Look at some of the worst and nasty battles that happened during the WW1. Know about the (I,MANIA). VERY IMPORTANT.

1. World War One
1914-18
I, MANIA

2. CAUSES OF WWI
1.
INDUSTRIALISM
Increased factories and mechanization allowed
nations to build weapons at a rapid pace.
European nations stockpiled massive amounts
of weapons which meant that there would
always be a supply of artillery.

5. 2. MILITARISM and
the Arms Race

This was a belief
by European
nations that it was
acceptable to solve
their disputes by
military action. It
meant keeping a
large scale army
that was ready to
go to war at any
time.

6. Nationalism

Nationalism refers to the act of strongly
supporting the rights and interests of one's
country. WWI, which was triggered off by the
confrontation between Serbs; who wanted to
establish a greater Serbia and the Austrian
occupation in 1908, saw the start of nationalist
movements as different countries sought to
protect their interests. It is the strong nationalist
elements that led to the re-unification of Italy in
1861 and Germany in 1871.

7. Massive Standing Armies and
Reserves in 1914







Russia: 5,900,000 men under arms
France: 4,100,000
Britain: 975,000. By 1914 the Royal Navy had 29
dreadnoughts, 10 battle cruisers, 20 town
cruisers, 15 scout cruisers, 200 destroyers, 29
battleships (pre-dreadnought design) and 150
cruisers built before 1907 = 453 ships.
USA: 200,000
Canada: 3,111 (navy had two cruisers)
Germany: 4,500,000, and 48 U-boats (subs)
Austria-Hungary: 3,000,000

8. Anglo-German Naval Race: The Dreadnought, the new
super-battleship, built in 1906. It had ten 12-inch guns and steamturbine propulsion. By 1914, Britain had 29 Dreadnoughts, and
Germany had 17.

10. 3. ALLIANCE SYSTEMS




Before the outbreak of WWI
Triple Entente- Britain, France, and Russia
Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungary &
Italy (later replaced by the Ottoman Empire)
Rather than discouraging the chance of war, the
alliance systems increased the chance of war on a
large scale. There could not be a small dispute
among competing alliances. Plus, all the
European colonies would be at war. The biggest
cause of WWI.

12. Allies = green
Central Powers = orange
Neutral = gray

The world during WWI.

13. 4. NATIONALISM

Europeans felt such
pride in their countries
that they were willing
to fight and die for
their homeland. This
created tension in
Europe because each
nation was trying to
prove its superiority
over other countries.

14. Hitler

“The remarkable picture
we have of Hitler as a part
of the crowd …in Munich
cheering the
announcement of war
speaks volumes. He is
standing in front of one of
the front rows, this misfit,
without friends, without
women in his life, without
a job, without a future.
And yet his face is ecstatic,
radiant. (Ecksteins 306)”

16. 5. IMPERIALISM
This was a desire by European nations to
expand their borders and control other nations.
Land equaled power at this time. This
competition for land had the potential to lead
to war.

17. Empire Tensions





France wanted Alsace-Lorraine back from
Germany (lost in 1870)
Austria-Hungary took over Bosnia in 1908
and Serbia wanted it
Russia supported Serbia and wanted
Turkish land
In 1912 Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, and
Bulgaria attacked the Ottoman Empire
In 1913 Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, and
the Ottoman Empire attacked Bulgaria

18. By 1922 the British Empire had 458 million people, around 50 colonies,
1/4 of the world's population, and covered more than 33,700,000 km2,
almost 1/4 of the Earth's total land area. After the war, it had taken 6
more colonies.

19. TIMELINE:
The Road to
War

20. 6. The Trigger- the Assassination of
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of A-H

21. Gavrillo
Princip,
the
assassin
(18941918)

22. 2.
Austrian Ultimatum to Serbia
3.
Serbian Rejection; Russian Guarantee of Support
4. Austria-Hungary invades Serbia
5.
Russia mobilizes to threaten Austria-Hungary
6.Germany mobilizes to threaten Russia
7.Germany declares war on Russia but…
8. Germany declares war on France and invades using
the Schlieffen Plan
9. Britain signed a treaty with Belgium in 1839 and
declares war on Germany

23. The Schlieffen Plan

24. Canada at War!



Canada is a British
colony and is
automatically at
war.
However, she has
a very small
military at first.
PM Robert Borden
offers help.

25. Valcartier, Quebec

26. Solders were paid $1.10 a day. Pilots got $6.00.
Daily Ration for Soldiers Training at Valcartier:
Pepper and salt
11/4 pounds bread
1 ounce tea
13 ounce coffee
1 ounce cheese
2 ounces jam
2 ounces beans
2 ounces butter
2 ounces sugar
6 ounces fresh vegetables
1 pound fresh meat
1 pound potatoes
1 ounce oil
1 cubic foot wood
Fruit is extra

27. Sam Hughes and the Ross Rifle.
The gun would jam if dirty and
sometimes the bayonet fell off
when the rifle was fired.

28. Infantryman, Canadian Expeditionary Force, France 1915-1916.

29. National Film Board:
Canadian Expeditionary
Force Footage

30. Trench Life

31. A good day’s hunting

32. Trench Foot

33. Shrapnel Wound
Shell Shock

34. Virtual Tour of TrenchesBBC - History
- Dug-out Entrance Vitual Tour
Simulation game: Over the Top

35. Canadian Battles in
World War One
1. Second Battle of Ypres, April, 1915
Canadian troops fought their first battle in the
trenches in Belgium. The Germans subject them to
a gas attack. The Canadians survive by covering
their faces with urine soaked rags. 2,000
Canadians die and 4,000 are wounded. Canada
gains a reputation as a strong fighting force.

36. Soldiers
using
makeshift
gas masks
during the
second
battle of
Ypres

37. Soldiers loading
special gas
canisters near
the front

40. 2. Battle of the Somme, July 1,
1916




The British had 19,000 killed and 38,000
wounded on July 1, 1916, the worst day in the
history of the British army.
Canadians were led by British General Haig. He
ordered troops openly into no-man’s land. This
was the first time tanks were used in battle.
Canada had 24,000 casualties during this battle,
where they earned the nickname “shock troops”.
The battle caused 1.1 million casualties, making it
the worst battle in modern history.

41. The Newfoundland Regiment

733 of 801 men in
the 1st
Newfoundland
Regiment were
killed or wounded
at Beaumont
Hamel on July 1,
1916.

43. Smashed German position as a result of
artillery barrage.

44. Believed to be the only genuine picture of British troops in
action on the 1st of July, 1916

45. British dead awaiting burial after July 1

49. Exploring a WWI Mark 1 Tank

51. 3. Vimy Ridge, April, 1917
•100,000 Canadian troops, led by General Arthur Currie, fought for
the first time as a single unit.
•British Prime Minister David Lloyd George claimed to his biographer
that had the war continued into 1919, he would have sought to replace
General Douglas Haig with Arthur Currie, as Allied Supreme
Commander.
Experience Vimy

52. Vimy and Currie



Currie built a full-scale model of the
Ridge.
He built underground tunnels and
light railways to move troops and
supplies.
He also used the “creeping barrage”,
to surprise and defeat the Germans.

53. Huge Canadian Victory
•
The Canadians won
the battle in only four
days.
•
Allied countries
applauded Canada’s
success.
•
This was a defining
moment in Canadian
independence.
•
However, Canada had
3,600 dead and 7,000
wounded.

54. A photograph of a position at Vimy Ridge

55. Trenches at Vimy Ridge

56. Grange Tunnels Dug Under the Battlefield at
Vimy
Grange Tunnel - Veterans Affairs Canada

57. 29th Infantry Battalion advancing over "No Man's Land" during the battle
of Vimy Ridge. This was a part of the creeping barrage.

58. Canadian soldiers celebrating victory after taking Vimy

59. Present-day view of shell holes left from the Vimy battle

60. 4. Passchendaele, October, 1917
•This offensive in Flanders was launched by British
commander Sir Douglas Haig to break through the
front and destroy the German submarine bases on the
coast of Belgium.
•Canadian troops were assigned this mud-filled ridge
after three years of fighting here.
•Conditions were terrible and many lives were lost in
this victory. The land had little significance.
•Very muddy.

61. Battle of Passchendaele
Summary:





The initial barrage of Allied artillery warned the Germans
and created a mass of craters, potholes and dust in the
battlefield. Heavy rains turned the field into a bog of thick
mud that severely limited mobility.
When the Canadian Corps was ordered to relieve the Anzac
forces in October, Canadian Lieutenant-General Arthur
Currie objected but was overruled.
The Canadians began a series of attacks on October 26.
By November 6 when reinforcements arrived, the village of
Passchendaele was taken.
The Canadians suffered 16,000 casualties.

62. Battlefield at Passchendaele

67. 5. The Last Hundred Days, AugustNovember, 1918
Canadian troops, led by Arthur Currie, fought in
several battles forcing the Germans to retreat. They
suffer 46,000 casualties in these battles but defeat
a quarter of the entire German army. The fighting
ends at 11:00 am on November 11, 1918. The war was
over.

69. German prisoners after the Battle of Amiens

70. Canadians crossing the Rhine into Germany

72. THE RESULTS OF WWI
Leaders of the four major victorious powers—Britain's Prime Minister David Lloyd
George, Italy's Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando, President Georges Clemenceau of
France, and President Woodrow Wilson of the United States—met in 1919 at the
Paris Peace Conference to settle the issues raised by World War I.

73. Paris Peace Conference, 1919
The Allied (victorious) countries met to discuss
the settlement of WWI. Some of the issues
that needed to be resolved included: how to
punish the losing countries, who was ‘guilty’ for
causing the war? And, how would peace be
maintained in the world. Canada participates
here as an independent nation and becomes a
member of the League of Nations. Paris 1919 Film Clip

74. Official Flag of the League of Nations

75. The Treaty of Versailles, 1919
This treaty was the result of the peace conference and it
formally ended the war. It demanded that Germany:
•Accept blame for the war (War Guilt Clause)
•Significantly reduce the army and navy
•Give back the land it had conquered
•Pay reparations amounting to approx. $30 billion
•Allow Allied troops to be stationed on it’s territory
This treaty was extremely harsh on Germany and many
acknowledged that it would simply lead to the outbreak of
another war. Germany signed it under protest. Germany
would be burdened by the terms of this treaty until
Hitler takes power in the 1930’s.

78. Go To Movies, Chapter 6: Injury
andShellshockBBC - History - World
War One Movies