Submit Search
Upload
Elektronika (7)
•
0 likes
•
614 views
J
jayamartha
Follow
unj fmipa-fisika
Read less
Read more
Education
Report
Share
Report
Share
1 of 56
Recommended
Measuring instrument task
Measuring instrument task
Fani Diamanti
Module1 ppt
Module1 ppt
Nirupama Rayee
AC & DC
AC & DC
Ramasubbu .P
Ac current(ac power)
Ac current(ac power)
shire ali
Ac current
Ac current
University of Potsdam
AC-Alternative Current & Circuit Analysis ( Full of Information )
AC-Alternative Current & Circuit Analysis ( Full of Information )
Daffodil International University
Basic of electrical
Basic of electrical
hrishikesh kulkarni
History of Electric Metering
History of Electric Metering
TESCO - The Eastern Specialty Company
Recommended
Measuring instrument task
Measuring instrument task
Fani Diamanti
Module1 ppt
Module1 ppt
Nirupama Rayee
AC & DC
AC & DC
Ramasubbu .P
Ac current(ac power)
Ac current(ac power)
shire ali
Ac current
Ac current
University of Potsdam
AC-Alternative Current & Circuit Analysis ( Full of Information )
AC-Alternative Current & Circuit Analysis ( Full of Information )
Daffodil International University
Basic of electrical
Basic of electrical
hrishikesh kulkarni
History of Electric Metering
History of Electric Metering
TESCO - The Eastern Specialty Company
Elect principles -_ac_waveform_year1
Elect principles -_ac_waveform_year1
sdacey
alternating current AC
alternating current AC
Yasir Hashmi
Introduction to electrical engineering
Introduction to electrical engineering
Rajneesh Budania
1 basic electronics
1 basic electronics
Paulo Abelho
AC DC Electricity
AC DC Electricity
mrmackenzie
Electricity Formula
Electricity Formula
thomasvk
Elect principles -_ac_circuits_year1
Elect principles -_ac_circuits_year1
sdacey
Ac dc and circuits
Ac dc and circuits
sbarkanic
Alternating current tutorial
Alternating current tutorial
Puspa Dhamayanti
Ch 21 Alternating Current
Ch 21 Alternating Current
Rohit Mohd
current electricity
current electricity
vandanamishra46
Basic electrical
Basic electrical
Neeraj Lodhi
Theory of AC and DC Meter Testing
Theory of AC and DC Meter Testing
TESCO - The Eastern Specialty Company
Electrical engineering, students notes
Electrical engineering, students notes
IYAKAREMYE Jean De Dieu
Ac circuits 15 april 2013(1)
Ac circuits 15 april 2013(1)
Malusela Ndivhuwo
Ac circuits 15 april 2013(1)
Ac circuits 15 april 2013(1)
Majoro
Ekeeda - First Year Enginering - Basic Electrical Engineering
Ekeeda - First Year Enginering - Basic Electrical Engineering
EkeedaPvtLtd
Electromagnetic induction
Electromagnetic induction
naomizammit2003
Electric Current
Electric Current
jeric lora
Transducers
Transducers
thejoker26
3 song choices amad
3 song choices amad
haverstockmedia
Difraksi Sinar X(4 - 5)
Difraksi Sinar X(4 - 5)
jayamartha
More Related Content
What's hot
Elect principles -_ac_waveform_year1
Elect principles -_ac_waveform_year1
sdacey
alternating current AC
alternating current AC
Yasir Hashmi
Introduction to electrical engineering
Introduction to electrical engineering
Rajneesh Budania
1 basic electronics
1 basic electronics
Paulo Abelho
AC DC Electricity
AC DC Electricity
mrmackenzie
Electricity Formula
Electricity Formula
thomasvk
Elect principles -_ac_circuits_year1
Elect principles -_ac_circuits_year1
sdacey
Ac dc and circuits
Ac dc and circuits
sbarkanic
Alternating current tutorial
Alternating current tutorial
Puspa Dhamayanti
Ch 21 Alternating Current
Ch 21 Alternating Current
Rohit Mohd
current electricity
current electricity
vandanamishra46
Basic electrical
Basic electrical
Neeraj Lodhi
Theory of AC and DC Meter Testing
Theory of AC and DC Meter Testing
TESCO - The Eastern Specialty Company
Electrical engineering, students notes
Electrical engineering, students notes
IYAKAREMYE Jean De Dieu
Ac circuits 15 april 2013(1)
Ac circuits 15 april 2013(1)
Malusela Ndivhuwo
Ac circuits 15 april 2013(1)
Ac circuits 15 april 2013(1)
Majoro
Ekeeda - First Year Enginering - Basic Electrical Engineering
Ekeeda - First Year Enginering - Basic Electrical Engineering
EkeedaPvtLtd
Electromagnetic induction
Electromagnetic induction
naomizammit2003
Electric Current
Electric Current
jeric lora
Transducers
Transducers
thejoker26
What's hot
(20)
Elect principles -_ac_waveform_year1
Elect principles -_ac_waveform_year1
alternating current AC
alternating current AC
Introduction to electrical engineering
Introduction to electrical engineering
1 basic electronics
1 basic electronics
AC DC Electricity
AC DC Electricity
Electricity Formula
Electricity Formula
Elect principles -_ac_circuits_year1
Elect principles -_ac_circuits_year1
Ac dc and circuits
Ac dc and circuits
Alternating current tutorial
Alternating current tutorial
Ch 21 Alternating Current
Ch 21 Alternating Current
current electricity
current electricity
Basic electrical
Basic electrical
Theory of AC and DC Meter Testing
Theory of AC and DC Meter Testing
Electrical engineering, students notes
Electrical engineering, students notes
Ac circuits 15 april 2013(1)
Ac circuits 15 april 2013(1)
Ac circuits 15 april 2013(1)
Ac circuits 15 april 2013(1)
Ekeeda - First Year Enginering - Basic Electrical Engineering
Ekeeda - First Year Enginering - Basic Electrical Engineering
Electromagnetic induction
Electromagnetic induction
Electric Current
Electric Current
Transducers
Transducers
Viewers also liked
3 song choices amad
3 song choices amad
haverstockmedia
Difraksi Sinar X(4 - 5)
Difraksi Sinar X(4 - 5)
jayamartha
[Infographic] Cisco Visual Networking Index (VNI): Mobile Users Growth
[Infographic] Cisco Visual Networking Index (VNI): Mobile Users Growth
Cisco Service Provider
Foobar
Foobar
foobarslide1
Document 015432-017773
Document 015432-017773
Obama White House
J-Bird Air Service
J-Bird Air Service
Caleb Johnson
Exopolitics Magazine Edition 3 by British Exopolitics Expo (Autumn 2015)
Exopolitics Magazine Edition 3 by British Exopolitics Expo (Autumn 2015)
Exopolitics Hungary
Marechal DX3 ATEX Plugs and Sockets - Marechal DX3 Decontactor Metal 32A IP65...
Marechal DX3 ATEX Plugs and Sockets - Marechal DX3 Decontactor Metal 32A IP65...
Thorne & Derrick International
Pengantar TIK 9 (presentasi kelompok)
Pengantar TIK 9 (presentasi kelompok)
jayamartha
Interview-Digital
Interview-Digital
Karen Golove
Νόμοι
Νόμοι
chavalesnick
Gourmet Service Object
Gourmet Service Object
Brooklyn Zelenka
Elektronika (16)
Elektronika (16)
jayamartha
Keshe Coil-On-Plug ignition system
Keshe Coil-On-Plug ignition system
Exopolitics Hungary
Viewers also liked
(14)
3 song choices amad
3 song choices amad
Difraksi Sinar X(4 - 5)
Difraksi Sinar X(4 - 5)
[Infographic] Cisco Visual Networking Index (VNI): Mobile Users Growth
[Infographic] Cisco Visual Networking Index (VNI): Mobile Users Growth
Foobar
Foobar
Document 015432-017773
Document 015432-017773
J-Bird Air Service
J-Bird Air Service
Exopolitics Magazine Edition 3 by British Exopolitics Expo (Autumn 2015)
Exopolitics Magazine Edition 3 by British Exopolitics Expo (Autumn 2015)
Marechal DX3 ATEX Plugs and Sockets - Marechal DX3 Decontactor Metal 32A IP65...
Marechal DX3 ATEX Plugs and Sockets - Marechal DX3 Decontactor Metal 32A IP65...
Pengantar TIK 9 (presentasi kelompok)
Pengantar TIK 9 (presentasi kelompok)
Interview-Digital
Interview-Digital
Νόμοι
Νόμοι
Gourmet Service Object
Gourmet Service Object
Elektronika (16)
Elektronika (16)
Keshe Coil-On-Plug ignition system
Keshe Coil-On-Plug ignition system
Similar to Elektronika (7)
Power Circuits and Transformers-Unit 2 Labvolt Student Manual
Power Circuits and Transformers-Unit 2 Labvolt Student Manual
phase3-120A
Effect of Switching angle on Magnetizing flux and Inrush current of a Transfo...
Effect of Switching angle on Magnetizing flux and Inrush current of a Transfo...
IOSR Journals
Elektronika (12)
Elektronika (12)
jayamartha
Elektronika (10)
Elektronika (10)
jayamartha
11.2
11.2
Paula Mills
AC circuit
AC circuit
RAVINDRA CHANDEL
3 phase current source inverter
3 phase current source inverter
☆Engr.Mahamud Sajib Sajib
Lecture 7 ac waves
Lecture 7 ac waves
Mohamed Jama
B tech ee ii_ eee_ u-2_ ac circuit analysis_dipen patel
B tech ee ii_ eee_ u-2_ ac circuit analysis_dipen patel
Rai University
Unit-III Waveform Generator
Unit-III Waveform Generator
Dr.Raja R
Basic Electrical Engineering- AC Circuit
Basic Electrical Engineering- AC Circuit
Bhavesh jesadia
Sinusoidel voltages & sinusoidal current by h luqman
Sinusoidel voltages & sinusoidal current by h luqman
Hafiz Luqman Khalil
NETWORK ANALYSIS PART 3 For GATE IES PSU -2020 RRB/SSC AE JE TECHNICAL INT...
NETWORK ANALYSIS PART 3 For GATE IES PSU -2020 RRB/SSC AE JE TECHNICAL INT...
Prasant Kumar
Elect measuring
Elect measuring
MehulMunshi2
Diploma i boee u 3 ac circuit analysis
Diploma i boee u 3 ac circuit analysis
Rai University
ac_machinery_im.pdf
ac_machinery_im.pdf
NelgineGepuit
Elektronika (3)
Elektronika (3)
jayamartha
Electrical machine-basic
Electrical machine-basic
American International University-Bangladesh
Lecture6_Electrical engingveering_AC.pptx
Lecture6_Electrical engingveering_AC.pptx
Almasifidi
Modelling of three phase SVPWM AC-AC converter using unity power factor control
Modelling of three phase SVPWM AC-AC converter using unity power factor control
International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems
Similar to Elektronika (7)
(20)
Power Circuits and Transformers-Unit 2 Labvolt Student Manual
Power Circuits and Transformers-Unit 2 Labvolt Student Manual
Effect of Switching angle on Magnetizing flux and Inrush current of a Transfo...
Effect of Switching angle on Magnetizing flux and Inrush current of a Transfo...
Elektronika (12)
Elektronika (12)
Elektronika (10)
Elektronika (10)
11.2
11.2
AC circuit
AC circuit
3 phase current source inverter
3 phase current source inverter
Lecture 7 ac waves
Lecture 7 ac waves
B tech ee ii_ eee_ u-2_ ac circuit analysis_dipen patel
B tech ee ii_ eee_ u-2_ ac circuit analysis_dipen patel
Unit-III Waveform Generator
Unit-III Waveform Generator
Basic Electrical Engineering- AC Circuit
Basic Electrical Engineering- AC Circuit
Sinusoidel voltages & sinusoidal current by h luqman
Sinusoidel voltages & sinusoidal current by h luqman
NETWORK ANALYSIS PART 3 For GATE IES PSU -2020 RRB/SSC AE JE TECHNICAL INT...
NETWORK ANALYSIS PART 3 For GATE IES PSU -2020 RRB/SSC AE JE TECHNICAL INT...
Elect measuring
Elect measuring
Diploma i boee u 3 ac circuit analysis
Diploma i boee u 3 ac circuit analysis
ac_machinery_im.pdf
ac_machinery_im.pdf
Elektronika (3)
Elektronika (3)
Electrical machine-basic
Electrical machine-basic
Lecture6_Electrical engingveering_AC.pptx
Lecture6_Electrical engingveering_AC.pptx
Modelling of three phase SVPWM AC-AC converter using unity power factor control
Modelling of three phase SVPWM AC-AC converter using unity power factor control
More from jayamartha
Kalkulus 1 - Kuis 4
Kalkulus 1 - Kuis 4
jayamartha
Kalkulus 1 - Kuis 3
Kalkulus 1 - Kuis 3
jayamartha
Kalkulus 1 - Kuis 2
Kalkulus 1 - Kuis 2
jayamartha
Kalkulus 1 - Kuis 1
Kalkulus 1 - Kuis 1
jayamartha
P6
P6
jayamartha
Week 15 kognitif
Week 15 kognitif
jayamartha
15-superconductivity
15-superconductivity
jayamartha
12-14 d-effect_of_electron_-_electron_interaction
12-14 d-effect_of_electron_-_electron_interaction
jayamartha
7-metal_vs_semiconductor
7-metal_vs_semiconductor
jayamartha
12 -14 c-spin_paramagnetism
12 -14 c-spin_paramagnetism
jayamartha
12 -14 b-diamagnetism
12 -14 b-diamagnetism
jayamartha
12-14 a-magnetic_effects_in_quantum _mechanics
12-14 a-magnetic_effects_in_quantum _mechanics
jayamartha
Week4-5 tb-kognitif
Week4-5 tb-kognitif
jayamartha
10-11 a-energy_bands
10-11 a-energy_bands
jayamartha
7 -metal_vs_semiconductor
7 -metal_vs_semiconductor
jayamartha
Week-13 model pembelajaran
Week-13 model pembelajaran
jayamartha
5-6-definition_of_semiconductor
5-6-definition_of_semiconductor
jayamartha
Week-15 kognitif
Week-15 kognitif
jayamartha
Week 15 kognitif
Week 15 kognitif
jayamartha
Pert 1-4
Pert 1-4
jayamartha
More from jayamartha
(20)
Kalkulus 1 - Kuis 4
Kalkulus 1 - Kuis 4
Kalkulus 1 - Kuis 3
Kalkulus 1 - Kuis 3
Kalkulus 1 - Kuis 2
Kalkulus 1 - Kuis 2
Kalkulus 1 - Kuis 1
Kalkulus 1 - Kuis 1
P6
P6
Week 15 kognitif
Week 15 kognitif
15-superconductivity
15-superconductivity
12-14 d-effect_of_electron_-_electron_interaction
12-14 d-effect_of_electron_-_electron_interaction
7-metal_vs_semiconductor
7-metal_vs_semiconductor
12 -14 c-spin_paramagnetism
12 -14 c-spin_paramagnetism
12 -14 b-diamagnetism
12 -14 b-diamagnetism
12-14 a-magnetic_effects_in_quantum _mechanics
12-14 a-magnetic_effects_in_quantum _mechanics
Week4-5 tb-kognitif
Week4-5 tb-kognitif
10-11 a-energy_bands
10-11 a-energy_bands
7 -metal_vs_semiconductor
7 -metal_vs_semiconductor
Week-13 model pembelajaran
Week-13 model pembelajaran
5-6-definition_of_semiconductor
5-6-definition_of_semiconductor
Week-15 kognitif
Week-15 kognitif
Week 15 kognitif
Week 15 kognitif
Pert 1-4
Pert 1-4
Recently uploaded
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERP
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERP
Celine George
ACC 2024 Chronicles. Cardiology. Exam.pdf
ACC 2024 Chronicles. Cardiology. Exam.pdf
SpandanaRallapalli
LEFT_ON_C'N_ PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
LEFT_ON_C'N_ PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
Conquiztadors- the Quiz Society of Sri Venkateswara College
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx
mary850239
Raw materials used in Herbal Cosmetics.pptx
Raw materials used in Herbal Cosmetics.pptx
Ashokrao Mane college of Pharmacy Peth-Vadgaon
Virtual-Orientation-on-the-Administration-of-NATG12-NATG6-and-ELLNA.pdf
Virtual-Orientation-on-the-Administration-of-NATG12-NATG6-and-ELLNA.pdf
ErwinPantujan2
Culture Uniformity or Diversity IN SOCIOLOGY.pptx
Culture Uniformity or Diversity IN SOCIOLOGY.pptx
PoojaSen20
Karra SKD Conference Presentation Revised.pptx
Karra SKD Conference Presentation Revised.pptx
AshokKarra1
Procuring digital preservation CAN be quick and painless with our new dynamic...
Procuring digital preservation CAN be quick and painless with our new dynamic...
Jisc
Like-prefer-love -hate+verb+ing & silent letters & citizenship text.pdf
Like-prefer-love -hate+verb+ing & silent letters & citizenship text.pdf
Mr Bounab Samir
INTRODUCTION TO CATHOLIC CHRISTOLOGY.pptx
INTRODUCTION TO CATHOLIC CHRISTOLOGY.pptx
Humphrey A Beña
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
MiaBumagat1
USPS® Forced Meter Migration - How to Know if Your Postage Meter Will Soon be...
USPS® Forced Meter Migration - How to Know if Your Postage Meter Will Soon be...
Postal Advocate Inc.
ENGLISH6-Q4-W3.pptxqurter our high choom
ENGLISH6-Q4-W3.pptxqurter our high choom
nelietumpap1
Transaction Management in Database Management System
Transaction Management in Database Management System
Christalin Nelson
Global Lehigh Strategic Initiatives (without descriptions)
Global Lehigh Strategic Initiatives (without descriptions)
cama23
Earth Day Presentation wow hello nice great
Earth Day Presentation wow hello nice great
YousafMalik24
Grade 9 Quarter 4 Dll Grade 9 Quarter 4 DLL.pdf
Grade 9 Quarter 4 Dll Grade 9 Quarter 4 DLL.pdf
Jemuel Francisco
Difference Between Search & Browse Methods in Odoo 17
Difference Between Search & Browse Methods in Odoo 17
Celine George
AMERICAN LANGUAGE HUB_Level2_Student'sBook_Answerkey.pdf
AMERICAN LANGUAGE HUB_Level2_Student'sBook_Answerkey.pdf
phamnguyenenglishnb
Recently uploaded
(20)
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERP
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERP
ACC 2024 Chronicles. Cardiology. Exam.pdf
ACC 2024 Chronicles. Cardiology. Exam.pdf
LEFT_ON_C'N_ PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
LEFT_ON_C'N_ PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx
Raw materials used in Herbal Cosmetics.pptx
Raw materials used in Herbal Cosmetics.pptx
Virtual-Orientation-on-the-Administration-of-NATG12-NATG6-and-ELLNA.pdf
Virtual-Orientation-on-the-Administration-of-NATG12-NATG6-and-ELLNA.pdf
Culture Uniformity or Diversity IN SOCIOLOGY.pptx
Culture Uniformity or Diversity IN SOCIOLOGY.pptx
Karra SKD Conference Presentation Revised.pptx
Karra SKD Conference Presentation Revised.pptx
Procuring digital preservation CAN be quick and painless with our new dynamic...
Procuring digital preservation CAN be quick and painless with our new dynamic...
Like-prefer-love -hate+verb+ing & silent letters & citizenship text.pdf
Like-prefer-love -hate+verb+ing & silent letters & citizenship text.pdf
INTRODUCTION TO CATHOLIC CHRISTOLOGY.pptx
INTRODUCTION TO CATHOLIC CHRISTOLOGY.pptx
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
USPS® Forced Meter Migration - How to Know if Your Postage Meter Will Soon be...
USPS® Forced Meter Migration - How to Know if Your Postage Meter Will Soon be...
ENGLISH6-Q4-W3.pptxqurter our high choom
ENGLISH6-Q4-W3.pptxqurter our high choom
Transaction Management in Database Management System
Transaction Management in Database Management System
Global Lehigh Strategic Initiatives (without descriptions)
Global Lehigh Strategic Initiatives (without descriptions)
Earth Day Presentation wow hello nice great
Earth Day Presentation wow hello nice great
Grade 9 Quarter 4 Dll Grade 9 Quarter 4 DLL.pdf
Grade 9 Quarter 4 Dll Grade 9 Quarter 4 DLL.pdf
Difference Between Search & Browse Methods in Odoo 17
Difference Between Search & Browse Methods in Odoo 17
AMERICAN LANGUAGE HUB_Level2_Student'sBook_Answerkey.pdf
AMERICAN LANGUAGE HUB_Level2_Student'sBook_Answerkey.pdf
Elektronika (7)
1.
Elektronika Dr .
AgusSetyo Budi, M.Sc Sesion #07 JurusanFisika FakultasMatematikadanIlmuPengetahuanAlam
2.
Outline Alternating
Current Applications Alternating-Voltage Generator The Sine Wave Alternating Current Voltage and Current Values for a Sine Wave Frequency Period Wavelength Phase Angle The Time Factor in Frequency and Phase Alternating Current Circuits with Resistance Nonsinusoidal AC Waveforms Harmonic Frequencies The 60-Hz AC Power Line Motors and Generators Three-Phase AC Power © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 2 07/01/2011
3.
Alternating Voltageand Current
Hasannudin Saidin 25 March 2008 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 3
4.
Alternating Current Applications
A transformer can only operate with alternating current to step up or step down an ac voltage. A transformer is an example of inductance in ac circuits where the changing magnetic flux of a varying current produces an induced voltage. Capacitance is important with the changing electric field of a varying voltage. The effects of inductance and capacitance depend on having an ac source. An important application is a resonant circuit with L and C that is tuned to a particular frequency. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 4
5.
Alternating-Voltage Generator Characteristics
of Alternating Current Alternating voltage and alternating current vary continuously in magnitude and reverse in polarity. One cycle includes the variations between two successive points having the same value and varying in the same direction. Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz). 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 5
6.
Alternating-Voltage Generator The
conductor loop rotates through the magnetic field to generate induced ac voltage across open terminals. At the horizontal position, the loop does not induce a voltage because the conductors do not cut across the flux. At the vertical position, conductors cut across the flux and produce maximum v. Each of the longer conductors has opposite polarity of induced voltage. Fig. 15-2: Loop rotating in magnetic field to produce induced voltage v with alternating polarities. (a) Loop conductors moving parallel to magnetic field results in zero voltage. (b) Loop conductors cutting across magnetic field produce maximum induced voltage. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 6
7.
Alternating-Voltage Generator The
Cycle One complete revolution of the loop around the circle is a cycle. The half-cycle of revolution is called an alternation. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 7
8.
Alternating-Voltage Generator The
voltage waveform shown in Fig. 15-3 is called a sine wave, sinusoidal wave , or sinusoid because the amount of induced voltage is proportional to the sine of the angle of rotation in the circular motion producing the voltage. Fig. 15-3: One cycle of alternating voltage generated by rotating loop. Magnetic field, not shown here, is directed from top to bottom, as in Fig. 15-2. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 8
9.
Alternating-Voltage Generator Angular
Measure and Radian Measure The cycle of voltage corresponds to rotation of the loop around a circle, so parts of the cycle are described in angles. The radian (rad) is an angle equivalent to 57.3°. A radian is the angular part of the circle that includes an arc equal to the radius r of the circle. A circle’s circumference equals 2πr, so one cycle equals 2πrad. Fig. 15-3(a). Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 9
10.
Alternating-Voltage Generator Angular
Measure and Radian Measure 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 10
11.
12.
The Sine Wave
The voltage waveform pictured here is called a sine wave, sinusoidal wave, or sinusoid. The induced voltage is proportional to the sine of the angle of rotation in the circular motion producing the voltage. Fig. 15-1(a): Waveform of ac power-line voltage with frequency of 60 Hz. Two cycles are shown. Oscilloscope readout. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 12
13.
The Sine Wave
With a sine wave, the induced voltage increases to a maximum at 90°, when the loop is vertical, just as the sine of the angle of rotation increases to a maximum at 90°. The instantaneous value of a sine-wave voltage for any angle of rotation is expressed in the formula: v = VM sin Θ Θ (theta) is the angle sin = the abbreviation for sine VM = the maximum voltage value v = the instantaneous value of voltage at angle Θ. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 13
14.
The Sine Wave
Characteristics of the Sine-Wave AC Waveform: The cycle includes 360° or 2π rad. The polarity reverses each half-cycle. The maximum values are at 90° and 270°. The zero values are at 0° and 180°. The waveform changes its values the fastest when it crosses the zero axis. The waveform changes its values the slowest when it is at its maximum value. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 14
15.
Alternating Current When
a sine wave of alternating voltage is connected across a load resistance, the current that flows in the circuit is also a sine wave. The sine wave frequency of an alternating voltage is the same as the alternating current through a series connected load resistance. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 15
16.
Alternating Current Fig.
15-5: A sine wave of alternating voltage applied across R produces a sine wave of alternating current in the circuit. (a) Waveform of applied voltage. (b) AC circuit. Note the symbol for sine-wave generator V. (c) Waveform of current in the circuit. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 16
17.
Alternating Current After
the first half-cycle, polarity reverses and current flows in the opposite direction. The negative half-cycle of applied voltage is as useful as the positive half-cycle in producing current. The direction does not matter in the application. The motion of electrons against resistance produces power dissipation. Only v and i waveforms can be compared. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 17
18.
Voltage and Current
Values for a Sine Wave The following specific magnitudes are used to compare one wave to another: Peak value: maximum value VM or IM. This applies to the positive or negative peak. Peak-to-peak: usually, but not always, double the peak value, as it measures distance between two amplitudes. Average value: Arithmetic average of all values in one half-cycle (the full cycle average = 0). Root-Mean-Square (RMS) or Effective Value: Relates the amount of a sine wave of voltage or current to the DC values that will produce the same heating effect. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 18
19.
Voltage and Current
Values for a Sine Wave The average value is 0.637 × peak value. The rms value is 0.707 × peak value. The peak value is 1.414 × rms value. The peak-to-peak value is 2.828 × rms value. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 19
20.
Voltage and Current
Values for a Sine Wave Fig. 15-6: Definitions of important amplitude values for a sine wave of voltage or current. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 20
21.
100 W 120
V Same power dissipation Vrms is the effective value. The heating effect of these two sources is identical. + 100 W 120 V Voltage and Current Values for a Sine Wave The default sine wave ac measurement is Vrms. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 21
22.
Frequency Frequency( f
)is the number of cycles per second. Cycle is measured between two successive points having the same value and direction. One cycle per second is 1 Hz. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 22
23.
Amplitude 0 Time
1 sec 0.5 sec f = 2 Hz Frequency Sine Wave Frequency (two cycles shown) 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 23
24.
Frequency Audio and
Radio Frequencies Audio range (frequencies of electrical variations heard as sound waves by the human ear) is 16 to 16,000 Hz Radio-frequency range is up to 300,000 MHz (300 GHz) The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch of a sound. Amplitude has no relation to frequency. Amplitude influences the loudness of a sound. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 24
25.
Frequency Sonic and
Ultrasonic Frequencies Sound waves are variations in pressure generated by mechanical vibrations rather than electrical variations. Sound waves in the audible frequency range (16–16,000 Hz) are sonic frequencies. Ultrasonic waves are above the audible range of frequencies (16,000–several MHz). 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 25
26.
Period Period
(T) is the time per cycle. T = 1/f f = 1/T The higher the frequency, the shorter the period. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 26
27.
T Amplitude 0
Time 0.0167 s f = 1/T = 1/.0167 = 60 Hz Period Period (T) 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 27
28.
1130 ft/s f
Hz Wavelength Wavelength (λ) is the distance a wave travels in one cycle. λ = v/f, where: λ = wavelength λ = v = velocity of wave (such as sound or light) in applications, velocity can be influenced by electromagnetic fields, air pressure, etc. f = frequency 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 28
29.
Wavelength The higher
the frequency, the lower the wavelength. The velocity of a radio wave is 3 × 1010 cms/s (3 × 108 meters/s). 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 29
30.
Wavelength Fig. 15-9:
Wavelengthλ is the distance traveled by the wave in one cycle. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 30
31.
Phase Angle Phase
angle (Θ) is the angular difference between the same points on two different waveforms of the same frequency. Two waveforms that have peaks and zeros at the same time are in phase and have a phase angle of 0°. When one sine wave is at its peak while another is at zero, the two are 90° out of phase. When one sine wave has just the opposite phase of another, they are 180° out of phase. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 31
32.
Phase Angle Fig.
15-10: Two sine-wave voltages 90° out of phase. (a) Wave B leads wave A by 90°. (b) Corresponding phasors VB and VA for the two sine-wave voltages with phase angle Θ = 90°. The right angle shows quadrature phase. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 32
33.
Phase Angle Phase-Angle
Diagrams Similar to vectors, phasors indicate the amplitude and phase angle of ac voltage or current. A vector quantity has direction in space, but a phasor angle represents a difference in time. The length of the phasor represents the amplitude of the waveform. The angle represents the phase angle of the waveform. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 33
34.
Phase Angle Phase-Angle
Diagrams The phasor corresponds to the entire cycle of voltage. The phase angle of one wave can be specified only with respect to another as a reference. Usually the reference phasor is horizontal. Fig. 15-11: Leading and lagging phase angles for 90°. (a) When phasor VA is the horizontal reference, phasor VB leads by 90°. (b) When phasor VB is the horizontal reference, phasor VA lags by −90°. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 34
35.
Θ t =
1 360 × f The Time Factor in Frequency and Phase The physical factors represented on waveforms are variations in amplitude, usually on the vertical scale, with respect to equal intervals on the horizontal scale, which can represent either distance or time. The angle of 360° represents the time for one cycle, or the period T. The phase angle between two waves of the same frequency indicates a specific difference in time. The time for a phase angle can be calculated as 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 35
36.
Alternating Current Circuits
with Resistance Series AC Circuit with R. The 4-A current is the same in all parts of the series circuit. (Note: This principle applies for either an ac or dc source.) The series voltage drops are equal to V = I x R The sum of the individual IR drops equals the applied voltage (120V). Fig. 15-16: Series ac circuit with resistance only. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 36
37.
Alternating Current Circuits
with Resistance Parallel AC Circuit with R. The voltage across the parallel branches is the same as the applied voltage. Each branch current is equal to the applied voltage (120V) divided by the branch resistance. Total line current is the sum of the branch currents (18A). Fig. 15-17: Parallel ac circuit with resistance only. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 37
38.
Alternating Current Circuits
with Resistance Series-Parallel AC Circuit with R. The main line current IT produced by the 120V source is equal to V/RT. Since the branch resistances are equal, the 4-A IT divides equally. Parallel branch currents add to equal the 4-A current in the main line. Fig. 15-18: Series-parallel ac circuit with resistance only. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 38
39.
Square wave Sawtooth
wave Pulse wave Nonsinusoidal AC Waveforms In many electronic applications, other waveforms besides sine and cosine are important. Some of those forms are shown below. Common in digital electronic circuitry Used in timing and control circuitry Used in digital and control circuitry 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 39
40.
Nonsinusoidal AC Waveforms
Key Similarities and Differences between Sinusoidal and Nonsinusoidal Waveforms For all waveforms, the cycle is measured between two points having the same amplitude and varying in the same direction. Peak amplitude is measured from the zero axis to the maximum positive or negative value. Peak-to-peak amplitude is better for measuring nonsinusoidal waveshapes because they an have unsymmetrical peaks. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 40
41.
Nonsinusoidal AC Waveforms
Key Similarities and Differences between Sinusoidal and Nonsinusoidal Waveforms The rms value 0.707 applies only to sine waves. Phase angles apply only to sine waves. All the waveforms represent ac voltages. Positive values are shown above the zero axis, and negative values are shown below the axis. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 41
42.
Harmonic Frequencies Harmonic
frequencies are exact multiples of the fundamental frequency. Harmonics are useful in analyzing distorted sine waves or nonsinusoidal waveforms. A common unit for frequency multiples is the octave, which is a range of 2:1. Doubling the frequency range (e.g., from 200 to 400 Hz) raises the frequency by one octave. Another unit for representing frequency multiples is the decade. A decade corresponds to a 10:1 range in frequencies (e.g., 30 kHz to 300 kHz). 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 42
43.
Harmonic Frequencies Fig.
15-20: Fundamental and harmonic frequencies for an example of a 100-Hz square wave. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 43
44.
The 60-Hz AC
Power Line Almost all homes in the US are supplied alternating voltage between 115 and 125 V rms, at a frequency of 60 Hz. The incoming voltage is wired to all the wall outlets and electrical equipment in parallel. The 120-V source of commercial electricity is the 60-Hz power line or the mains, indicating that it is the main line for all the parallel branches. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 44
45.
The 60-Hz AC
Power Line Applications in Residential Wiring: Residential wiring uses ac power instead of dc, because ac is more efficient in distribution from the generating station. House wiring uses 3-wire, single-phase power. The voltages for house wiring are 120 V to ground, and 240 V across the two high sides. A value higher than 120 V would create more danger of fatal electric shock, but lower voltages would be less efficient in supplying power. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 45
46.
The 60-Hz AC
Power Line Applications in Residential Wiring: Higher voltage can supply electric power with less I2R loss, since the same power is produced with less I. Although the frequency of house wiring in North America is 60 Hz, many places outside N. America use a 50 Hz standard for house wiring. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 46
47.
The 60-Hz AC
Power Line The 60-Hz Frequency Reference All power companies in the US, except for those in Texas, are interconnected in a grid that maintains the ac power-line frequency between 59.98 and 60.02 Hz. The frequency is compared with the time standard provided by the Bureau of Standards radio station WWV at Fort Collins, Colorado. This accuracy makes the power-line voltage a good secondary standard for checking frequencies based on 60 Hz. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 47
48.
The 60-Hz AC
Power Line Grounding Grounding is the practice of connecting one side of the power line to earth or ground. The purpose is safety: Grounding provides protection against dangerous electric shock. The power distribution lines are protected against excessively high voltage, particularly from lightning. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 48
49.
The 60-Hz AC
Power Line Grounding Plug connectors for the ac power line are configured to provide protection because they are polarized with respect to the ground connections. Fig. 15-22: Plug connectors polarized for ground connection to an ac power line. (a) Wider blade connects to neutral. (b) Rounded pin connects to ground. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 49
50.
The 60-Hz AC
Power Line Grounding The ground-fault circuit interrupted (GFCI) is a decide that can sense excessive leakage current and open the circuit as a protection against shock. Fig. 15-23: Ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI). 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 50
51.
15-15: Motors and
Generators A generator converts mechanical energy into electric energy. A motor converts electricity into rotary motion. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 51
52.
Motors and Generators
07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 52
53.
Three-Phase AC Power
Three-phase ac power has three legs that are 120° out of phase. The advantage of three-phase ac voltage is more efficient distribution of power. Fig. 15-25: Three-phase alternating voltage or current with 120° between each phase. (a) Sine waves. (b) Phasor diagram. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 53
54.
Three-Phase AC Power
The windings may be in the form of a Y (wye) or a delta (Δ). In the Y connection, any pair of terminals is across two coils in series and each coil has 120V. The output voltage across any two terminals is 120 x 1.73 or 208V. Fig. 15-26: Types of connections for three-phase power (a) Wye or Y. (b) Delta or Δ. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 54
55.
Three-Phase AC Power
In the delta connection, any pair of terminals is across one generator winding and the output is 120V. The other coils are in a parallel branch. The current capacity of the line is increased by the factor 1.73. Fig. 15-26: Types of connections for three-phase power (a) Wye or Y. (b) Delta or Δ. 07/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 55
56.
© 2010
Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 56 07/01/2011 TerimaKasih