1. Smoking and Smoking-
related Diseases
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2. There are 69 identified carcinogens in tobacco smoke (IARC Monographs on
the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks. Volume 1 and Supplements 1-8,
1972-1999)
Carbon monoxide:
Tar (a mixture of *Diffuses across the
aromatic walls of the alveoli and
compounds): settles into the blood in the
on the lining of the lungs. It diffuses into
airways in the lungs red blood cells where it
and stimulates a series combines with
of changes that may haemoglobin to form
lead to obstructive the stable compound
lung diseases and lung carboxyhaemoglobin.
cancer
*Also damages the
lining of the arteries.
Nicotine:
*drug in tobacco that is absorbed very readily by the blood
and travels to the brain within seconds. Stimulates nervous
system to reduce diameter of the arterioles and to release the
hormone adrenaline from the adrenal glands.
*also increases ‘stickiness’ of blood platelets (risk of blood
clotting) ALBIO9700/2006JK

4. Emphysema
•difficulty to move air out of the lungs (1.3 dm3
air)
• rapid breathing rate due to lack of
oxygenation of blood
• right side of heart enlarges
•people with emphysema develop a
barrel-like distended chest
• wheezing
• breathlessness
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5. ALBIO9700/2006JK

6. ALBIO9700/2006JK

7. Chronic Bronchitis
• excessive airway mucus secretion leading to a
persistent, productive cough
• cough and sputum are present on most days for a
minimum of 3 months for at least 2 successive years or
for 6 months during 1 year
• also may be narrowing of the large and small airways
making it more difficult to move air in and out of the
lungs
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8. Lung Cancer
 The 2004 Surgeon General's report newly identifies other cancers
caused by smoking, including cancers of the stomach, cervix,
kidney, and pancreas and acute myeloid leukemia.
 In 2003, an estimated 22,400 new cases of stomach cancer were
diagnosed, and an estimated 12,100 deaths were expected to
occur.
 Former smokers have lower rates of stomach cancer than those
who continue to smoke.
 For women, the risk of cervical cancer increases with the duration of
smoking.
 In 2003, an estimated 31,900 new cases of kidney cancer were
diagnosed, and an estimated 11,900 people died from the disease.
 In 2003, an estimated 30,700 new cases of pancreatic cancer were
diagnosed, attributing to 30,000 deaths. The median time from
diagnosis to death from pancreatic cancer is about 3 months.
 In 2003, approximately 10,500 cases of acute myeloid leukemia
were diagnosed in adults.
 Benzene is a known cause of acute myleoid leukemia, and cigarette
smoke is a major source of benzene exposure.
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9. Lung Cancer (cont)
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10. Lung Cancer (cont)
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11. Lung Cancer (cont)
 Coughing up blood as a result of tissue
damage
 Tumours that can be located via:
 Bronchoscopy, using an endoscope to allow a
direct view of the lining of the bronchi
 Chest x-ray
 CT scan
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12. Lung Cancer (cont)
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13. Lung Cancer (cont)
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14. Lung Cancer (cont)

15. Cardiovascular Diseases
Degenerative diseases of the
heart and circulatory system
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16. Atherosclerosis
 Build-up of atheroma, which contains
cholesterol, fibres, dead muscle cells and
platelets
 Cholesterol-rich atheroma forms plaques
in the lining of the arteries, making them
less elastic and restricting the flow of
blood
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17. Atherosclerosis (cont)
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18. Coronary heart disease
 Disease of arteries branching from the aorta (to
supply all the muscle of the atria and ventricle)
that causes damage to, or malfunction of, the
heart
 3 forms:
 Angina pectoris – shortage of blood to heart muscle
causing severe pain but no death of heart tissue
 Heart attack (myocardial infarction) – sudden and
severe chest pain caused by death of heart muscle
due to lack of oxygen
 Heart failure – blockage of main coronary artery
resulting in gradual damage of heart muscle
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19. Coronary heart disease
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20. Stroke
 Occurs when an artery in the brain bursts
so that blood leaks into brain tissue (brain
haemorrhage)
 When there is a blockage in a brain artery
due to atherosclerosis or a thrombus
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21. Stroke (cont)
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22. Where does nicotine and carbon
monoxide come in???
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