontë’s handling of time.The present or ‘now’ of the
novel is a little under a year from November 1801 to
September 1802. During this period the story passes through
thirty-one years of chronological time .... Once the
chronological story is under way we are quickly drawn into its
atmosphere; however, lest we should forget that it is a tale
being told to an independent observer who has by chance
become involved in the final stages of the events, we are
constantly referred back to Lockwood... Each of these
interruptions occurs at a point when there is a powerful build-
up of emotions in the reader; they serve momentarily to lower
the tension, thus allowing the next build-up to begin from a
slightly lower point. (Hilda D. Spear, Macmillan Master
Guide:Wuthering Heights)
6. 1. Introducing Lockwood – the ‘Frame
Narrator’
The narrator is a creation of the author used to:
• organise
• select
• present information.
The narrator may also:
• comment and judge
• directly address the reader
• be a participant in the story
• be a detached observer
• be ‘transparent’, appearing to speak with the voice of
the author.
7. 1. Introducing Lockwood – the ‘Frame
Narrator’
Lockwood is not the only narrator in Wuthering Heights. His
narrative contains all the other stories and narratives told in
Wuthering Heights. Critics term this kind of narrator the
‘frame narrator’.
We are going to explore three extracts taken from early in the
novel. All three extracts are narrated by Lockwood.
1. Read the extracts, annotating them with anything you can
tell about the narrator and the way he is telling the story.
2. Based on these extracts, what sort of narrator would you
say Lockwood is? Use the descriptions on the following slide
to help you define the type of narrator Emily Brontë has
created in Lockwood.
8. A narrator can:
Either: Or:
• belong to the same reality • stand outside the story
as the characters (‘diegetic’) (’extradiegetic’)
• tell the story without any
• participate in the story involvement
• be perceptive • misread events
• play a role in the story • be ‘invisible’ (reader is
(reader is aware of the unaware of any narrator or
narrative voice)
narrator as a character)
• be unreliable (deliberately
• be reliable (reader believes deceitful) or inadequate
what the narrator relates) (unperceptive)
9. Extract One
• 1801 – I have just returned from a visit from my landlord –
the solitary neighbour that I shall be troubled with. This is
certainly a beautiful country! In all England, I do not believe
that I could have fixed on a situation so completely
removed from the stir of society. A perfect misanthropist’s
Heaven – and Mr Heathcliff and I are such a suitable pair to
divide the desolation between us. A capital fellow! He little
imagined how my heart warmed towards him when I
beheld his black eyes withdraw so suspiciously under their
brows, as I rode up, and when his fingers sheltered
themselves, with a jealous resolution, still further in his
waistcoat, as I announced my name. (p45/p3/p1)
10. Extract Two
I obeyed; and hemmed, and called the villain Juno, who deigned, at
this second interview, to move the extreme tip of her tail, in token of
owning my acquaintance.
‘A beautiful animal!’ I commenced again. ‘Do you intend parting with
the little ones, madam?’
‘They are not mine,’ said the amiable hostess more repellingly than
Heathcliff himself could have replied.
‘Ah, your favourites are among these!’ I continued, turning to an
obscure cushion full of something like cats.
‘A strange choice of favourites,’ she observed scornfully.
Unluckily, it was a heap of dead rabbits – I hemmed once more, and
drew closer to the hearth, repeating my comment on the wildness of
the evening.
(pp52-53/pp10-11/p7)
11. Extract Three
‘It is strange,’ I began, in the interval of swallowing one cup of tea and
receiving another, ‘it is strange how custom can mould our tastes and ideas;
many could not imagine the existence of happiness in a life of such complete
exile from the world as you spend, Mr Heathcliff; yet, I’ll venture to say, that,
surrounded by your family, and with your amiable lady as the presiding genius
over your home and heart –’
‘My amiable lady!’ he interrupted, with an almost diabolical sneer on his face.
‘Where is she – my amiable lady?’
‘Mrs Heathcliff, your wife, I mean.’
‘Well, yes – Oh! you would intimate that her spirit has taken the post of
ministering angel, and guards the fortunes of Wuthering Heights, even when
her body is gone. Is that it?’
Perceiving myself in a blunder, I attempted to correct it. I might have seen
that there was too great a disparity between the ages of the parties to make
it likely that they were man and wife. (pp54-55/p13/p9-10)
12. 2. Experimenting with Voice
• The next two extracts are taken from early in
Wuthering Heights.
1. In groups of four, read the two extracts and talk
about the following questions:
• Of the two extracts which narrative voice appears
more subjective?
• Which narrative voice seems more reliable and
accurate?
• Which narrative voice do you find most engaging,
or powerful, or affecting?
13. Extract One: Lockwood
1801 – I have just returned from a visit from my landlord
– the solitary neighbour that I shall be troubled with. This
is certainly a beautiful country! In all England, I do not
believe that I could have fixed on a situation so
completely removed from the stir of society. A perfect
misanthropist’s Heaven – and Mr Heathcliff and I are such
a suitable pair to divide the desolation between us. A
capital fellow! He little imagined how my heart warmed
towards him when I beheld his black eyes withdraw so
suspiciously under their brows, as I rode up, and when his
fingers sheltered themselves, with a jealous resolution,
still further in his waistcoat, as I announced my name.
(p45/p3/p1)
14. Extract Two: Nelly
• We crowded round, and, over Miss Cathy’s
head, I had a peep at a dirty, ragged, black-haired
child; big enough both to walk and talk –
indeed, its face looked older than Catherine’s –
yet, when it was set on its feet, it only stared
round, and repeated over and over again some
gibberish that nobody could understand. I was
frightened, and Mrs Earnshaw was ready to fling
it out of doors: she did fly up – asking how he
could fashion to bring that gipsy brat into the
house, when they had their own bairns to
feed, and fend for? (pp77-78/pp36-37/p31)
15. 3. Two Narrative Voices – Nelly and
Lockwood
Individually, annotate the following extracts with any differences you
notice in terms of their style and language.
Discuss your notes in pairs. As a group decide on a difference in each
of the following categories:
• vocabulary (for example, is it high or low frequency? colloquial or
Standard English?)
• sentence structure and length (simple, complex, compound?
• punctuation (varied, or restricted to commas and full stops?)
• tone (for example confident or hesitant?)
• The effect of these linguistic choices on the narrative voice.
How does the language the characters use help to create a particular
impression of them or influence the reader’s view of what they are
like?
16. Nelly
Extract 1
‘Why, sir, she is my late master’s daughter; Catherine Linton was her maiden
name. I nursed her, poor thing! I did wish Mr Heathcliff would remove
here, and then we might have been together again’ ....
‘Very old, sir, and Hareton is the last of them, as our Miss Cathy is of us – I
mean, of the Lintons. Have you been to Wuthering Heights? I beg pardon for
asking; but I should like to hear how she is?’ (p75/pp34-35/p29)
Extract 2
‘Rough as a saw-edge, and hard as whinstone! The less you meddle with him
the better.’
... ‘It’s a cuckoo’s, sir – I know all about it; except where he was born, and who
were his parents, and how he got his money, at first – And Hareton has been
cast out like an unfledged dunnock – The unfortunate lad is the only one, in
all this parish, that does not guess how he has been cheated!’
(p76/p35/pp29-30)
17. Lockwood
Extract 1
Before passing the threshold, I paused to admire a quantity of grotesque carving
lavished over the front, and especially about the principal door, above
which, among a wilderness of crumbling griffins, and shameless little boys, I
detected the date ‘1500’, and the name ‘Hareton Earnshaw’. I would have made a
few comments, and requested a short history of the place, from the surly
owner, but his attitude at the door appeared to demand my speedy entrance, or
complete departure, and I had no desire to aggravate his impatience, previous to
inspecting the penetralium. (p46/p4/p2)
Extract 2
I, who had determined to hold myself independent of all social intercourse, and
thanked my stars that, at length, I had lighted on a spot where it was next to
impracticable, I, weak wretch, after maintaining till dusk a struggle with low
spirits, and solitude, was finally compelled to strike my colours, and, under pretence
of gaining information concerning the necessities of my establishment, I desired Mrs
Dean, when she brought in supper, to sit down while I ate it, hoping sincerely she
would prove a regular gossip, and either rouse me to animation, or lull me to sleep
by her talk. (p74/p33/p28)
18. 4. Dual Narration
1. Read the descriptions of the two main narrators on the handout.
Individually, decide which descriptions most aptly fit Lockwood, which
Nelly, and any that fit both. Find examples from the novel to illustrate
the descriptions you choose for each narrator.
2. With a partner, compare your descriptions of Nelly and Lockwood
and share the textual evidence you found to support your decisions.
3. In pairs, attempt to find opposites in the descriptions. What does
one narrator do that the other does not?
4. Are there any descriptions which you want to challenge, adapt or
qualify in some way? If so, re-write the description so that you are
happy with it and explain to your partner the reason you have changed
it. For example, you may have identified ‘often suppresses information
and deceives’ as best describing Nelly. However, you may want to
challenge the description, arguing that ‘sometimes she suppresses
information but without the intention to deceive.’
19. The function of the dual narration
Now you’ve explored in some detail the main narrative voices in
Wuthering Heights and the different roles taken by Lockwood and
Nelly, try this ‘what if?’ task:
• What if Brontë had used a single first person narrator?
• What if Brontë had used a single third person narrator?
• What if the novel had been ‘written’ entirely by Lockwood
• What if the novel had been ‘recounted’ entirely by Nelly?
What are your thoughts about the reasons Emily Brontë may have
used the dual narration in Wuthering Heights?
• to highlight the partial and subjective nature of the narrative voice?
• to show the reader that they must find the truth of the story?
20. 5. A Critical Take on Nelly’s Voice
On the next slide is an extract from Stephen
Jacobi’s essay ‘The Importance of Not Being
Nelly: a Structuralist Approach’
• As we read it through, try to bullet point the
main points he seems to be making about
Nelly’s narration
21. Stephen Jacobi, ‘The Importance of Not Being Nelly: a
Structuralist Approach’
‘Rough as a saw-edge, and hard as whinstone! The less you meddle with him the better’ (Chapter 4)
This is Nelly’s ‘characteristic’ tone. The vocabulary is simple, and the sentences are short, almost
breathless, often broken by colons and semicolons, and containing both questions and exclamations.
There is also a great sense of the ‘personal’ – the respectful repetition of ‘sir’, the colloquial phrasing
and the willingness to give an opinion.
However, once Nelly begins her narration, the briefly established characteristic tone quickly becomes
diluted, or combined with and punctuated by a series of other modes of narrative voice. A
comparison of the different voices will clarify this.
First, there is Nelly’s mimetic mode (... the characteristic tone already noted) ...
Compare this to another moment of ‘her’ narration (when she is giving information, rather than
reporting her own speech), when Master Linton inadvertently insults Heathcliff:
‘... but Heathcliff ’s violent nature was not prepared to endure the impertinence from one whom he
seemed to hate, even then, as a rival. He seized a tureen of hot apple sauce, the first thing that came
under his gripe, and dashed it full against the speaker’s face and neck; who instantly commenced a
lament that brought Isabella and Catherine hurrying to the place.’ (Chapter 7)
This passage occurs only two pages after the first example, but here the reader has an objectified,
impersonal account of Heathcliff ’s character, not really in the accustomed manner of Nelly at all. The
sentences are evenly balanced, with the punctuation being used to control the rhythm, rather than
breaking it ... .
... Emily Brontë does actually admit a proliferation of ‘languages’ into her text ... .
I have already identified one of these types of language (or modes of discourse) as Nelly’s ‘mimetic
mode’, whilst the other, which is a more objective, evenly balanced voice, is the ‘diegetic’ mode.
22. Lockwood on Nelly’s narration
The two quotations below are in Lockwood’s voice. What
connection can you find between the quotations included
here and the critical extract? Why do you think Emily
Brontë has her frame narrator, Lockwood, comment on
Nelly’s ‘style’?
• ‘You’ve done just right to tell the story leisurely. That is
the method I like; and you must finish in the same
style. I am interested in every character you have
mentioned, more or less.’ (p102/p62/p54)
• I have now heard all my neighbour’s history, at
different sittings, as the housekeeper could spare time
from more important occupations. I’ll continue it in her
own words, only a little condensed. She is, on the
whole, a very fair narrator, and I don’t think I could
improve her style. (p192/p157/p137)