1. Connections: A World History
Second Edition
Chapter 8
The Romans Connect
the Mediterranean
World
752 B.C.E. – 284 C.E.
Connections: A World History, Second Edition
Edward H. Judge • John W. Langdon

2. Romulus and Remus

3. The Roman Empire

4. The Romans Connect the Mediterranean
World, 753 B.C.E.–284 C.E.
A. The Roman Republic to 133 B.C.E.
B. Dissatisfaction with the Republic
C. The Birth of the Roman Empire
D. Roman Religion and the Rise of Christianity
E. From Golden Age to Disarray

5. The Roman Republic
to 133 B.C.E.

6. The Roman Republic
to 133 B.C.E.
A. The Roman Republic and Its Foundation in
Law
1. Foundation of the city of Rome
2. Etruscan rule
3. Founding of the Roman Republic

7. MAP 8.1 Italy in 600 B.C.E.

8. The Roman Republic
to 133 B.C.E.
A. The Roman Republic and Its Foundation in
Law
4. Representative government
5. The Rule of Law
6. The Struggle of the Orders
7. Roman citizenship and the assimilation of
conquered peoples

9. The Roman Republic
to 133 B.C.E.
B. The Punic Wars and Rome’s Mediterranean
Domination
1. Roman military power
2. Conflict between Rome and Carthage
3. Legacy of the Punic Wars

10. FOUNDATION MAP 8.2 The Mediterranean World at
the Time of the Roman Republic, 264–44 B.C.E.

11. The Roman Republic
to 133 B.C.E.
C. Changes in Society and Culture
1. Social stratification
2. Gender relations
3. Slavery

12. A contemporary mosaic shows female Roman
students wearing togas.

13. Dissatisfaction with the Republic

14. Dissatisfaction with the Republic
A. Social Discontent and Decline in Popular
Rule
1. Crisis in the countryside
2. Revolt of the Italian allies
3. Military dictatorship

15. Dissatisfaction with the Republic
B. Julius Caesar
1. Struggle for power
2. Assassination and civil war

16. Tombstone of a Roman soldier.

17. The Birth of the Roman Empire

18. The Birth of the Roman Empire
A. The Rise of Octavian
1. The Second Triumvirate
2. Antony and Cleopatra
B. From Republic to Empire
1. The consolidation of power
2. The Pax Romana

19. Caesar Augustus, Emperor of Rome.

20. The Birth of the Roman Empire
C. Greco-Roman Culture
1. Culture and stability
2. Culture and empire
3. Cultural contributions

21. Roman aqueduct, Segovia, Spain.

22. The Birth of the Roman Empire
D. Challenges to Augustus’s Work
1. The succession problem
2. Challenges to imperial rule

23. MAP 8.3 The Roman Empire, 138 C.E.

24. Roman Religion and
the Rise of Christianity

25. Roman Religion and
the Rise of Christianity
A. Rome’s Polytheistic Religion
B. Jewish Resistance and Eastern Cults
1. Mutual mistrust
2. Forms of resistance

26. Excavations at Qumran, northwest of the Dead Sea,
reveal how the Essenes lived around 150 B.C.E.

27. Roman Religion and
the Rise of Christianity
B. Jewish Resistance and Eastern Cults
3. Jesus of Nazareth
4. Paul of Tarsus
5. Rome’s view of Christianity

28. St. Mamai of Georgia, a Christian martyred by the
Romans, is shown with a cross in one hand while
riding a lion, symbolizing his triumph over death
and ignorance.

29. From Golden Age to Disarray

30. From Golden Age to Disarray
A. Commercial Connections
1. The Golden Age
2. The expansion and encouragement of trade

31. The Roman Coliseum.

32. MAP 8.4 Rome’s Economic Organization of the
Mediterranean World, 180 C.E.

33. A modern photo of the Appian Way, part of the
network of Roman roads that facilitated travel and
commerce throughout the Empire.

34. From Golden Age to Disarray
B. The Empire in Disarray
1. Crisis of leadership
2. Germanic migrations

35. Key Dates and Developments
The Roman Republic/The Roman Empire to 284
C.E.