2. James Watt
1. Invented an improved steam engine.
a. The engine used fuels such as wood and coal to
heat water, which expands when it becomes
steam.
2. The First use of Watt’s machine was to lift
coal out of mines.
3. Effects of the Steam Engine
1. New Process developed to make stronger
iron.
2. Railroad Engine and Steamship.
3. Made Cottage Industry obsolete.
a. These jobs could now be done faster and more
efficiently by machines.
4. City populations will grow.
4. Britain Leading the Industrial
Revolution
1. Enclosure Movement- “common lands” were
closed for herding and gathering firewood.
a. Forced many families to move to the cities to
look for a job.
2. Resources also helped Britain industrialize.
a. Coal Fields were plentiful in England.
3. Factories were built near rivers and canals, as
well as on the seacoast.
5. The Modern City
1. Before Industrial Revolution most major
cities were between 20,000 and 60,000.
2. The town near rivers, coal fields, and iron
mines grew up 15x larger by the 1800s.
a. Liverpool: 35,000 in 1760 to 550,000 in 1881.
b. Birmingham: 30,000 to 400,000.
c. Manchester 45,000 to 400,000.
6. City Conditions
1. Workers lived close together in crowded
slums. There was no proper water supply or
sewage system. Disease and crime were
rampant.
2. Electricity, water and sewage systems, and
public transportation made life in the city
safer, cleaner, and more convenient.
7. Working Conditions
1. Wages were very low because of the huge
supply of willing workers.
2. Days were long, more than 12 hours.
3. No job security.
4. Union were formed to fight for the rights of
the workers.
8. Spread of Industrialization
1. The Revolution will spread to the rest of
Europe.
a. By 1830 Belgium, France, Germany, and Spain
were experiencing the growth of
industrialization.
2. Urbanization and improved transportation
and communication transformed the ways in
which people lived and worked.
9. Spread of Industrialization Cont.
3. By 1914 Industrialization had spread to much
of the rest of the world.
4. India, Japan, and China, emerged due to the
new transcontinental railroads.
a. Berlin-Baghdad Railroad- Expanded the German
economy through trade with the Ottoman
Empire.
b. Trans-Siberian R.R.- Moscow-Vladivostok,
longest rail line in the world.
10. Canals
1. Suez Canal- Opened in 1869 and linked the
Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.
2. Panama Canal- Completed in 1914, joined
the Atlantic and Pacific shipping routes in C.
Amercia.
a. Both canals significantly shortened supply ship
trips.
