SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 161
Baixar para ler offline
Napoleon
    session iii
The Third Coalition
Napoleon
    session iii
The Third Coalition
An army’s effectiveness
 depends on its size, training,
 experience, and morale, and
morale is worth more than any
of the other factors combined.
         --Napoleon
1806 Campaign
  14 October
     Jena

                1805 Campaign
                  2 December
                   Austerlitz
major topics for this session




!   Boulogne

!   Trafalgar

!   Le Grande Armée

!   Austerlitz

!   Prussia
Boulogne
Boulogne

« Première distribution de la Légion d'honneur au camp de Boulogne, le 16 août 1804 »
                 par Victor-Jean Adam. Lithographie en couleur de C. Motte (1829)
They want us to jump
the ditch, and we will
       jump it!

    NAPOLEON
from Potter & Nimitz, Sea Power, p. 152


    !     1803-with little comprehension of naval warfare, his first plan was to build flat-
          bottomed unseaworthy barges to “jump the ditch”
from Potter & Nimitz, Sea Power, p. 152


    !     1803-with little comprehension of naval warfare, his first plan was to build flat-
          bottomed unseaworthy barges to “jump the ditch”
!   this diagram from the period shows the different types, generally flat-bottomed, of
    the 2,000 invasion barges nested in the basin which was dredged out for them
                                        !    the caption reads :
                                             Disposition of theEquipment
                                             of the Imperial Flotilla

                                             at the port of Boulogne
                                             Thermidor (July-August) year 13 (1805)
from Potter & Nimitz, Sea Power, p. 152



    !     1803-with little comprehension of naval warfare, his first plan was to build flat-
          bottomed unseaworthy barges to “jump the ditch”


    !     they were assembled here at Boulogne at the Channel’s narrowest point


    !     the huge camp where the Army of England assembled did have one worthwhile
          accomplishment. It allowed for extensive training, drill and large scale tactical
          experiments
...le Grande Armée... was shaped and trained in the Boulogne camp of
1804-05….
The army was originally planned as a force of well over 100,000 men to
invade southeast England and it conducted extensive training for
embarkation on to the large flotilla of transports and warships that was
specially collected for the task…. in the event it was never called upon to
perform amphibious operations any more ambitious than river crossings. Its
prolonged training in large-unit drill turned out to be far more significant
than its nautical training -- it perfected the art of maneuver on land rather
than transport by sea….
...the frequent field days and drill exercises implanted order, discipline and
correct methods that would soon prove to be invaluable on the
battlefield…. the army that emerged from Boulogne was no longer a
hesitant collection of conscripts whose formations were likely to dissolve
under pressure. It was a tough and professional army in every meaningful
sense.

                            Paddy Griffith, French Napoleonic Infantry Tactics, pp. 29-31
The School of the Soldier




Preparatory Command = Command of Execution
From the Simple to the Complex

!   individual drill; attention, left face, right face, about face, dress right dress

!   squad drill; forward march, column right, wheel right, to the rear march

!   platoon drill; ditto

!   company drill; ditto

!   battalion drill;

!   regiment drill;

!   brigade drill;

!   division drill;

!   Corps d’Armée drill;
As the invasion plan became clear in 1803, a flurry of British
           caricatures asserted a defiant attitude
As the invasion plan became clear in 1803, a flurry of British
           caricatures asserted a defiant attitude
As the invasion plan became clear in 1803, a flurry of British
           caricatures asserted a defiant attitude
As the invasion plan became clear in 1803, a flurry of British
           caricatures asserted a defiant attitude
As the invasion plan became clear in 1803, a flurry of British
           caricatures asserted a defiant attitude
As the invasion plan became clear in 1803, a flurry of British
           caricatures asserted a defiant attitude
As the invasion plan became clear in 1803, a flurry of British
           caricatures asserted a defiant attitude
The initial defensive strategy
Major coastal fortifications, Sea Fencibles, and the
             smaller Martello towers
The initial defensive strategy
Major coastal fortifications, Sea Fencibles, and the
             smaller Martello towers
The initial defensive strategy
Major coastal fortifications, Sea Fencibles, and the
             smaller Martello towers
The initial defensive strategy
Major coastal fortifications, Sea Fencibles, and the
             smaller Martello towers
PARIS



                                                   NAPOLEON
                                                     90,000
                                                    TROOPS
                                         ANTWERP

            BREMEN

HAMBURG

                               AM                                                         BREST
                                  S                 DOVER
                                   TE
                                      RD
                                        AM

                                                         LONDON



                               KEITH--                      ENGLAND
                                11 SHIPS &
                              140 CRUISERS




THE INVASION FRONT, 1805

!   England’s strategy always placed supremacy in the Channel ahead of the Continental blockade


!   thus Admiral Keith had so many frigates and smaller “cruisers” at his disposal to maintain an
    iron-clad watch over the Army of England at Boulogne
PARIS



                                                   NAPOLEON
                                                     90,000
                                                    TROOPS
                                         ANTWERP

            BREMEN

HAMBURG

                               AM                                                         BREST
                                  S                 DOVER
                                   TE
                                      RD
                                        AM

                                                         LONDON



                               KEITH--                      ENGLAND
                                11 SHIPS &
                              140 CRUISERS




THE INVASION FRONT, 1805

!   England’s strategy always placed supremacy in the Channel ahead of the Continental blockade


!   thus Admiral Keith had so many frigates and smaller “cruisers” at his disposal to maintain an
    iron-clad watch over the Army of England at Boulogne


!   the other blockaders would be able to converge “like iron filings to a magnet”
As Mahan put it, “Those distant, storm-beaten ships upon which the Grand
Army never looked stood between it and the domination of the world.”

                                                    Potter and Nimitz, p. 153
For twenty-three years, almost without interruption, the Royal
  Navy maintained a blockade off the French coast




As Mahan put it, “Those distant, storm-beaten ships upon which the Grand
Army never looked stood between it and the domination of the world.”

                                                        Potter and Nimitz, p. 153
Trafalgar
Trafalgar


The Fall of Nelson, Battle of Trafalgar, 21 October 1805. ca. 1825
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
!   the Peace of Amiens gave Napoleon the opportunity to use the seas once again and
    give his sailors the chance to train and prepare for war


!   he was determined to use this time to recover his overseas colonies such as Saint-
    Domingue (Haiti)


!   “only briefly were the English deceived. They had disarmed; Napoleon had not


!   “his shipyards hummed with activity. He planned to build 25 ships of the line a year


!   “with his new ships he need no longer fear the crushing blockade of the Royal
    Navy” --Potter & Nimitz
As First Consul, Napoleon wanted a navy and--having had one fleet shot
out from under him at the battle of the Nile--insisted on a first-class navy.
Practically the whole thing had to be built up again from scratch; the
Revolution had closed the naval schools in favor of on-the-job training for
young aspirants (candidates) who spent three years aboard ship earning an
ensign’s commission. [America wouldn’t open Annapolis until 1845] Few
new ships had been built; many had been lost to battle, storm, or accident.
The naval arsenals were empty, and naval morale was utterly low. Men
could be found…. There were gifted ship designers…. Money was found,
in part through the work of the free-wheeling professional ancestor of our
modern…”gimme” fundraisers. Many regiments threw a day’s pay on their
drumheads; Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish clergy preached and
solicited…. It all seems very modern.

                                                          Elting, Swords, p. 300
Even among Frenchmen there were great variations. Normans were good
sailors and daring, savage fighters but easily discouraged and irritated.
Bretons were orderly, stoically courageous, and very fond of getting drunk.
Gascons were talkative but intelligent and industrious and made excellent
bosuns. The southerners were hard-working but apt to drop everything to
wave their arms and gabble over nothing; they frightened easily, but a spell-
binding officer sometimes could talk them into putting up a first-rate fight.

                                                           Elting, Swords, p. 301
The Return of Pitt
  !   Napoleon had tested the peace in Europe by breaking its
      provisions. He became President of what he called the Republic
      of Italy. Britain made no protest

  !   emboldened, Napoleon had his agents stir up violence in the
      Swiss Cantons. He sent Ney to invade “to protect French
      interests”

  !   when the Swiss appealed to Britain, Addington’s government
      made impotent protests to Paris which Napoleon ignored

  !   Pitt’s friends in Parliament begged him in vain to return to power

  !   16 May 1803-finally, French plans to evict the British from Malta
      brought Addington’s government to declare war

  !   apart from re-instituting the blockade there was no strategic
      direction of the war

  !   Pitt loyally supported his friend Addington for the first year of
      the war as the threat from Boulogne grew

  !   26 April 1804-St. George’s Day, he reluctantly attacked the
      government’s lack of fighting spirit
The Third Coalition
!   7 May-the King sent for Pitt

!   thus the human embodiment of the offensive spirit was once more
    leading the British

!   on the same day that Pitt undertook his duties, Napoleon had
    himself declared Emperor of the French and executed, on
    trumped up charges, the Duke of Enghien

!   the monarchs of Europe were prepared to listen when Pitt’s
    ambassadors proposed an alliance against the bloody Corsican

!   all summer Pitt worked to gain allies for a Third Coalition

!   November 1804-the Russians, in conjunction with Austria were
    prepared to sign a treaty for an Armed League to be led by Russia
    but paid for by Britain

!   12 December 1804-Napoleon responded by compelling his
    satellite Spain to declare war on Britain

!   with the combined fleets of France and Spain, Bonaparte
    prepared a “Grand Design” for the conquest of England
Napoleon’s Grand Design

       Note
in this map the Brits
are the “good guys,”
hence blue.
Allied = French and
Spanish
Napoleon’s Grand Design
                                  !   in order to clear the Channel for his invasion
                                      barges Napoleon had either to defeat the British
       Note                           there or lure them away
in this map the Brits
are the “good guys,”
hence blue.                       !   Villeneuve was to escape from Toulon, release the
Allied = French and                   Spanish ships at Cartagena, and passing
Spanish                               Gibraltar, take the ships at Cadiz with him to the
                                      West Indies

                                  !   there he would join Missiessy and be joined by
                                      Ganteume

                                  !   then the huge Armada would sail for the Channel

                                  !   if Ganteume did not appear, Villeneuve was to
                                      wait 40 days, then recross the Atlantic, liberate
                                      Ganteume, and cover the invasion

                                  !   the Grand Design failed for many reasons, but its
                                      inherent weakness was not understanding that
                                      Britain would never fail to protect her strategic
                                      home waters
!! here French are “good guys, hence
 blue and Brits are “bad guy” red




NAVAL OPERATIONS
MARCH-OCTOBER 1805
Although Nelson’s arrival was not marked with outward show, his spirit
quickly permeated the fleet. Never had Nelson’s leadership shown itself
more inspired…. Every officer and man who came under his influence soon
realized this Admiral was no autocrat to demand blind obedience. He was
rather a leader who inspired his subordinates to work with a will, with
intelligence, and with freedom to exercise initiative to achieve a common
goal.

                                                      Potter & Nimitz, p. 163
No one could tell where the blow would
fall. So long as Nelson held his course, the
Allied van had to brace to receive the
onslaught of Nelson’s 12 juggernauts. Yet
by simply putting the helm over, Nelson
could deliver his thrust to Villeneuve’s
center, with the van held out of action by
the wind…. Thus was concentration
achieved at Trafalgar, for Nelson’s
squadron acted as a holding force on the
Allied center and van to support
Collingwood’s attack on the rear…. In this
double role for his own squadron lay
Nelson’s brilliance...by his knowledge of
the enemy’s psychology and by his threat
to the van, insured it would be out of
action while he and Collingwood disposed
of the center and rear.

                        Potter & Nimitz, p. 165
England expects that every man will do his duty
N




       westerly wind
shifting west by southwest
   to west by northwest
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
...Hardy hastened below to speak to his dying leader. “I hope that none of
our ships have struck [surrendered], Hardy”…

“No, my Lord, there is no fear of that.”

Then Hardy was summoned to the quarterdeck to repulse a counterattack..
Within 20 minutes the attack had failed and once again he went below to
report to Nelson to report to Nelson that 14 or 15 of the enemy had struck.

“That is well,” whispered Nelson, “but I had bargained for 20.”

“Anchor, Hardy, Anchor!”

“Thank God I have done my duty. God and my Country.”


                                                   Potter & Nimitz, pp. 166-167
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Le Grande Armée
Le Grande Armée

    Le Serment de l'armée fait à l'Empereur après la distribution des Aigles au Champ-de-Mars le 5 décembre* 1804
(The Oath the Army makes to the Emperor after the distribution of the Eagles on the Field of Mars…)
* note the date                                Jacques-Louis David, 1810
The famous Imperial eagle
          ---
The first French Eagle to be captured by the
British was taken by the 87th Foot from the
French 8e Ligne at the Battle of Barrosa on 5
March 1811. The first British soldier to
touch the battle standard was a young
officer, Ensign Edward Keogh, although as
his hand grasped it, he was immediately shot
through the heart and killed. He was
followed by Sergeant Patrick Masterson
who grabbed the eagle from the French
ensign who carried it, reputedly with the cry
"By Jaysus, boys, I have the Cuckoo!".
Corps dʼCavalerie
Corps dʼArmée




                (supply, transport, food, medical, provost, music)

                 (US Army calls these engineers)
Infantry
Les Grognards (the Grumblers/Growlers)
            map symbol




          for the crossed
          belts each soldier
          wears to support
          his cartridge box
          and his sword
Cavalry
un beau sabreur (a fine swordsman)
          map symbol




        for the single belt
        each rider wears to
        support his     his
        sword
Artillery                  T
le brutal (the brutal one)      e
    map symbol               Txt
                             ec
                             xt
                               c
                               c
  for the cannon ball
The Corps d’Armée System

!   traditional armies marched along a single line of communication (road) with
    infantry, then those cavalry not thrown out as a screen, the artillery and the
    baggage train

!   this clogged up the roads of the time and slowed the advance

!   Napoleon combined all these elements at the corps size (12,000-15,000 men),
    small armies, and directed them to advance along separate lines of
    communication a day’s march from one another

!   this confused his enemies as to his direction and speed of advance

!   each corps d’armée might have attached two to four divisions of infantry with
    their organic artillery, it had its own cavalry division and corps artillery, plus
    support units. With this organization a corps was expected to be able to hold
    its ground against, or fight off, an enemy army for a least a day, when
    neighboring corps could come to its aid
The Corps d’Armée System
                            in Motion




The operational flexibility afforded
by the widely placed location of the
French corps would enable
Napoleon to trap the enemy
wherever he chose to mass--in other
words, Napoleon was not
committed to any one course of
action by his initial dispositions, but
could adjust his master plan to any
particular circumstances.

                         Chandler, p. 152
Grand Tactics: Napoleon’s Basic
Battle Plan (the Strategic Battle
     by Phases); schematic

                    Chandler, p. 186
Napoleon’s Favorite
     Strategy
         of
the Central Position
            Chandler, p. 173
Command,
Communications,Control &
     Intelligence
        (C3I)
Les Grands Chapeaux (The Big Hats)
1-Napoleon in the uniform of a Chasseur of the Imperial Guard
2-an Imperial aide-de-camp. They delivered the Emperor’s
orders and messages to the corps and divisional commanders
3-a colonel on the staff
4-a
marshal
 of the
Empire,
c. 1805
5-Roustam, Bonaparte’s personal Mameluke servant and bodyguard
6-personal servants of the Imperial household
7-Marshall Berthier, his Chief of Staff
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Text     Text
            Text
Text     Text Text
            Text
Text      Text
             Text
Text
               Text
               Text
                       Like the grenadier
 Text
 Text                 companies, they were
                        élite; no guard or
Text                   work details, extra
T                       pay. Also like the
                         grenadiers, they
                      earned their place by
                          demonstrated
                              bravery
Text
Text
Text
 Text
 Text
Text          Text
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Te
Te


 x
 xt


    t
Text
Text
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Text
 Text
1
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Ammunition




   Limber




Infantryman attached to the
        foot artillery



 Artilleryman gunners
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
famous for saying “The
                                 army marches on its
                                 stomach,” Napoleon
                                 continued the work of
                                 the Revolutionary Army
                                 on canning food




model of a mobile field kitchen
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Austerlitz
Austerlitz

Bivouac on the Eve of the Battle of Austerlitz, 1st December 1805. 1808.
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
The First Blitzkrieg?

    The Austrian commander-in-chief, Archduke Charles,...advanced into
Italy to confront the French forces there under Marshal Masséna, while
further east a Russian army under General Mikhail Kutusov
( kuh•TOO•zuf) slowly advanced through Poland to assist the Austrians in
Moravia. The Austrians were shocked to discover that Napoleon had made
such remarkably rapid progress, crossing the Rhine on 26 September and
reaching the Danube on 6 October. In the course of this march, the French
had moved in a broad arc around Mack’s army near Ulm, cutting his lines
of communication and isolating him from reinforcement. After a feeble
attempt to break through the cordon at Elchingen on 14 October, Mack
surrendered his entire force of 27,000 men on 17 October, making the
encirclement at Ulm one of history’s greatest strategic manoeuvres.

                             Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Napoleon Bonaparte, pp. 15-16
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
The Capitulation of Ulm by Charles Thevenin. Oil on canvas.
General Mack surrenders to Napoleon
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Austerlitz
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
In the foreground a cuirassier displays captured Russian colors while guarding a Hungarian officer
of grenadiers and a Russian general. Here, at 0800, an aide-de-camp hands the emperor a message
that the Allies Pratzen Heights have sent troops south. Napoleon orders Soult to advance up the
slope, out of the fog, to take this key feature.
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Napoléon at the Battle of Austerlitz,
   by François Gérard (Galerie des Batailles, Versailles)
One has but a short time for war.
   In another five or six years
[1810-1811] even I will be unable to
              continue.


           --Napoleon
The general who cannot
 look dry-eyed upon a battlefield
will lose lives unnecessarily. One
cannot make an omelette without
           breaking eggs.


          --Napoleon
Wikipedia
The Outcome

Austerlitz stands as one of the greatest victories in military history.
Napoleon’s prowess and the effectiveness of the Grande Armée as a
fighting force reached its apogee there, and it constituted the battle of
which the Emperor was most proud. In 20 days he had marched his army
from Boulogne to the Rhine; in two months it had entered the Austrian
capital; and three days later he had destroyed the Third Coalition.
Napoleon had gambled supremely in the campaign of 1805, and generally
gambled correctly. If any single factor contributed to success it was speed,
which enabled him to encircle Mack before the Russians could come to his
aid…. On 26 December Napoleon and Francis concluded a treaty of peace
at Pressburg, where the latter agreed to cede German and Italian territory
to France….

                              Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Napoleon Bonaparte, pp. 26-27
The End of the Holy Roman Empire
                                      800 (?)-1806




!   this medieval, feudal dinosaur had endured such modern upheavals as the
    Thirty Years War, 1618-1648

!   but in the age of modern nation states such a collection of tiny principalities,
    each enjoying “the German liberties” of sovereignty was anachronistic
The End of the Holy Roman Empire
                                      800 (?)-1806




!   this medieval, feudal dinosaur had endured such modern upheavals as the
    Thirty Years War, 1618-1648

!   but in the age of modern nation states such a collection of tiny principalities,
    each enjoying “the German liberties” of sovereignty was anachronistic
The End of the Holy Roman Empire
                                      800 (?)-1806




!   this medieval, feudal dinosaur had endured such modern upheavals as the
    Thirty Years War, 1618-1648

!   but in the age of modern nation states such a collection of tiny principalities,
    each enjoying “the German liberties” of sovereignty was anachronistic

!   1789-the 306 separate principalities varied in size from the 40 million Austrian
    Empire, to the Abbey of Heiligenblut in the Rhineland, which consisted of the
    Abbess, 27 nuns and the peasants who worked their lands, some 58 hectares
    (143 acres)
The End of the Holy Roman Empire
                                      800 (?)-1806




!   this medieval, feudal dinosaur had endured such modern upheavals as the
    Thirty Years War, 1618-1648

!   but in the age of modern nation states such a collection of tiny principalities,
    each enjoying “the German liberties” of sovereignty was anachronistic

!   1789-the 306 separate principalities varied in size from the 40 million Austrian
    Empire, to the Abbey of Heiligenblut in the Rhineland, which consisted of the
    Abbess, 27 nuns and the peasants who worked their lands, some 58 hectares
    (143 acres)
The End of the Holy Roman Empire
                                      800 (?)-1806




!   this medieval, feudal dinosaur had endured such modern upheavals as the
    Thirty Years War, 1618-1648

!   but in the age of modern nation states such a collection of tiny principalities,
    each enjoying “the German liberties” of sovereignty was anachronistic

!   1789-the 306 separate principalities varied in size from the 40 million Austrian
    Empire, to the Abbey of Heiligenblut in the Rhineland, which consisted of the
    Abbess, 27 nuns and the peasants who worked their lands, some 58 hectares
    (143 acres)

!   Napoleon considered it his mission to bring the principles of the Revolution to
    this part of Europe
The Vendôme Column

!   Napoleon erected the original column, modeled after
    Trajan’s column, to celebrate the victory at Austerlitz

!   its veneer of 425 spiraling bas-relief bronze plates were
    made out of cannon taken from the combined armies of
    Europe, according to his propaganda

!   the usual figure given of guns is hugely exaggerated:
    133 cannon were actually captured at Austerlitz

!   A statue of Napoleon, bare-headed, crowned with
    laurels and holding a sword in his right hand and a
    globe surmounted with a statue of Victory in his left
    hand, was placed atop the column

!   after the Bourbon restoration the statue was pulled
    down
The Vendôme Column
the triggering event


!   1805-Prussia mobilized but had remained neutral during
    the formation of the Third Coalition and the events
    leading to Austerlitz

!   1806-but when Bonaparte created the Confederation of
    the Rhine on Prussia’s border, a shift occurred

!   the Treaty of Lunéville (1801)had incorporated the
    German left (west) bank of the Rhine directly into France

!   now, in effect the Holy Roman Empire was ended and a
    huge German satellite was added to the all-conquering
    French Empire

!   the Rheinbund was right against Prussia’s border
Prussia




              Austria


Rheinbund
immediate aftermath
!   12 July 1806-on the signing of the Rheinbundachte, 16 German states formally
    left the Holy Roman Empire and joined a confederation (états confédérés du Rhin)

!   Napoleon was its “protector”

!   6 August-following an ultimatum by Napoleon, Francis II gave up his title of
    Emperor and declared the Holy Roman Empire dissolved

!   In the years that followed, 23 more German states joined the Confederation;
    Francis's Habsburg dynasty would rule the remainder of the empire as Austria

!   According to the treaty, the confederation was to be run by common
    constitutional bodies, but the individual states (in particular the larger ones)
    wanted unlimited sovereignty

!   the Confederation was above all a military alliance: the members had to supply
    France with large numbers of military personnel. In return for their
    cooperation some state rulers were given higher statuses. Divide and conquer
the end of “Old Prussia
!   1792-94--as Crown Prince he had fought in the
    Revolutionary wars against France

!   1797-as monarch he had all the Hohenzollern
    determination to retain personal power without
    the Hohenzollern genius for using it




                                                        Frederick William III
                                                     (German: Friedrich Wilhelm III.)
                                                          (1770 -1797-1840)
the end of “Old Prussia
!   1792-94--as Crown Prince he had fought in the
    Revolutionary wars against France

!   1797-as monarch he had all the Hohenzollern
    determination to retain personal power without
    the Hohenzollern genius for using it

!   October 1806-the 36-year-old monarch led his
    country into war with Saxony as his ally

!   his military command structure was unequal to
    the task:

    !   positions were held by multiple officers, e.g., Chief of        Frederick William III
        Staff by three men, resulting in over a month’s delay       (German: Friedrich Wilhelm III.)
        before the final order of battle was prepared                     (1770 -1797-1840)


    !   five main plans of battle emerged for discussion, shifting
        the initiative to the French
Officers of the élite Prussian Gardes du Corps, wishing to provoke war, ostentatiously
sharpen their swords on the steps of the French embassy in Berlin in the autumn of 1805.
Wars generally begin because of irrational acts by one or both of the
opponents. King Frederick William’s decision to make war on France in
autumn of 1806 was so irrational as to defy belief. It might have seemed
reasonable prior to the battle of Austerlitz...though considering the obsolete
state of the Prussian army that would have been far from certain. Now, nine
months later, it was a foreordained disaster.

                               Robert B. Asprey, The Reign of Napoleon Bonaparte, p. 25
Prologue
               I have shown the Emperor, Monsieur le général Pino, the report
            which you have sent me. It is essential that you write your reports more
            legibly, and especially show the date plainly; that which you have
            written is not clear; one cannot tell whether it is the 11th, the 21st, or
            the 22d. Besides the date, it is always necessary to show the hour at
            which you write, and the place.
                                            Berthier in Mémoirs de Prince Eugene

   On October 12, 1806, French cavalry swept abruptly through the little
Saxon city of Zeitz, some 25 miles south of Leipzig. Chasseurs a cheval in
dark green, jaunty hussars in brown-and-blue, white-and-blue, and green-
red-and-yellow, they were the leading squadrons of the cavalry screen that
shrouded the swift northward advance of the Emperor Napoleon’s Grande
Armée.
     Close behind the leading brigade, his white uniform a dazzle of gold
braid, lace, and galloons, rode Marshal Joachim Murat, the army’s cavalry
commander. Probably he halted impatiently in the Zeitz market square
while his staff interrogated the local postmaster, minister, and mayor as to
the whereabouts of the Prussian and Saxon armies for which his troopers
Prologue
               I have shown the Emperor, Monsieur le général Pino, the report
            which you have sent me. It is essential that you write your reports more
            legibly, and especially show the date plainly; that which you have
            written is not clear; one cannot tell whether it is the 11th, the 21st, or
            the 22d. Besides the date, it is always necessary to show the hour at
            which you write, and the place.
                                            Berthier in Mémoirs de Prince Eugene

   On October 12, 1806, French cavalry swept abruptly through the little
Saxon city of Zeitz, some 25 miles south of Leipzig. Chasseurs a cheval in
dark green, jaunty hussars in brown-and-blue, white-and-blue, and green-
red-and-yellow, they were the leading squadrons of the cavalry screen that
shrouded the swift northward advance of the Emperor Napoleon’s Grande
Armée.
     Close behind the leading brigade, his white uniform a dazzle of gold
braid, lace, and galloons, rode Marshal Joachim Murat, the army’s cavalry
commander. Probably he halted impatiently in the Zeitz market square
while his staff interrogated the local postmaster, minister, and mayor as to
the whereabouts of the Prussian and Saxon armies for which his troopers
were probing. Somewhere in Zeitz, at any rate, an inconspicuous civilian
sifted through the gawking townspeople, identified himself as a French
spy, and reported that the principal enemy army lay to the west and south
around Erfurt.
    A staff officer fished pen, paper, and a portable inkwell from his saddle-
bags, settled himself at a chair and table outside a nearby beer hall, and
quickly converted the spy’s report into several copies of a message to the
Emperor. Murat handed one copy to an aide-de-camp, who buckled it
carefully into the sabretache dangling from his sword belt, then put his
eager horse into a gallop southward. A second copy went to a scar-faced
brigadier of Murat’s guides. A horse was found for the spy, and spy and
brigadier pounded off together in the aide’s wake. Ten minutes later
another aide spurred away with orders to follow a different road from that
taken by his comrades. A final copy went into the staff records folder, with
the name of each messenger and the date and hour of his departure.
      The roads southward were filled with the infantry of Marshal Jean
Bernadotte’s I Corps, pressing forward through a low haze of dust and the
hanging smell of sweat, onions, and rank French tobacco. Along the
principal road waited a string of small cavalry detachments serving as
estafettes; mounts at those relay stations--the distinctive fawn-amaranth-and
were probing. Somewhere in Zeitz, at any rate, an inconspicuous civilian
sifted through the gawking townspeople, identified himself as a French
spy, and reported that the principal enemy army lay to the west and south
around Erfurt.
    A staff officer fished pen, paper, and a portable inkwell from his saddle-
bags, settled himself at a chair and table outside a nearby beer hall, and
quickly converted the spy’s report into several copies of a message to the
Emperor. Murat handed one copy to an aide-de-camp, who buckled it
carefully into the sabretache dangling from his sword belt, then put his
                                             Zeitz
eager horse into a gallop southward. A second copy went to a scar-faced
brigadier of Murat’s guides. A horse was found for the spy, and spy and
brigadier pounded off together in the aide’s wake. Ten minutes later
another aide spurred away with orders to follow a different road from that
taken by his comrades. A final copy went into the staff records folder, with
                                      Erfurt
the name of each messenger and the date and hour of his departure.
      The roads southward were filled with the infantry of Marshal Jean
Bernadotte’s I Corps, pressing forward through a low haze of dust and the
hanging smell of sweat, onions, and rank French tobacco. Along the
principal road waited a string of small cavalry detachments serving as
estafettes; mounts at those relay stations--the distinctive fawn-amaranth-and
were probing. Somewhere in Zeitz, at any rate, an inconspicuous civilian
sifted through the gawking townspeople, identified himself as a French
spy, and reported that the principal enemy army lay to the west and south
around Erfurt.
    A staff officer fished pen, paper, and a portable inkwell from his saddle-
bags, settled himself at a chair and table outside a nearby beer hall, and
quickly converted the spy’s report into several copies of a message to the
Emperor. Murat handed one copy to an aide-de-camp, who buckled it
carefully into the sabretache dangling from his sword belt, then put his
eager horse into a gallop southward. A second copy went to a scar-faced
brigadier of Murat’s guides. A horse was found for the spy, and spy and
brigadier pounded off together in the aide’s wake. Ten minutes later
another aide spurred away with orders to follow a different road from that
taken by his comrades. A final copy went into the staff records folder, with
the name of each messenger and the date and hour of his departure.
      The roads southward were filled with the infantry of Marshal Jean
Bernadotte’s I Corps, pressing forward through a low haze of dust and the
hanging smell of sweat, onions, and rank French tobacco. Along the
principal road waited a string of small cavalry detachments serving as
estafettes; mounts at those relay stations--the distinctive fawn-amaranth-and
white uniforms of Murat’s aides and guides were authority enough for such
an exchange.
    On into the deepening night they galloped, to be halted at last outside
the city of Gera by a challenge from the vedettes of the 1st Hussar
Regiment, temporarily serving as Napoleon’s escort, their faded sky-blue
uniforms almost invisible in the gloom. Directed to a nearby chateau, they
were passed in by sentinels from the grenadiers of the Imperial Guard, tall,
fierce-eyed veterans in lofty bearskin caps. And so they came to a quiet
room where beside a crackling fire their Emperor worked over his orders
for the next day. Beside him was a stocky older officer in equally simple
uniform, Marshal Louis-Alexandre Berthier, Napoleon’s chief of staff.
Around them the quiet officers of the advance echelon of the Imperial
Headquarters came and went.
    Even while Napoleon minutely interrogated the spy and the aides-de-
camp, their messages went into the routine staff processing. In the next
room, where the Emperor’s situation map lay spread across a banquet
table, lighted by candles at each corner, Chef d’Escadron Louis Bacler d’
white uniforms of Murat’s aides and guides were authority enough for such
an exchange.
    On into the deepening night they galloped, to be halted at last outside
the city of Gera by a challenge from the vedettes of the 1st Hussar
Regiment, temporarily serving as Napoleon’s escort, their faded sky-blue
uniforms almost invisible in the gloom. Directed to a nearby chateau, they
were passed in by sentinels from the grenadiers of the Imperial Guard, tall,
fierce-eyed veterans in lofty bearskin caps. And so they came to a quiet
room where beside a crackling fire their Emperor worked over his orders
for the next day. Beside him was a stocky older officer in equally simple
uniform, Marshal Louis-Alexandre Berthier, Napoleon’s chief of staff.
Around them the quiet officers of the advance echelon of the Imperial
Headquarters came and went.                         Gera
    Even while Napoleon minutely interrogated the spy and the aides-de-
camp, their messages went into the routine staff processing. In the next
room, where the Emperor’s situation map lay spread across a banquet
table, lighted by candles at each corner, Chef d’Escadron Louis Bacler d’
Albe of the Topographical Engineers shifted pins with heads of various
colors to indicate the last reported positions of the enemy and Murat’s
cavalry screen. Each messenger was given a receipt showing the time and
place he had made delivery. Other messengers came striding in, to report
with a clash of spurs and scabbard: a rider from Marshal Pierre Augereau
VII Corps, 20 miles to the southwest; another from Marshal Louis
Davout’s III Corps, 20 miles to the northwest. All had the same word--the
enemy was massing to wedtward around Erfurt and Weimar.
   Finally, his questioning finished, the Emperor turned to Berthier and be-
gan a rush of rapid, harsh-accented orders, seemingly too swift for pen to
follow. unperturbed, Berthier made quick entries in a green-covered note-
book. The dictation over, he turned to his waiting staff. Breaking down
Napoleon’s general operations order, Berthier drafted specific orders for
each of the major units involved. The finished versions were presented to
the Emperor for any necessary corrections and additions and his approval.
That secured, additional copies were written out, aides and staff officers
summoned to deliver them. Meanwhile, Berthier went ahead with supple-
mentary orders to ensure that the supply trains and supporting units
further to the rear were properly redirected to follow the Grande Armée’s
westward wheel.
     One such order dealing with resupply of shoes and overcoats, went
through the rear echelon of Imperial Headquarters, two days of ordinary
marching (approximately 60 miles) farther south, and then on south and
west to the Grande Armée’s administrative headquarters, where Intendent
General Pierre Daru wrestled with a chaotic logistical situation. Daru
started what stocks he had been able to collect forward in requisitioned
wagons and dispatched another urgent appeal to the Ministry of the
Administration of War. Reaching the fortress city of Strasbourg, his
courier handed his message to the local director of the Telegraph Service,
who sent it off along the line of semaphore signal towers to Paris.
    At the Ministry, somehow, things always went more slowly than they
should, but eventually a bored commissaire des guerres took notice of the
message and summoned an equally bored clerk.

                                           Elting, Swords Around A Throne, pp. 1-3
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
(26,000)




                                                                                       Davout
                                                                                       (26,000)      Bernadotte       Murat
                           Brunswick                                                                     (20,000)
                                                                                                                      (6,000)
                             (63,000)    AUERSTADT




            WEIMAR
                                                                              converging on Jena
                                                                                              (84,000)
                                                    Hohenlohe
                                                      (35,000)
                                                                                          Soult
                                                                                          (20,000)



“There are moments in war when no                    Lannes
                                                      (20,500)

consideration should override the
                                                                 Napoleon
advantage of anticipating the enemy          JENA
and striking first   -- NAPOLEON                                    Ney
                                        Augereau                  (19,500)
                                         (16,500)                            Murat
                                                                             (7,300)
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Davout’s corps wrote one of the most brilliant chapters in military history,
Bernadotte’s one of the most dismal. Attacked by an enemy nearly three
times his strength, in just 4 hours Davout put that enemy to flight. Success
cost dearly: 40 per cent casualties in Gudin’s division, a total corps loss of
7,000 men. Bernadotte’s corps suffered no casualties. Although his orders
were, should he find himself at Dornburg, to march to the sound of cannon,
he marched to support neither nor Napoleon…. Napoleon praised the one
and damned the other, but in so doing added yet another footnote. Never
ever would he refer to the battle as other than that of Jena.

                                                             Asprey, Reign, p. 33
Morandʼs Flexible Maneuvers
                                about 9,000 men in 9 battalions & 12 guns




 1-the 1er Battalion of
 the 61é Régiment de
 Ligne from column of
 march into column of
 attack.
 skirmish line forward
 2-from column into
 line




when the Prussian infantry
falls back, it is the turn of
Blücherʼs cavalry (6) to
attack and the battalion to
form a square (7). After the
square drives off the
cavalry, Morandʼs
battalions once more form
columns of attack (8) and
help drive the enemy off
the field.
Morandʼs Flexible Maneuvers
                                about 9,000 men in 9 battalions & 12 guns




when the Prussian infantry
falls back, it is the turn of
Blücherʼs cavalry (6) to
attack and the battalion to
form a square (7). After the
square drives off the
cavalry, Morandʼs
battalions once more form
columns of attack (8) and
help drive the enemy off
the field.
Morandʼs Flexible Maneuvers
about 9,000 men in 9 battalions & 12 guns
Morandʼs Flexible Maneuvers
about 9,000 men in 9 battalions & 12 guns




                 1 Theory
   drill book diagram for wheeling a three
    rank platoon from facing the front to
             facing the right flank
Morandʼs Flexible Maneuvers
about 9,000 men in 9 battalions & 12 guns




                                             2 Reality




                 1 Theory
   drill book diagram for wheeling a three
    rank platoon from facing the front to
             facing the right flank
Morandʼs Flexible Maneuvers
 about 9,000 men in 9 battalions & 12 guns




3 From column
to Square




                                              2 Reality




                  1 Theory
    drill book diagram for wheeling a three
     rank platoon from facing the front to
              facing the right flank
Napoleon reviewing the Imperial Guard, by Horace Vernet.
Murat leading the charge
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition
Seldom in history has an army been reduced to impotence more swiftly or
decisively. The great traditions of Frederick the Great and his justly famed
techniques proved fatal to his successors. Complacency led to the rejection
of all schemes of modernization, and overconfidence resulted in a complete
misappreciation of what was needed to face Napoleon…. Opposed to them
had been the will of a single man, with complete control over his forces and
a clear notion of how to effect the overthrow of his adversaries.

                                                              Chandler, p. 503
Prussia’s humiliation led to agonizing reappraisals. It demonstrated the
need for liberal reforms in what was then still a very much feudal Prussian
state and army. Important Prussian reformers like Scharnhorst, Gneisenau
and Clausewitz served at the battle. Their reforms, together with civilian
reforms instituted over the following years, began Prussia's transformation
into a modern state, which took the forefront in expelling France from
Germany and eventually assumed a leading role on the continent.

                                                                    wikipedia
The “World Spirit” on Horseback

!   in the small university town of Jena a
    36-year-old “extraordinary professor”
    of philosophy was finishing a treatise

!   13 October 1806-the day before the
    battle, he recorded his impressions after
    seeing Napoleon:




                                                GFW Hegel in 1831
The “World Spirit” on Horseback

!   in the small university town of Jena a
    36-year-old “extraordinary professor”
    of philosophy was finishing a treatise

!   13 October 1806-the day before the
    battle, he recorded his impressions after
    seeing Napoleon:

!   I saw the Emperor – this Weltgeist (world-
    soul )– riding out of the city on reconnaissance.
    It is indeed a wonderful sensation to see such an
    individual, who, concentrated here at a single
    point, astride a horse, reaches out over the world   GFW Hegel in 1831
    and masters it . . . this extraordinary man,
    whom it is impossible not to admire
In 1807, Napoléon ordered the construction of a bridge overlooking
the Military School, and named the bridge after his victory in 1806 at
the Battle of Jena.

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Sea Power 3.2 session 2 aspirant navies
Sea Power 3.2 session 2 aspirant naviesSea Power 3.2 session 2 aspirant navies
Sea Power 3.2 session 2 aspirant naviesJim Powers
 
US Navy in WW II; session iv; the struggle for the Med
US Navy in WW II; session iv; the struggle for the MedUS Navy in WW II; session iv; the struggle for the Med
US Navy in WW II; session iv; the struggle for the MedJim Powers
 
London gazette 1948 kos & leros
London gazette 1948   kos & lerosLondon gazette 1948   kos & leros
London gazette 1948 kos & leroshmstetcott
 
The Great Siege of Malta
The Great Siege of MaltaThe Great Siege of Malta
The Great Siege of MaltaPeter Hammond
 
World War II - Naval Aspects
World War II - Naval AspectsWorld War II - Naval Aspects
World War II - Naval AspectsMujeeb Abbasi
 
Admiral Nelson and the Battle of Trafalgar
Admiral Nelson and the Battle of TrafalgarAdmiral Nelson and the Battle of Trafalgar
Admiral Nelson and the Battle of TrafalgarPeter Hammond
 
The Battle of Trafalgar
The Battle of TrafalgarThe Battle of Trafalgar
The Battle of TrafalgarPeter Hammond
 
HMS Argus-Paige Goheen
HMS Argus-Paige GoheenHMS Argus-Paige Goheen
HMS Argus-Paige Goheenpgoheen97
 
Trafalgar
TrafalgarTrafalgar
TrafalgarSalau
 
Famous Sea Fights, Free eBook
Famous Sea Fights, Free eBookFamous Sea Fights, Free eBook
Famous Sea Fights, Free eBookChuck Thompson
 

Mais procurados (15)

1916 Timeline
1916 Timeline1916 Timeline
1916 Timeline
 
Sea Power 3.2 session 2 aspirant navies
Sea Power 3.2 session 2 aspirant naviesSea Power 3.2 session 2 aspirant navies
Sea Power 3.2 session 2 aspirant navies
 
US Navy in WW II; session iv; the struggle for the Med
US Navy in WW II; session iv; the struggle for the MedUS Navy in WW II; session iv; the struggle for the Med
US Navy in WW II; session iv; the struggle for the Med
 
London gazette 1948 kos & leros
London gazette 1948   kos & lerosLondon gazette 1948   kos & leros
London gazette 1948 kos & leros
 
Squadron D-Day Quiz
Squadron D-Day QuizSquadron D-Day Quiz
Squadron D-Day Quiz
 
The Great Siege of Malta
The Great Siege of MaltaThe Great Siege of Malta
The Great Siege of Malta
 
World War II - Naval Aspects
World War II - Naval AspectsWorld War II - Naval Aspects
World War II - Naval Aspects
 
Admiral Nelson and the Battle of Trafalgar
Admiral Nelson and the Battle of TrafalgarAdmiral Nelson and the Battle of Trafalgar
Admiral Nelson and the Battle of Trafalgar
 
The Battle of Trafalgar
The Battle of TrafalgarThe Battle of Trafalgar
The Battle of Trafalgar
 
Tanks
TanksTanks
Tanks
 
HMS Argus-Paige Goheen
HMS Argus-Paige GoheenHMS Argus-Paige Goheen
HMS Argus-Paige Goheen
 
Trafalgar
TrafalgarTrafalgar
Trafalgar
 
Battle Ships
Battle ShipsBattle Ships
Battle Ships
 
Famous Sea Fights, Free eBook
Famous Sea Fights, Free eBookFamous Sea Fights, Free eBook
Famous Sea Fights, Free eBook
 
HMHS Lanfranc
HMHS LanfrancHMHS Lanfranc
HMHS Lanfranc
 

Semelhante a Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition

H first 15 slides
H first 15 slidesH first 15 slides
H first 15 slides100355
 
H First 15 Slides
H First 15 SlidesH First 15 Slides
H First 15 Slides100355
 
Sea power 2 session 9-trafalgar
Sea power 2 session 9-trafalgarSea power 2 session 9-trafalgar
Sea power 2 session 9-trafalgarJim Powers
 
SUNKEN SHIPS DOCUMENTORY
SUNKEN SHIPS DOCUMENTORYSUNKEN SHIPS DOCUMENTORY
SUNKEN SHIPS DOCUMENTORYSVV
 
Battle Of Trafalgar Research Paper
Battle Of Trafalgar Research PaperBattle Of Trafalgar Research Paper
Battle Of Trafalgar Research PaperRobynn Dixon
 
Sea power 2, session 5, founding a maritime power
Sea power 2, session 5,  founding a maritime powerSea power 2, session 5,  founding a maritime power
Sea power 2, session 5, founding a maritime powerJim Powers
 
US Navy in WW II; session v, Battle for the Atlantic
US Navy in WW II; session v,  Battle for the AtlanticUS Navy in WW II; session v,  Battle for the Atlantic
US Navy in WW II; session v, Battle for the AtlanticJim Powers
 
Hms Belfast London
Hms Belfast LondonHms Belfast London
Hms Belfast Londonhaktrip
 
We Shall Fight on the Beaches June 4, 1940House of C.docx
We Shall Fight on the Beaches June 4, 1940House of C.docxWe Shall Fight on the Beaches June 4, 1940House of C.docx
We Shall Fight on the Beaches June 4, 1940House of C.docxcelenarouzie
 
Submarine Presentation Pwrpt
Submarine Presentation PwrptSubmarine Presentation Pwrpt
Submarine Presentation Pwrptjbahls68
 
Briefly describe how the development of steam powered ships transfor.pdf
Briefly describe how the development of steam powered ships transfor.pdfBriefly describe how the development of steam powered ships transfor.pdf
Briefly describe how the development of steam powered ships transfor.pdfprajeetjain
 
Sp 3 session 3 transition; 1815-1860
Sp 3 session 3 transition; 1815-1860Sp 3 session 3 transition; 1815-1860
Sp 3 session 3 transition; 1815-1860Jim Powers
 
Battle of the Atlantic: Canada
Battle of the Atlantic: CanadaBattle of the Atlantic: Canada
Battle of the Atlantic: Canadajeffmarshall
 
Sea power 3.2 session 1 pax britannica
Sea power 3.2 session 1  pax britannicaSea power 3.2 session 1  pax britannica
Sea power 3.2 session 1 pax britannicaJim Powers
 
The Battle Of Valenciennes
The Battle Of ValenciennesThe Battle Of Valenciennes
The Battle Of ValenciennesMonique Jones
 

Semelhante a Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition (20)

The War at Sea
The War at SeaThe War at Sea
The War at Sea
 
The D-Day Assault Essays
The D-Day Assault EssaysThe D-Day Assault Essays
The D-Day Assault Essays
 
H first 15 slides
H first 15 slidesH first 15 slides
H first 15 slides
 
H First 15 Slides
H First 15 SlidesH First 15 Slides
H First 15 Slides
 
Sea power 2 session 9-trafalgar
Sea power 2 session 9-trafalgarSea power 2 session 9-trafalgar
Sea power 2 session 9-trafalgar
 
SUNKEN SHIPS DOCUMENTORY
SUNKEN SHIPS DOCUMENTORYSUNKEN SHIPS DOCUMENTORY
SUNKEN SHIPS DOCUMENTORY
 
Battle Of Trafalgar Research Paper
Battle Of Trafalgar Research PaperBattle Of Trafalgar Research Paper
Battle Of Trafalgar Research Paper
 
Sea power 2, session 5, founding a maritime power
Sea power 2, session 5,  founding a maritime powerSea power 2, session 5,  founding a maritime power
Sea power 2, session 5, founding a maritime power
 
US Navy in WW II; session v, Battle for the Atlantic
US Navy in WW II; session v,  Battle for the AtlanticUS Navy in WW II; session v,  Battle for the Atlantic
US Navy in WW II; session v, Battle for the Atlantic
 
Hms Belfast London
Hms Belfast LondonHms Belfast London
Hms Belfast London
 
We Shall Fight on the Beaches June 4, 1940House of C.docx
We Shall Fight on the Beaches June 4, 1940House of C.docxWe Shall Fight on the Beaches June 4, 1940House of C.docx
We Shall Fight on the Beaches June 4, 1940House of C.docx
 
Antikythera Case Study
Antikythera Case StudyAntikythera Case Study
Antikythera Case Study
 
Plymouth
PlymouthPlymouth
Plymouth
 
Submarine Presentation Pwrpt
Submarine Presentation PwrptSubmarine Presentation Pwrpt
Submarine Presentation Pwrpt
 
Briefly describe how the development of steam powered ships transfor.pdf
Briefly describe how the development of steam powered ships transfor.pdfBriefly describe how the development of steam powered ships transfor.pdf
Briefly describe how the development of steam powered ships transfor.pdf
 
Sp 3 session 3 transition; 1815-1860
Sp 3 session 3 transition; 1815-1860Sp 3 session 3 transition; 1815-1860
Sp 3 session 3 transition; 1815-1860
 
Battle of the Atlantic: Canada
Battle of the Atlantic: CanadaBattle of the Atlantic: Canada
Battle of the Atlantic: Canada
 
Sea power 3.2 session 1 pax britannica
Sea power 3.2 session 1  pax britannicaSea power 3.2 session 1  pax britannica
Sea power 3.2 session 1 pax britannica
 
The Battle Of Valenciennes
The Battle Of ValenciennesThe Battle Of Valenciennes
The Battle Of Valenciennes
 
Welcome
WelcomeWelcome
Welcome
 

Mais de Jim Powers

19 c Europe, Part 1, 1815-1848; General Observations
19 c Europe, Part 1, 1815-1848; General Observations19 c Europe, Part 1, 1815-1848; General Observations
19 c Europe, Part 1, 1815-1848; General ObservationsJim Powers
 
19 c Europe, session 1; The Great Powers and the Balance of Power, 1815 1848
19 c Europe, session 1; The Great Powers and the Balance of Power, 1815 184819 c Europe, session 1; The Great Powers and the Balance of Power, 1815 1848
19 c Europe, session 1; The Great Powers and the Balance of Power, 1815 1848Jim Powers
 
19 c Europe, Part 1, session 2; The Eastern Powers: Absolutism and its Limita...
19 c Europe, Part 1, session 2; The Eastern Powers: Absolutism and its Limita...19 c Europe, Part 1, session 2; The Eastern Powers: Absolutism and its Limita...
19 c Europe, Part 1, session 2; The Eastern Powers: Absolutism and its Limita...Jim Powers
 
19 c Europe, part 1, session 3; France: The Restoration and the July Monarchy
19 c Europe, part 1, session 3; France: The Restoration and the July Monarchy19 c Europe, part 1, session 3; France: The Restoration and the July Monarchy
19 c Europe, part 1, session 3; France: The Restoration and the July MonarchyJim Powers
 
19 c Europe, session 4; great britain: social unrest and social compromise
19 c Europe, session 4; great britain: social unrest and social compromise19 c Europe, session 4; great britain: social unrest and social compromise
19 c Europe, session 4; great britain: social unrest and social compromiseJim Powers
 
19 c Europe 1, session 5; Revolutions of 1848
19 c Europe 1, session 5; Revolutions of 184819 c Europe 1, session 5; Revolutions of 1848
19 c Europe 1, session 5; Revolutions of 1848Jim Powers
 
19 c Europe, Part 2, 1850-1871; General Observations
19 c Europe, Part 2, 1850-1871;  General Observations19 c Europe, Part 2, 1850-1871;  General Observations
19 c Europe, Part 2, 1850-1871; General ObservationsJim Powers
 
19 c Europe, session 2.6; The breakdown of the concert and the crimean war
19 c Europe, session 2.6; The breakdown of the concert  and the crimean war19 c Europe, session 2.6; The breakdown of the concert  and the crimean war
19 c Europe, session 2.6; The breakdown of the concert and the crimean warJim Powers
 
19 c Europe, session 2.7; France: The Second Empire
19 c Europe, session 2.7; France: The Second Empire19 c Europe, session 2.7; France: The Second Empire
19 c Europe, session 2.7; France: The Second EmpireJim Powers
 
19 c Europe, session 2.8; The Unification of Italy
19 c Europe, session 2.8; The Unification of Italy19 c Europe, session 2.8; The Unification of Italy
19 c Europe, session 2.8; The Unification of ItalyJim Powers
 
19 c Europe, session 2.9; The German Question, 1850-66
19 c Europe, session 2.9; The German Question, 1850-6619 c Europe, session 2.9; The German Question, 1850-66
19 c Europe, session 2.9; The German Question, 1850-66Jim Powers
 
19 c Europe, session 2.10; The Reorganization of Europe, 1866-1871
19 c Europe, session 2.10; The Reorganization of Europe, 1866-187119 c Europe, session 2.10; The Reorganization of Europe, 1866-1871
19 c Europe, session 2.10; The Reorganization of Europe, 1866-1871Jim Powers
 
19 c Europe, Part 3; General Observations
19 c Europe, Part 3;  General Observations19 c Europe, Part 3;  General Observations
19 c Europe, Part 3; General ObservationsJim Powers
 
19 c Europe, session 3.11; Great Powers and the Balance of Power; 1871-1890
19 c Europe, session 3.11; Great Powers and the Balance of Power; 1871-189019 c Europe, session 3.11; Great Powers and the Balance of Power; 1871-1890
19 c Europe, session 3.11; Great Powers and the Balance of Power; 1871-1890Jim Powers
 
19 c Europe, session 3.12; capitalism and socialism
19 c Europe, session 3.12; capitalism and socialism 19 c Europe, session 3.12; capitalism and socialism
19 c Europe, session 3.12; capitalism and socialism Jim Powers
 
19 c Europe, session 3.13; from liberalism to democracy: political progress ...
19 c Europe, session 3.13; from  liberalism to democracy: political progress ...19 c Europe, session 3.13; from  liberalism to democracy: political progress ...
19 c Europe, session 3.13; from liberalism to democracy: political progress ...Jim Powers
 
19 c europe, session.3.14; third french republic
19 c europe, session.3.14; third french republic 19 c europe, session.3.14; third french republic
19 c europe, session.3.14; third french republic Jim Powers
 
19 c Europe, session 3.15; The Second Reich
19 c Europe, session 3.15; The Second Reich19 c Europe, session 3.15; The Second Reich
19 c Europe, session 3.15; The Second ReichJim Powers
 
19 c Europe, session 3.16; Austria-Hungary, the Balkans and Turkey
19 c Europe, session 3.16; Austria-Hungary, the Balkans and Turkey19 c Europe, session 3.16; Austria-Hungary, the Balkans and Turkey
19 c Europe, session 3.16; Austria-Hungary, the Balkans and TurkeyJim Powers
 
19 c Europe, session 3.17 Russia
19 c Europe, session 3.17 Russia19 c Europe, session 3.17 Russia
19 c Europe, session 3.17 RussiaJim Powers
 

Mais de Jim Powers (20)

19 c Europe, Part 1, 1815-1848; General Observations
19 c Europe, Part 1, 1815-1848; General Observations19 c Europe, Part 1, 1815-1848; General Observations
19 c Europe, Part 1, 1815-1848; General Observations
 
19 c Europe, session 1; The Great Powers and the Balance of Power, 1815 1848
19 c Europe, session 1; The Great Powers and the Balance of Power, 1815 184819 c Europe, session 1; The Great Powers and the Balance of Power, 1815 1848
19 c Europe, session 1; The Great Powers and the Balance of Power, 1815 1848
 
19 c Europe, Part 1, session 2; The Eastern Powers: Absolutism and its Limita...
19 c Europe, Part 1, session 2; The Eastern Powers: Absolutism and its Limita...19 c Europe, Part 1, session 2; The Eastern Powers: Absolutism and its Limita...
19 c Europe, Part 1, session 2; The Eastern Powers: Absolutism and its Limita...
 
19 c Europe, part 1, session 3; France: The Restoration and the July Monarchy
19 c Europe, part 1, session 3; France: The Restoration and the July Monarchy19 c Europe, part 1, session 3; France: The Restoration and the July Monarchy
19 c Europe, part 1, session 3; France: The Restoration and the July Monarchy
 
19 c Europe, session 4; great britain: social unrest and social compromise
19 c Europe, session 4; great britain: social unrest and social compromise19 c Europe, session 4; great britain: social unrest and social compromise
19 c Europe, session 4; great britain: social unrest and social compromise
 
19 c Europe 1, session 5; Revolutions of 1848
19 c Europe 1, session 5; Revolutions of 184819 c Europe 1, session 5; Revolutions of 1848
19 c Europe 1, session 5; Revolutions of 1848
 
19 c Europe, Part 2, 1850-1871; General Observations
19 c Europe, Part 2, 1850-1871;  General Observations19 c Europe, Part 2, 1850-1871;  General Observations
19 c Europe, Part 2, 1850-1871; General Observations
 
19 c Europe, session 2.6; The breakdown of the concert and the crimean war
19 c Europe, session 2.6; The breakdown of the concert  and the crimean war19 c Europe, session 2.6; The breakdown of the concert  and the crimean war
19 c Europe, session 2.6; The breakdown of the concert and the crimean war
 
19 c Europe, session 2.7; France: The Second Empire
19 c Europe, session 2.7; France: The Second Empire19 c Europe, session 2.7; France: The Second Empire
19 c Europe, session 2.7; France: The Second Empire
 
19 c Europe, session 2.8; The Unification of Italy
19 c Europe, session 2.8; The Unification of Italy19 c Europe, session 2.8; The Unification of Italy
19 c Europe, session 2.8; The Unification of Italy
 
19 c Europe, session 2.9; The German Question, 1850-66
19 c Europe, session 2.9; The German Question, 1850-6619 c Europe, session 2.9; The German Question, 1850-66
19 c Europe, session 2.9; The German Question, 1850-66
 
19 c Europe, session 2.10; The Reorganization of Europe, 1866-1871
19 c Europe, session 2.10; The Reorganization of Europe, 1866-187119 c Europe, session 2.10; The Reorganization of Europe, 1866-1871
19 c Europe, session 2.10; The Reorganization of Europe, 1866-1871
 
19 c Europe, Part 3; General Observations
19 c Europe, Part 3;  General Observations19 c Europe, Part 3;  General Observations
19 c Europe, Part 3; General Observations
 
19 c Europe, session 3.11; Great Powers and the Balance of Power; 1871-1890
19 c Europe, session 3.11; Great Powers and the Balance of Power; 1871-189019 c Europe, session 3.11; Great Powers and the Balance of Power; 1871-1890
19 c Europe, session 3.11; Great Powers and the Balance of Power; 1871-1890
 
19 c Europe, session 3.12; capitalism and socialism
19 c Europe, session 3.12; capitalism and socialism 19 c Europe, session 3.12; capitalism and socialism
19 c Europe, session 3.12; capitalism and socialism
 
19 c Europe, session 3.13; from liberalism to democracy: political progress ...
19 c Europe, session 3.13; from  liberalism to democracy: political progress ...19 c Europe, session 3.13; from  liberalism to democracy: political progress ...
19 c Europe, session 3.13; from liberalism to democracy: political progress ...
 
19 c europe, session.3.14; third french republic
19 c europe, session.3.14; third french republic 19 c europe, session.3.14; third french republic
19 c europe, session.3.14; third french republic
 
19 c Europe, session 3.15; The Second Reich
19 c Europe, session 3.15; The Second Reich19 c Europe, session 3.15; The Second Reich
19 c Europe, session 3.15; The Second Reich
 
19 c Europe, session 3.16; Austria-Hungary, the Balkans and Turkey
19 c Europe, session 3.16; Austria-Hungary, the Balkans and Turkey19 c Europe, session 3.16; Austria-Hungary, the Balkans and Turkey
19 c Europe, session 3.16; Austria-Hungary, the Balkans and Turkey
 
19 c Europe, session 3.17 Russia
19 c Europe, session 3.17 Russia19 c Europe, session 3.17 Russia
19 c Europe, session 3.17 Russia
 

Último

How to Filter Blank Lines in Odoo 17 Accounting
How to Filter Blank Lines in Odoo 17 AccountingHow to Filter Blank Lines in Odoo 17 Accounting
How to Filter Blank Lines in Odoo 17 AccountingCeline George
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?TechSoup
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxSaurabhParmar42
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptxmary850239
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.EnglishCEIPdeSigeiro
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.raviapr7
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17Celine George
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRATanmoy Mishra
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesMohammad Hassany
 

Último (20)

How to Filter Blank Lines in Odoo 17 Accounting
How to Filter Blank Lines in Odoo 17 AccountingHow to Filter Blank Lines in Odoo 17 Accounting
How to Filter Blank Lines in Odoo 17 Accounting
 
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
 
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdfPersonal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
 

Napoleon, session iii, Third Coalition

  • 1. Napoleon session iii The Third Coalition
  • 2. Napoleon session iii The Third Coalition
  • 3. An army’s effectiveness depends on its size, training, experience, and morale, and morale is worth more than any of the other factors combined. --Napoleon
  • 4. 1806 Campaign 14 October Jena 1805 Campaign 2 December Austerlitz
  • 5. major topics for this session ! Boulogne ! Trafalgar ! Le Grande Armée ! Austerlitz ! Prussia
  • 7. Boulogne « Première distribution de la Légion d'honneur au camp de Boulogne, le 16 août 1804 » par Victor-Jean Adam. Lithographie en couleur de C. Motte (1829)
  • 8. They want us to jump the ditch, and we will jump it! NAPOLEON
  • 9. from Potter & Nimitz, Sea Power, p. 152 ! 1803-with little comprehension of naval warfare, his first plan was to build flat- bottomed unseaworthy barges to “jump the ditch”
  • 10. from Potter & Nimitz, Sea Power, p. 152 ! 1803-with little comprehension of naval warfare, his first plan was to build flat- bottomed unseaworthy barges to “jump the ditch”
  • 11. ! this diagram from the period shows the different types, generally flat-bottomed, of the 2,000 invasion barges nested in the basin which was dredged out for them ! the caption reads : Disposition of theEquipment of the Imperial Flotilla at the port of Boulogne Thermidor (July-August) year 13 (1805)
  • 12. from Potter & Nimitz, Sea Power, p. 152 ! 1803-with little comprehension of naval warfare, his first plan was to build flat- bottomed unseaworthy barges to “jump the ditch” ! they were assembled here at Boulogne at the Channel’s narrowest point ! the huge camp where the Army of England assembled did have one worthwhile accomplishment. It allowed for extensive training, drill and large scale tactical experiments
  • 13. ...le Grande Armée... was shaped and trained in the Boulogne camp of 1804-05…. The army was originally planned as a force of well over 100,000 men to invade southeast England and it conducted extensive training for embarkation on to the large flotilla of transports and warships that was specially collected for the task…. in the event it was never called upon to perform amphibious operations any more ambitious than river crossings. Its prolonged training in large-unit drill turned out to be far more significant than its nautical training -- it perfected the art of maneuver on land rather than transport by sea…. ...the frequent field days and drill exercises implanted order, discipline and correct methods that would soon prove to be invaluable on the battlefield…. the army that emerged from Boulogne was no longer a hesitant collection of conscripts whose formations were likely to dissolve under pressure. It was a tough and professional army in every meaningful sense. Paddy Griffith, French Napoleonic Infantry Tactics, pp. 29-31
  • 14. The School of the Soldier Preparatory Command = Command of Execution
  • 15. From the Simple to the Complex ! individual drill; attention, left face, right face, about face, dress right dress ! squad drill; forward march, column right, wheel right, to the rear march ! platoon drill; ditto ! company drill; ditto ! battalion drill; ! regiment drill; ! brigade drill; ! division drill; ! Corps d’Armée drill;
  • 16. As the invasion plan became clear in 1803, a flurry of British caricatures asserted a defiant attitude
  • 17. As the invasion plan became clear in 1803, a flurry of British caricatures asserted a defiant attitude
  • 18. As the invasion plan became clear in 1803, a flurry of British caricatures asserted a defiant attitude
  • 19. As the invasion plan became clear in 1803, a flurry of British caricatures asserted a defiant attitude
  • 20. As the invasion plan became clear in 1803, a flurry of British caricatures asserted a defiant attitude
  • 21. As the invasion plan became clear in 1803, a flurry of British caricatures asserted a defiant attitude
  • 22. As the invasion plan became clear in 1803, a flurry of British caricatures asserted a defiant attitude
  • 23. The initial defensive strategy Major coastal fortifications, Sea Fencibles, and the smaller Martello towers
  • 24. The initial defensive strategy Major coastal fortifications, Sea Fencibles, and the smaller Martello towers
  • 25. The initial defensive strategy Major coastal fortifications, Sea Fencibles, and the smaller Martello towers
  • 26. The initial defensive strategy Major coastal fortifications, Sea Fencibles, and the smaller Martello towers
  • 27. PARIS NAPOLEON 90,000 TROOPS ANTWERP BREMEN HAMBURG AM BREST S DOVER TE RD AM LONDON KEITH-- ENGLAND 11 SHIPS & 140 CRUISERS THE INVASION FRONT, 1805 ! England’s strategy always placed supremacy in the Channel ahead of the Continental blockade ! thus Admiral Keith had so many frigates and smaller “cruisers” at his disposal to maintain an iron-clad watch over the Army of England at Boulogne
  • 28. PARIS NAPOLEON 90,000 TROOPS ANTWERP BREMEN HAMBURG AM BREST S DOVER TE RD AM LONDON KEITH-- ENGLAND 11 SHIPS & 140 CRUISERS THE INVASION FRONT, 1805 ! England’s strategy always placed supremacy in the Channel ahead of the Continental blockade ! thus Admiral Keith had so many frigates and smaller “cruisers” at his disposal to maintain an iron-clad watch over the Army of England at Boulogne ! the other blockaders would be able to converge “like iron filings to a magnet”
  • 29. As Mahan put it, “Those distant, storm-beaten ships upon which the Grand Army never looked stood between it and the domination of the world.” Potter and Nimitz, p. 153
  • 30. For twenty-three years, almost without interruption, the Royal Navy maintained a blockade off the French coast As Mahan put it, “Those distant, storm-beaten ships upon which the Grand Army never looked stood between it and the domination of the world.” Potter and Nimitz, p. 153
  • 32. Trafalgar The Fall of Nelson, Battle of Trafalgar, 21 October 1805. ca. 1825
  • 34. ! the Peace of Amiens gave Napoleon the opportunity to use the seas once again and give his sailors the chance to train and prepare for war ! he was determined to use this time to recover his overseas colonies such as Saint- Domingue (Haiti) ! “only briefly were the English deceived. They had disarmed; Napoleon had not ! “his shipyards hummed with activity. He planned to build 25 ships of the line a year ! “with his new ships he need no longer fear the crushing blockade of the Royal Navy” --Potter & Nimitz
  • 35. As First Consul, Napoleon wanted a navy and--having had one fleet shot out from under him at the battle of the Nile--insisted on a first-class navy. Practically the whole thing had to be built up again from scratch; the Revolution had closed the naval schools in favor of on-the-job training for young aspirants (candidates) who spent three years aboard ship earning an ensign’s commission. [America wouldn’t open Annapolis until 1845] Few new ships had been built; many had been lost to battle, storm, or accident. The naval arsenals were empty, and naval morale was utterly low. Men could be found…. There were gifted ship designers…. Money was found, in part through the work of the free-wheeling professional ancestor of our modern…”gimme” fundraisers. Many regiments threw a day’s pay on their drumheads; Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish clergy preached and solicited…. It all seems very modern. Elting, Swords, p. 300
  • 36. Even among Frenchmen there were great variations. Normans were good sailors and daring, savage fighters but easily discouraged and irritated. Bretons were orderly, stoically courageous, and very fond of getting drunk. Gascons were talkative but intelligent and industrious and made excellent bosuns. The southerners were hard-working but apt to drop everything to wave their arms and gabble over nothing; they frightened easily, but a spell- binding officer sometimes could talk them into putting up a first-rate fight. Elting, Swords, p. 301
  • 37. The Return of Pitt ! Napoleon had tested the peace in Europe by breaking its provisions. He became President of what he called the Republic of Italy. Britain made no protest ! emboldened, Napoleon had his agents stir up violence in the Swiss Cantons. He sent Ney to invade “to protect French interests” ! when the Swiss appealed to Britain, Addington’s government made impotent protests to Paris which Napoleon ignored ! Pitt’s friends in Parliament begged him in vain to return to power ! 16 May 1803-finally, French plans to evict the British from Malta brought Addington’s government to declare war ! apart from re-instituting the blockade there was no strategic direction of the war ! Pitt loyally supported his friend Addington for the first year of the war as the threat from Boulogne grew ! 26 April 1804-St. George’s Day, he reluctantly attacked the government’s lack of fighting spirit
  • 38. The Third Coalition ! 7 May-the King sent for Pitt ! thus the human embodiment of the offensive spirit was once more leading the British ! on the same day that Pitt undertook his duties, Napoleon had himself declared Emperor of the French and executed, on trumped up charges, the Duke of Enghien ! the monarchs of Europe were prepared to listen when Pitt’s ambassadors proposed an alliance against the bloody Corsican ! all summer Pitt worked to gain allies for a Third Coalition ! November 1804-the Russians, in conjunction with Austria were prepared to sign a treaty for an Armed League to be led by Russia but paid for by Britain ! 12 December 1804-Napoleon responded by compelling his satellite Spain to declare war on Britain ! with the combined fleets of France and Spain, Bonaparte prepared a “Grand Design” for the conquest of England
  • 39. Napoleon’s Grand Design Note in this map the Brits are the “good guys,” hence blue. Allied = French and Spanish
  • 40. Napoleon’s Grand Design ! in order to clear the Channel for his invasion barges Napoleon had either to defeat the British Note there or lure them away in this map the Brits are the “good guys,” hence blue. ! Villeneuve was to escape from Toulon, release the Allied = French and Spanish ships at Cartagena, and passing Spanish Gibraltar, take the ships at Cadiz with him to the West Indies ! there he would join Missiessy and be joined by Ganteume ! then the huge Armada would sail for the Channel ! if Ganteume did not appear, Villeneuve was to wait 40 days, then recross the Atlantic, liberate Ganteume, and cover the invasion ! the Grand Design failed for many reasons, but its inherent weakness was not understanding that Britain would never fail to protect her strategic home waters
  • 41. !! here French are “good guys, hence blue and Brits are “bad guy” red NAVAL OPERATIONS MARCH-OCTOBER 1805
  • 42. Although Nelson’s arrival was not marked with outward show, his spirit quickly permeated the fleet. Never had Nelson’s leadership shown itself more inspired…. Every officer and man who came under his influence soon realized this Admiral was no autocrat to demand blind obedience. He was rather a leader who inspired his subordinates to work with a will, with intelligence, and with freedom to exercise initiative to achieve a common goal. Potter & Nimitz, p. 163
  • 43. No one could tell where the blow would fall. So long as Nelson held his course, the Allied van had to brace to receive the onslaught of Nelson’s 12 juggernauts. Yet by simply putting the helm over, Nelson could deliver his thrust to Villeneuve’s center, with the van held out of action by the wind…. Thus was concentration achieved at Trafalgar, for Nelson’s squadron acted as a holding force on the Allied center and van to support Collingwood’s attack on the rear…. In this double role for his own squadron lay Nelson’s brilliance...by his knowledge of the enemy’s psychology and by his threat to the van, insured it would be out of action while he and Collingwood disposed of the center and rear. Potter & Nimitz, p. 165
  • 44. England expects that every man will do his duty
  • 45. N westerly wind shifting west by southwest to west by northwest
  • 53. ...Hardy hastened below to speak to his dying leader. “I hope that none of our ships have struck [surrendered], Hardy”… “No, my Lord, there is no fear of that.” Then Hardy was summoned to the quarterdeck to repulse a counterattack.. Within 20 minutes the attack had failed and once again he went below to report to Nelson to report to Nelson that 14 or 15 of the enemy had struck. “That is well,” whispered Nelson, “but I had bargained for 20.” “Anchor, Hardy, Anchor!” “Thank God I have done my duty. God and my Country.” Potter & Nimitz, pp. 166-167
  • 63. Le Grande Armée Le Serment de l'armée fait à l'Empereur après la distribution des Aigles au Champ-de-Mars le 5 décembre* 1804 (The Oath the Army makes to the Emperor after the distribution of the Eagles on the Field of Mars…) * note the date Jacques-Louis David, 1810
  • 64. The famous Imperial eagle --- The first French Eagle to be captured by the British was taken by the 87th Foot from the French 8e Ligne at the Battle of Barrosa on 5 March 1811. The first British soldier to touch the battle standard was a young officer, Ensign Edward Keogh, although as his hand grasped it, he was immediately shot through the heart and killed. He was followed by Sergeant Patrick Masterson who grabbed the eagle from the French ensign who carried it, reputedly with the cry "By Jaysus, boys, I have the Cuckoo!".
  • 65. Corps dʼCavalerie Corps dʼArmée (supply, transport, food, medical, provost, music) (US Army calls these engineers)
  • 66. Infantry Les Grognards (the Grumblers/Growlers) map symbol for the crossed belts each soldier wears to support his cartridge box and his sword
  • 67. Cavalry un beau sabreur (a fine swordsman) map symbol for the single belt each rider wears to support his his sword
  • 68. Artillery T le brutal (the brutal one) e map symbol Txt ec xt c c for the cannon ball
  • 69. The Corps d’Armée System ! traditional armies marched along a single line of communication (road) with infantry, then those cavalry not thrown out as a screen, the artillery and the baggage train ! this clogged up the roads of the time and slowed the advance ! Napoleon combined all these elements at the corps size (12,000-15,000 men), small armies, and directed them to advance along separate lines of communication a day’s march from one another ! this confused his enemies as to his direction and speed of advance ! each corps d’armée might have attached two to four divisions of infantry with their organic artillery, it had its own cavalry division and corps artillery, plus support units. With this organization a corps was expected to be able to hold its ground against, or fight off, an enemy army for a least a day, when neighboring corps could come to its aid
  • 70. The Corps d’Armée System in Motion The operational flexibility afforded by the widely placed location of the French corps would enable Napoleon to trap the enemy wherever he chose to mass--in other words, Napoleon was not committed to any one course of action by his initial dispositions, but could adjust his master plan to any particular circumstances. Chandler, p. 152
  • 71. Grand Tactics: Napoleon’s Basic Battle Plan (the Strategic Battle by Phases); schematic Chandler, p. 186
  • 72. Napoleon’s Favorite Strategy of the Central Position Chandler, p. 173
  • 73. Command, Communications,Control & Intelligence (C3I) Les Grands Chapeaux (The Big Hats)
  • 74. 1-Napoleon in the uniform of a Chasseur of the Imperial Guard
  • 75. 2-an Imperial aide-de-camp. They delivered the Emperor’s orders and messages to the corps and divisional commanders
  • 76. 3-a colonel on the staff
  • 78. 5-Roustam, Bonaparte’s personal Mameluke servant and bodyguard
  • 79. 6-personal servants of the Imperial household
  • 80. 7-Marshall Berthier, his Chief of Staff
  • 83. Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Like the grenadier Text Text companies, they were élite; no guard or Text work details, extra T pay. Also like the grenadiers, they earned their place by demonstrated bravery Text Text Text Text Text Text Text
  • 86. Te Te x xt t Text Text
  • 90. 1
  • 92. Ammunition Limber Infantryman attached to the foot artillery Artilleryman gunners
  • 96. famous for saying “The army marches on its stomach,” Napoleon continued the work of the Revolutionary Army on canning food model of a mobile field kitchen
  • 99. Austerlitz Bivouac on the Eve of the Battle of Austerlitz, 1st December 1805. 1808.
  • 101. The First Blitzkrieg? The Austrian commander-in-chief, Archduke Charles,...advanced into Italy to confront the French forces there under Marshal Masséna, while further east a Russian army under General Mikhail Kutusov ( kuh•TOO•zuf) slowly advanced through Poland to assist the Austrians in Moravia. The Austrians were shocked to discover that Napoleon had made such remarkably rapid progress, crossing the Rhine on 26 September and reaching the Danube on 6 October. In the course of this march, the French had moved in a broad arc around Mack’s army near Ulm, cutting his lines of communication and isolating him from reinforcement. After a feeble attempt to break through the cordon at Elchingen on 14 October, Mack surrendered his entire force of 27,000 men on 17 October, making the encirclement at Ulm one of history’s greatest strategic manoeuvres. Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Napoleon Bonaparte, pp. 15-16
  • 103. The Capitulation of Ulm by Charles Thevenin. Oil on canvas.
  • 104. General Mack surrenders to Napoleon
  • 108. In the foreground a cuirassier displays captured Russian colors while guarding a Hungarian officer of grenadiers and a Russian general. Here, at 0800, an aide-de-camp hands the emperor a message that the Allies Pratzen Heights have sent troops south. Napoleon orders Soult to advance up the slope, out of the fog, to take this key feature.
  • 113. Napoléon at the Battle of Austerlitz, by François Gérard (Galerie des Batailles, Versailles)
  • 114. One has but a short time for war. In another five or six years [1810-1811] even I will be unable to continue. --Napoleon
  • 115. The general who cannot look dry-eyed upon a battlefield will lose lives unnecessarily. One cannot make an omelette without breaking eggs. --Napoleon
  • 117. The Outcome Austerlitz stands as one of the greatest victories in military history. Napoleon’s prowess and the effectiveness of the Grande Armée as a fighting force reached its apogee there, and it constituted the battle of which the Emperor was most proud. In 20 days he had marched his army from Boulogne to the Rhine; in two months it had entered the Austrian capital; and three days later he had destroyed the Third Coalition. Napoleon had gambled supremely in the campaign of 1805, and generally gambled correctly. If any single factor contributed to success it was speed, which enabled him to encircle Mack before the Russians could come to his aid…. On 26 December Napoleon and Francis concluded a treaty of peace at Pressburg, where the latter agreed to cede German and Italian territory to France…. Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Napoleon Bonaparte, pp. 26-27
  • 118. The End of the Holy Roman Empire 800 (?)-1806 ! this medieval, feudal dinosaur had endured such modern upheavals as the Thirty Years War, 1618-1648 ! but in the age of modern nation states such a collection of tiny principalities, each enjoying “the German liberties” of sovereignty was anachronistic
  • 119. The End of the Holy Roman Empire 800 (?)-1806 ! this medieval, feudal dinosaur had endured such modern upheavals as the Thirty Years War, 1618-1648 ! but in the age of modern nation states such a collection of tiny principalities, each enjoying “the German liberties” of sovereignty was anachronistic
  • 120. The End of the Holy Roman Empire 800 (?)-1806 ! this medieval, feudal dinosaur had endured such modern upheavals as the Thirty Years War, 1618-1648 ! but in the age of modern nation states such a collection of tiny principalities, each enjoying “the German liberties” of sovereignty was anachronistic ! 1789-the 306 separate principalities varied in size from the 40 million Austrian Empire, to the Abbey of Heiligenblut in the Rhineland, which consisted of the Abbess, 27 nuns and the peasants who worked their lands, some 58 hectares (143 acres)
  • 121. The End of the Holy Roman Empire 800 (?)-1806 ! this medieval, feudal dinosaur had endured such modern upheavals as the Thirty Years War, 1618-1648 ! but in the age of modern nation states such a collection of tiny principalities, each enjoying “the German liberties” of sovereignty was anachronistic ! 1789-the 306 separate principalities varied in size from the 40 million Austrian Empire, to the Abbey of Heiligenblut in the Rhineland, which consisted of the Abbess, 27 nuns and the peasants who worked their lands, some 58 hectares (143 acres)
  • 122. The End of the Holy Roman Empire 800 (?)-1806 ! this medieval, feudal dinosaur had endured such modern upheavals as the Thirty Years War, 1618-1648 ! but in the age of modern nation states such a collection of tiny principalities, each enjoying “the German liberties” of sovereignty was anachronistic ! 1789-the 306 separate principalities varied in size from the 40 million Austrian Empire, to the Abbey of Heiligenblut in the Rhineland, which consisted of the Abbess, 27 nuns and the peasants who worked their lands, some 58 hectares (143 acres) ! Napoleon considered it his mission to bring the principles of the Revolution to this part of Europe
  • 123. The Vendôme Column ! Napoleon erected the original column, modeled after Trajan’s column, to celebrate the victory at Austerlitz ! its veneer of 425 spiraling bas-relief bronze plates were made out of cannon taken from the combined armies of Europe, according to his propaganda ! the usual figure given of guns is hugely exaggerated: 133 cannon were actually captured at Austerlitz ! A statue of Napoleon, bare-headed, crowned with laurels and holding a sword in his right hand and a globe surmounted with a statue of Victory in his left hand, was placed atop the column ! after the Bourbon restoration the statue was pulled down
  • 125. the triggering event ! 1805-Prussia mobilized but had remained neutral during the formation of the Third Coalition and the events leading to Austerlitz ! 1806-but when Bonaparte created the Confederation of the Rhine on Prussia’s border, a shift occurred ! the Treaty of Lunéville (1801)had incorporated the German left (west) bank of the Rhine directly into France ! now, in effect the Holy Roman Empire was ended and a huge German satellite was added to the all-conquering French Empire ! the Rheinbund was right against Prussia’s border
  • 126. Prussia Austria Rheinbund
  • 127. immediate aftermath ! 12 July 1806-on the signing of the Rheinbundachte, 16 German states formally left the Holy Roman Empire and joined a confederation (états confédérés du Rhin) ! Napoleon was its “protector” ! 6 August-following an ultimatum by Napoleon, Francis II gave up his title of Emperor and declared the Holy Roman Empire dissolved ! In the years that followed, 23 more German states joined the Confederation; Francis's Habsburg dynasty would rule the remainder of the empire as Austria ! According to the treaty, the confederation was to be run by common constitutional bodies, but the individual states (in particular the larger ones) wanted unlimited sovereignty ! the Confederation was above all a military alliance: the members had to supply France with large numbers of military personnel. In return for their cooperation some state rulers were given higher statuses. Divide and conquer
  • 128. the end of “Old Prussia ! 1792-94--as Crown Prince he had fought in the Revolutionary wars against France ! 1797-as monarch he had all the Hohenzollern determination to retain personal power without the Hohenzollern genius for using it Frederick William III (German: Friedrich Wilhelm III.) (1770 -1797-1840)
  • 129. the end of “Old Prussia ! 1792-94--as Crown Prince he had fought in the Revolutionary wars against France ! 1797-as monarch he had all the Hohenzollern determination to retain personal power without the Hohenzollern genius for using it ! October 1806-the 36-year-old monarch led his country into war with Saxony as his ally ! his military command structure was unequal to the task: ! positions were held by multiple officers, e.g., Chief of Frederick William III Staff by three men, resulting in over a month’s delay (German: Friedrich Wilhelm III.) before the final order of battle was prepared (1770 -1797-1840) ! five main plans of battle emerged for discussion, shifting the initiative to the French
  • 130. Officers of the élite Prussian Gardes du Corps, wishing to provoke war, ostentatiously sharpen their swords on the steps of the French embassy in Berlin in the autumn of 1805.
  • 131. Wars generally begin because of irrational acts by one or both of the opponents. King Frederick William’s decision to make war on France in autumn of 1806 was so irrational as to defy belief. It might have seemed reasonable prior to the battle of Austerlitz...though considering the obsolete state of the Prussian army that would have been far from certain. Now, nine months later, it was a foreordained disaster. Robert B. Asprey, The Reign of Napoleon Bonaparte, p. 25
  • 132. Prologue I have shown the Emperor, Monsieur le général Pino, the report which you have sent me. It is essential that you write your reports more legibly, and especially show the date plainly; that which you have written is not clear; one cannot tell whether it is the 11th, the 21st, or the 22d. Besides the date, it is always necessary to show the hour at which you write, and the place. Berthier in Mémoirs de Prince Eugene On October 12, 1806, French cavalry swept abruptly through the little Saxon city of Zeitz, some 25 miles south of Leipzig. Chasseurs a cheval in dark green, jaunty hussars in brown-and-blue, white-and-blue, and green- red-and-yellow, they were the leading squadrons of the cavalry screen that shrouded the swift northward advance of the Emperor Napoleon’s Grande Armée. Close behind the leading brigade, his white uniform a dazzle of gold braid, lace, and galloons, rode Marshal Joachim Murat, the army’s cavalry commander. Probably he halted impatiently in the Zeitz market square while his staff interrogated the local postmaster, minister, and mayor as to the whereabouts of the Prussian and Saxon armies for which his troopers
  • 133. Prologue I have shown the Emperor, Monsieur le général Pino, the report which you have sent me. It is essential that you write your reports more legibly, and especially show the date plainly; that which you have written is not clear; one cannot tell whether it is the 11th, the 21st, or the 22d. Besides the date, it is always necessary to show the hour at which you write, and the place. Berthier in Mémoirs de Prince Eugene On October 12, 1806, French cavalry swept abruptly through the little Saxon city of Zeitz, some 25 miles south of Leipzig. Chasseurs a cheval in dark green, jaunty hussars in brown-and-blue, white-and-blue, and green- red-and-yellow, they were the leading squadrons of the cavalry screen that shrouded the swift northward advance of the Emperor Napoleon’s Grande Armée. Close behind the leading brigade, his white uniform a dazzle of gold braid, lace, and galloons, rode Marshal Joachim Murat, the army’s cavalry commander. Probably he halted impatiently in the Zeitz market square while his staff interrogated the local postmaster, minister, and mayor as to the whereabouts of the Prussian and Saxon armies for which his troopers
  • 134. were probing. Somewhere in Zeitz, at any rate, an inconspicuous civilian sifted through the gawking townspeople, identified himself as a French spy, and reported that the principal enemy army lay to the west and south around Erfurt. A staff officer fished pen, paper, and a portable inkwell from his saddle- bags, settled himself at a chair and table outside a nearby beer hall, and quickly converted the spy’s report into several copies of a message to the Emperor. Murat handed one copy to an aide-de-camp, who buckled it carefully into the sabretache dangling from his sword belt, then put his eager horse into a gallop southward. A second copy went to a scar-faced brigadier of Murat’s guides. A horse was found for the spy, and spy and brigadier pounded off together in the aide’s wake. Ten minutes later another aide spurred away with orders to follow a different road from that taken by his comrades. A final copy went into the staff records folder, with the name of each messenger and the date and hour of his departure. The roads southward were filled with the infantry of Marshal Jean Bernadotte’s I Corps, pressing forward through a low haze of dust and the hanging smell of sweat, onions, and rank French tobacco. Along the principal road waited a string of small cavalry detachments serving as estafettes; mounts at those relay stations--the distinctive fawn-amaranth-and
  • 135. were probing. Somewhere in Zeitz, at any rate, an inconspicuous civilian sifted through the gawking townspeople, identified himself as a French spy, and reported that the principal enemy army lay to the west and south around Erfurt. A staff officer fished pen, paper, and a portable inkwell from his saddle- bags, settled himself at a chair and table outside a nearby beer hall, and quickly converted the spy’s report into several copies of a message to the Emperor. Murat handed one copy to an aide-de-camp, who buckled it carefully into the sabretache dangling from his sword belt, then put his Zeitz eager horse into a gallop southward. A second copy went to a scar-faced brigadier of Murat’s guides. A horse was found for the spy, and spy and brigadier pounded off together in the aide’s wake. Ten minutes later another aide spurred away with orders to follow a different road from that taken by his comrades. A final copy went into the staff records folder, with Erfurt the name of each messenger and the date and hour of his departure. The roads southward were filled with the infantry of Marshal Jean Bernadotte’s I Corps, pressing forward through a low haze of dust and the hanging smell of sweat, onions, and rank French tobacco. Along the principal road waited a string of small cavalry detachments serving as estafettes; mounts at those relay stations--the distinctive fawn-amaranth-and
  • 136. were probing. Somewhere in Zeitz, at any rate, an inconspicuous civilian sifted through the gawking townspeople, identified himself as a French spy, and reported that the principal enemy army lay to the west and south around Erfurt. A staff officer fished pen, paper, and a portable inkwell from his saddle- bags, settled himself at a chair and table outside a nearby beer hall, and quickly converted the spy’s report into several copies of a message to the Emperor. Murat handed one copy to an aide-de-camp, who buckled it carefully into the sabretache dangling from his sword belt, then put his eager horse into a gallop southward. A second copy went to a scar-faced brigadier of Murat’s guides. A horse was found for the spy, and spy and brigadier pounded off together in the aide’s wake. Ten minutes later another aide spurred away with orders to follow a different road from that taken by his comrades. A final copy went into the staff records folder, with the name of each messenger and the date and hour of his departure. The roads southward were filled with the infantry of Marshal Jean Bernadotte’s I Corps, pressing forward through a low haze of dust and the hanging smell of sweat, onions, and rank French tobacco. Along the principal road waited a string of small cavalry detachments serving as estafettes; mounts at those relay stations--the distinctive fawn-amaranth-and
  • 137. white uniforms of Murat’s aides and guides were authority enough for such an exchange. On into the deepening night they galloped, to be halted at last outside the city of Gera by a challenge from the vedettes of the 1st Hussar Regiment, temporarily serving as Napoleon’s escort, their faded sky-blue uniforms almost invisible in the gloom. Directed to a nearby chateau, they were passed in by sentinels from the grenadiers of the Imperial Guard, tall, fierce-eyed veterans in lofty bearskin caps. And so they came to a quiet room where beside a crackling fire their Emperor worked over his orders for the next day. Beside him was a stocky older officer in equally simple uniform, Marshal Louis-Alexandre Berthier, Napoleon’s chief of staff. Around them the quiet officers of the advance echelon of the Imperial Headquarters came and went. Even while Napoleon minutely interrogated the spy and the aides-de- camp, their messages went into the routine staff processing. In the next room, where the Emperor’s situation map lay spread across a banquet table, lighted by candles at each corner, Chef d’Escadron Louis Bacler d’
  • 138. white uniforms of Murat’s aides and guides were authority enough for such an exchange. On into the deepening night they galloped, to be halted at last outside the city of Gera by a challenge from the vedettes of the 1st Hussar Regiment, temporarily serving as Napoleon’s escort, their faded sky-blue uniforms almost invisible in the gloom. Directed to a nearby chateau, they were passed in by sentinels from the grenadiers of the Imperial Guard, tall, fierce-eyed veterans in lofty bearskin caps. And so they came to a quiet room where beside a crackling fire their Emperor worked over his orders for the next day. Beside him was a stocky older officer in equally simple uniform, Marshal Louis-Alexandre Berthier, Napoleon’s chief of staff. Around them the quiet officers of the advance echelon of the Imperial Headquarters came and went. Gera Even while Napoleon minutely interrogated the spy and the aides-de- camp, their messages went into the routine staff processing. In the next room, where the Emperor’s situation map lay spread across a banquet table, lighted by candles at each corner, Chef d’Escadron Louis Bacler d’
  • 139. Albe of the Topographical Engineers shifted pins with heads of various colors to indicate the last reported positions of the enemy and Murat’s cavalry screen. Each messenger was given a receipt showing the time and place he had made delivery. Other messengers came striding in, to report with a clash of spurs and scabbard: a rider from Marshal Pierre Augereau VII Corps, 20 miles to the southwest; another from Marshal Louis Davout’s III Corps, 20 miles to the northwest. All had the same word--the enemy was massing to wedtward around Erfurt and Weimar. Finally, his questioning finished, the Emperor turned to Berthier and be- gan a rush of rapid, harsh-accented orders, seemingly too swift for pen to follow. unperturbed, Berthier made quick entries in a green-covered note- book. The dictation over, he turned to his waiting staff. Breaking down Napoleon’s general operations order, Berthier drafted specific orders for each of the major units involved. The finished versions were presented to the Emperor for any necessary corrections and additions and his approval. That secured, additional copies were written out, aides and staff officers summoned to deliver them. Meanwhile, Berthier went ahead with supple- mentary orders to ensure that the supply trains and supporting units
  • 140. further to the rear were properly redirected to follow the Grande Armée’s westward wheel. One such order dealing with resupply of shoes and overcoats, went through the rear echelon of Imperial Headquarters, two days of ordinary marching (approximately 60 miles) farther south, and then on south and west to the Grande Armée’s administrative headquarters, where Intendent General Pierre Daru wrestled with a chaotic logistical situation. Daru started what stocks he had been able to collect forward in requisitioned wagons and dispatched another urgent appeal to the Ministry of the Administration of War. Reaching the fortress city of Strasbourg, his courier handed his message to the local director of the Telegraph Service, who sent it off along the line of semaphore signal towers to Paris. At the Ministry, somehow, things always went more slowly than they should, but eventually a bored commissaire des guerres took notice of the message and summoned an equally bored clerk. Elting, Swords Around A Throne, pp. 1-3
  • 142. (26,000) Davout (26,000) Bernadotte Murat Brunswick (20,000) (6,000) (63,000) AUERSTADT WEIMAR converging on Jena (84,000) Hohenlohe (35,000) Soult (20,000) “There are moments in war when no Lannes (20,500) consideration should override the Napoleon advantage of anticipating the enemy JENA and striking first -- NAPOLEON Ney Augereau (19,500) (16,500) Murat (7,300)
  • 145. Davout’s corps wrote one of the most brilliant chapters in military history, Bernadotte’s one of the most dismal. Attacked by an enemy nearly three times his strength, in just 4 hours Davout put that enemy to flight. Success cost dearly: 40 per cent casualties in Gudin’s division, a total corps loss of 7,000 men. Bernadotte’s corps suffered no casualties. Although his orders were, should he find himself at Dornburg, to march to the sound of cannon, he marched to support neither nor Napoleon…. Napoleon praised the one and damned the other, but in so doing added yet another footnote. Never ever would he refer to the battle as other than that of Jena. Asprey, Reign, p. 33
  • 146. Morandʼs Flexible Maneuvers about 9,000 men in 9 battalions & 12 guns 1-the 1er Battalion of the 61é Régiment de Ligne from column of march into column of attack. skirmish line forward 2-from column into line when the Prussian infantry falls back, it is the turn of Blücherʼs cavalry (6) to attack and the battalion to form a square (7). After the square drives off the cavalry, Morandʼs battalions once more form columns of attack (8) and help drive the enemy off the field.
  • 147. Morandʼs Flexible Maneuvers about 9,000 men in 9 battalions & 12 guns when the Prussian infantry falls back, it is the turn of Blücherʼs cavalry (6) to attack and the battalion to form a square (7). After the square drives off the cavalry, Morandʼs battalions once more form columns of attack (8) and help drive the enemy off the field.
  • 148. Morandʼs Flexible Maneuvers about 9,000 men in 9 battalions & 12 guns
  • 149. Morandʼs Flexible Maneuvers about 9,000 men in 9 battalions & 12 guns 1 Theory drill book diagram for wheeling a three rank platoon from facing the front to facing the right flank
  • 150. Morandʼs Flexible Maneuvers about 9,000 men in 9 battalions & 12 guns 2 Reality 1 Theory drill book diagram for wheeling a three rank platoon from facing the front to facing the right flank
  • 151. Morandʼs Flexible Maneuvers about 9,000 men in 9 battalions & 12 guns 3 From column to Square 2 Reality 1 Theory drill book diagram for wheeling a three rank platoon from facing the front to facing the right flank
  • 152. Napoleon reviewing the Imperial Guard, by Horace Vernet.
  • 153. Murat leading the charge
  • 157. Seldom in history has an army been reduced to impotence more swiftly or decisively. The great traditions of Frederick the Great and his justly famed techniques proved fatal to his successors. Complacency led to the rejection of all schemes of modernization, and overconfidence resulted in a complete misappreciation of what was needed to face Napoleon…. Opposed to them had been the will of a single man, with complete control over his forces and a clear notion of how to effect the overthrow of his adversaries. Chandler, p. 503
  • 158. Prussia’s humiliation led to agonizing reappraisals. It demonstrated the need for liberal reforms in what was then still a very much feudal Prussian state and army. Important Prussian reformers like Scharnhorst, Gneisenau and Clausewitz served at the battle. Their reforms, together with civilian reforms instituted over the following years, began Prussia's transformation into a modern state, which took the forefront in expelling France from Germany and eventually assumed a leading role on the continent. wikipedia
  • 159. The “World Spirit” on Horseback ! in the small university town of Jena a 36-year-old “extraordinary professor” of philosophy was finishing a treatise ! 13 October 1806-the day before the battle, he recorded his impressions after seeing Napoleon: GFW Hegel in 1831
  • 160. The “World Spirit” on Horseback ! in the small university town of Jena a 36-year-old “extraordinary professor” of philosophy was finishing a treatise ! 13 October 1806-the day before the battle, he recorded his impressions after seeing Napoleon: ! I saw the Emperor – this Weltgeist (world- soul )– riding out of the city on reconnaissance. It is indeed a wonderful sensation to see such an individual, who, concentrated here at a single point, astride a horse, reaches out over the world GFW Hegel in 1831 and masters it . . . this extraordinary man, whom it is impossible not to admire
  • 161. In 1807, Napoléon ordered the construction of a bridge overlooking the Military School, and named the bridge after his victory in 1806 at the Battle of Jena.