Complete Book 4 Chp 1 Slides

1. Managing Peace and
Security
Regional and
International Conflict

2. Mindmap
• Hand up in your groups on Week 4
• You may use blank A4/A3 paper and
decorate it or use computer software to
enhance it
• 20m (15m – content / initiative, 5m -
creative / aesthetic appeal)
• Will be used in assessment

3. Chapter at a Glance
• What were the causes and
consequences of the conflict
between Iraq and Kuwait?
• How was the conflict between Iraq
and Kuwait resolved?
• How can transnational terrorism be
managed?

5. What was the historical relationship
like between Iraq and Kuwait?
• Both were once ruled under the
Ottoman Empire and were also
British colonies
• Iraq refused to recognize Kuwait’s
independence in 1961, claiming that
Kuwait was historically part of Iraq
• In addition to claiming sovereignty,
Iraq had also sent troops to claim the
country in 1961

10. What was the historical relationship
like between Iraq and Kuwait?
• Iraq gave up its claim in 1963 under
pressure from its Arab neighbours and
after receiving a large sum of money from
Kuwait
• However, both countries did co-operate
when Kuwait loaned Iraq US$14 billion to
fight the Iran-Iraq war in the 1980s as it
feared that the 1979 Islamic revolution in
Iran would lead to a rise in
fundamentalism in the region

11. 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran
• The widespread 1978-79 uprising
which saw the overthrow of the Shah
of Iran by Islamic fundamentalist
Ayatollah Khomeini and his
supporters
• The secular (non-religious)
monarchy of the Shah was
dismantled and replaced by the
Islamic Republic of Iran

12. 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran
• The new republic rejected modern
Western influences and instead
followed strict Shia Islamic teachings
• Countries in the region were afraid
that Iran would encourage similar
uprisings as well

16. The 1980-88 Iran-Iraq War
• The main aim of the war was to gain
control of the Shatt al-Arab waterway
to give Iraq direct shipping access to
the Persian gulf
• Due to the revolution in Iran, Iraq
gained widespread support from the
USA and the other Arab nations in
the war against Iran

20. What Worsened the
Relationship between
Iraq and Kuwait

21. Worsening Iraqi-Kuwaiti
Relations
4.1 Economic
problems in Iraq
4.2 Oil production
4.3 Dispute over
territory

22. Worsening Iraqi-Kuwaiti
Relations
4.1 Economic problems in Iraq
• Due to the war with Iran, Iraq:
– Lost many lives
– Had a ruined economy
– Owed US$80 billion in debts
– Needed US$230 billion to reconstruct the
war-torn country

23. Worsening Iraqi-Kuwaiti
Relations
4.2 Oil Production
• Iraq hoped to earn more revenue from
the sale of oil to pay off its debts and
reconstruct the country … However …
– Oil prices were falling because Kuwait
and the UAE ignored OPEC quotas and
over produced oil, causing oil prices to
fall from US$18 to US$7 a barrel
– Iraq would lose US$1 billion in oil sales
each time the price dropped by US$1

24. Worsening Iraqi-Kuwaiti
Relations
4.2 Oil Production
– Iraq felt that the UAE and Kuwait were
waging an economic war as 90% of Iraq’s
revenue came from the sale of oil
– With reference to Fig 1.4 on Pg 7, you can
see that within the space of a month, the
loss of revenue was taking its toll on Iraq

25. Worsening Iraqi-Kuwaiti
Relations
4.3 Dispute over Territory
• Poorly-defined borders inherited from
the time of the British continued to
cause tension between the two
countries …
– Rumaila Oilfield
• In 1990, Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing oil
from the Iraqi side of the oilfield by using slant
drilling technology and demanded that the
Kuwaitis stop using the oilfield completely and
pay compensation
• Kuwait refused

29. Worsening Iraqi-Kuwaiti
Relations
4.3 Dispute over Territory
• Poorly-defined borders inherited from
the time of the British continued to
cause tension between the two
countries …
– Bubiyan and Warbah Islands
• Iraq is land-locked and its only port, Umm-
Qasr, is shallow, so big ships cannot dock
there
• This prevents Iraq from transporting oil in large
quantities to other places
• Umm-Qasr was also destroyed during the Iran-
Iraq war

31. Worsening Iraqi-Kuwaiti
Relations
4.3 Dispute over Territory
• Poorly-defined borders inherited from
the time of the British continued to
cause tension between the two
countries …
– Bubiyan and Warbah Islands
• Iraq did not accept Kuwaiti ownership of the
islands and tried to take them by force in the
’60s and ’70s but failed
• In 1978, Iraq tried to lease the islands but was
rejected by Kuwait

33. Worsening Iraqi-Kuwaiti
Relations
4.3 Dispute over Territory
• Poorly-defined borders inherited from
the time of the British continued to
cause tension between the two
countries …
– Bubiyan and Warbah Islands
• Kuwait also inherited the Bubiyan and Warbah
islands from the British
• As they were strategically located off Umm
Qasr, Kuwait had the potential to block off Iraqi
access to the Persian Gulf which would affect
oil transportation via the sea

34. Attempts to Resolve the Iraqi-
Kuwait Problem
5.1 Mediation by the Arab League
– Iraq complained about Kuwait’s alleged
oil theft from Rumaila
– Iraq also used the Arab League as a
platform to say that Kuwait and other
Arab nations should write off or cancel
Iraq debts
– Kuwait and the UAE eventually gave in to
the pressure from the Arab League to
produce oil at OPEC quotas
– However, Iraq alleged that Kuwait would
not adhere to the agreement

35. Attempts to Resolve the Iraqi-
Kuwait Problem
5.1 Mediation by the Arab League
– The AL also organised a dialogue
between Iraq and Kuwait to discuss
territorial issues and Iraq stressed that
they would continue to be committed
towards the peace process

37. Attempts to Resolve the Iraqi-
Kuwait Problem
5.2 Were the attempts successful?
– Initially, things went well because Iraq gained
concessions from the Arab states and Kuwait
– OPEC agreed to raise oil prices and Iraq
seemed to be moving on the path of recovery
– Kuwait also agreed to write off Iraq’s wartime
debts and provide another US$500 million
loan
– However, on 1 August 1990 Iraq WALKED
OUT when Kuwait refused to give in to any
territorial demands
– On 2 August 1990, Iraq INVADED Kuwait

38. Events Leading to the Invasion of Kuwait
Refer to Page 11 and 12 of the textbook
for a timeline of the events
MOVEMENT TOWARDS
INVASION WAS A SAUDI BORDER
SUCCESS FOR IRAQ
KUWAIT
FALLS 12 HOURS
INTO INVASION

39. Why did Iraq Invade Kuwait?
6.1 Invasion of Kuwait was a surprise to
all
– Iraqi position:
• Claimed it invaded Kuwait at the request of
revolutionaries who wanted Kuwait to be free
from the ruling government
• Threatened to make the Gulf a graveyard for
those who thought of stopping them

40. Why did Iraq Invade Kuwait?
6.2 Saddam Hussein’s Leadership
– Sunni Muslim
– Saw himself as a great leader of the Arab
world
– Saw Kuwait’s actions as defiance and a
personal attack
– Afraid of a major Shi’a uprising
– War had drained the country and Saddam
feared a possible uprising on his
leadership and rule by the people or by
the military

44. Why did Iraq Invade Kuwait?
6.3 Misreading the Position of the US
Saddam had met with the American
– ambassador to discuss Iraqi-Kuwaiti
problems
Saddam misread the meeting and believed
– the US would be sympathetic and not go to
Kuwait’s aid
However, it was a wrong inference …
– Saddam did not pay attention to SBQ!!!

47. What were the reactions
of the Invasion?
7.1 Fear of Iraqi Dominance
– Worry, fear and anxiety
– With Kuwait, Iraq controlled 20% of the
world’s oil production
– Fears for the Saudi Arabian kingdom due
to the ease of the Kuwaiti invasion and
the relative inexperience of the Saudi
troops
– Access to such great amounts of oil
would force up the price of oil and have a
negative impact on the world’s economy

49. What were the reactions
of the Invasion?
7.2 The ‘Arab Solution’
– The Arab nations were not keen to have a western
response to the crisis as they feared a return of
western imperialism
– The action taken by the Arab League was to vote
to condemn Iraqi actions and to call upon Iraq to
leave Kuwait
– The vote was passed but 8 member states voted
NO
– The AL could not deal effectively with the crisis
because it was not united over how to deal with
the crisis

50. What were the reactions
of the Invasion?
7.3 The American Response
– The Saudis invited the Americans to help
defend the Saudi kingdom against the
Iraqi Army
– Operation Desert Shield: Britain, France,
Arab League troops sent to defend Saudi
Arabia
– Also backed by a 30-strong coalition of
troops, money and military equipment
– George Bush Senior (1st Bush) felt it was
important to prevent the lion’s share of oil
from falling into Iraqi hands

51. What were the reactions
of the Invasion?
7.4 The International Response
– US condemned Iraqi actions and led the
coalition troops to defend Saudi Arabia
– UN Security Council passed a resolution
ordering the immediate withdrawal of
Iraqi forces from Kuwait and committing
the two nations to negotiations to resolve
their conflict
– Kuwaiti and Iraqi funds worldwide were
frozen
– Economic and military sanctions placed
on Iraq – Damaging because 90% of Iraqi
goods came from overseas

63. Was the use of force the only
way to get Iraq out of Kuwait?
8.1 Ir aq’s Response to Diplomatic
Attempts
– Initially, Saddam was responsive to
diplomatic attempts but only agreed to
pull out on his own terms and conditions
– However, when his actions were
condemned by the AL, he became more
defiant
– Saddam was also unhappy about the US
troop-build-up in Saudi Arabia
– Saddam declared Kuwait as part of Iraq
and refused to withdraw

64. Was the use of force the only
way to get Iraq out of Kuwait?
8.1 Ir aq’s Response to Diplomatic
Attempts
– In response to the increasing number of
new coalition troops, Saddam took
Westerners in Iraq and Kuwait hostage
– Hostages used as human shields
– Saddam insisted that all coalition troops
withdraw from the Middle East
– Women and children were eventually
released and the rest of the hostages
were released a few months later

65. Was the use of force the only
way to get Iraq out of Kuwait?
8.1 Ir aq’s Response to Diplomatic
Attempts
– Saddam only agreed to withdraw if
sanctions against Iraq were removed
– Iraq gained full control of the Rumaila
oilfield
– Guaranteed access to the Gulf
– UN deadline 15 January 1991 to withdraw
from Kuwait
– Other attempts to use diplomacy failed

66. Was the use of force the only
way to get Iraq out of Kuwait?
8.3 Outbreak of War
– Operation Desert Storm began
– 1 month later, Kuwait was liberated
– Command and control capability of Iraq
was destroyed
– Strategic Iraqi targets and the Iraqi
airforce was also destroyed
– The war ended on 28 February 1991 with a
ceasefire

75. What was the Impact of the
Conflict?
9.1 Impact on Kuwait
– More than 1,000 Kuwaitis killed and
thousands of others tortured during the
Iraqi occupation
– Kuwaitis were forced to flee their homes
which were then occupied by Iraqis
– Museums, hospitals, shops and homes
were looted by Iraqi soldiers
– Retreating Iraqi troops set fire to 650 oil
wells in Kuwait at the cost of US$25
billion

80. What was the Impact of the
Conflict?
9.2 Impact on Iraq
– Destruction of Iraqi Military Capability
• Coalition forces had destroyed 1/3 of :
– An undisputed military power in the Middle East
– A force of 1,000,000 feared soldiers
• Coalition forces used state-of-the-art weaponry
(e.g. Tomahawk cruise missiles, Stealth planes)
• As a result, the coalition forces gained air
supremacy by destroying the Iraqi airforce and
carrying out sustained bombing campaigns
against Iraqi troops

81. What was the Impact of the
Conflict?
9.2 Impact on Iraq
– Destruction of Iraqi Military Capability
• The heavy losses during the bombing
campaign caused a huge loss of morale among
the Iraqi troops who surrendered in the
thousands
• The Highway of Death – Fleeing Iraqi tanks,
armored vehicles, trucks and troops were
bombed by coalition war planes

86. What was the Impact of the
Conflict?
9.2 Impact on Iraq
– Political Instability in Iraq
• As part of Desert Storm, coalition leaders
encouraged dissatisfied groups in Iraq to rise
up against their leader
• One such group, the Kurds, had been fighting
for a separate homeland
• The Kurds rose up against Saddam as they
thought he was in decline and believed that the
coalition forces would help them
• However, the Kurds were not helped and
Saddam dealt harshly with them
• Millions of Kurds were forced to flee their
homeland in Iraq

91. What was the Impact of the
Conflict?
9.2 Impact on Iraq
– Political Instability in Iraq
• The coalition leaders faced increased
criticism for abandoning the Kurds
• The UN also passed a resolution that
condemned Iraq’s handling of the
Kurdish issue
• The resolution also allowed for foreign
intervention in Iraq’s internal affairs
• Peacekeepers were sent to northern
Iraq to provide safe areas for the Kurds

92. What was the Impact of the
Conflict?
9.2 Impact on Iraq
– Suffering of Iraqis
• Coalition bombing raids destroyed a
large part of Iraqi infrastructure and
lives
• Daily life was disrupted
• Electricity was disrupted and diseases
spread because water purification and
sewage treatment facilities could not
operate

96. What was the Impact of the
Conflict?
9.3 Regional & International Impact
– Environmental Catastrophe
• Upon retreat, the Iraqis set fire to
Kuwaiti oil fields and dumped 11
million barrels of oil into the Persian
Gulf
• Environmental catastrophe
• Cost of clearing the oil slick and
putting out the fires was very high

98. What was the Impact of the
Conflict?
9.3 Regional & International Impact
– Displacement of Foreign Workers
• 2 million foreign workers from
Bangladesh, India, Egypt, the
Philippines and Palestine were
stranded when the conflict broke out
• Sudden loss of income meant
difficulties or their families back home.

100. Success of the UN in maintaining
international stability and peace
• Maintaining international stability
and peace :
– One of the UN’s main aims
• The Gulf War:
– Shows the UN’s capabilities in
GATHERING RESOURCES to deter
aggression
– BUT shows it is LESS
SUCCESSFUL in bringing PEACE
AND SECURITY to troubled areas in
the world

101. Success of the UN in maintaining
international stability and peace
• Involvement and Support of the 5
Permanent Members of the UN
Security Council:
– Cold War had ended so Russia and
China did not vote against the USA
– Strong interest in the oil supply
from the Middle East

105. Success of the UN in maintaining
international stability and peace
• UN involvement in the Gulf War
gave it legitimacy
• Allowed US to assume the lead role
in providing troops and aid
• Strategic interests of the US and
other wealthy nations resulted in
support for UN efforts in Iraq
• Iraq-Kuwait conflict was a bilateral
conflict that carried the potential to
affect regional and international
world players

106. Success of the UN in maintaining
international stability and peace
• Iraq-Kuwaiti conflict:
– Oil prices rose 15%
within the first few days
of conflict
– If the price of oil had
increased further,
economic
repercussions would
have been disastrous

108. What is Transnational Terrorism?
• What is TERRORISM?
– Acts designed to strike fear in the
people and weaken the government
– Aims of most terrorist organisations
(e.g. LTTE, IRA) are nationalistic in
nature and are to some extent
localised in a particular country
– However … a new form of Terrorism
has come forth … TRANSNATIONAL
TERRORISM …

109. What is Transnational Terrorism?
• What is TRANSNATIONAL
TERRORISM?
– The unlawful use of force or
indiscriminate violence by
internationally-linked groups against
persons and properties in many
different parts of the world
– Transnational terrorist groups usually
have international membership, they
target the international community to
make global or regional impact
– Madrid Train bombings, September 11

110. Madrid Train
Bombings

111. Madrid Train Bombings
• In Madrid, Spain on 11 March 2004 ten
explosions, packed into 13 rucksacks and
detonated by cell phones, occured on four
commuter trains at the height of rush hour
killing 191 civilians and injuring over
1,800. Police also carried out a controlled
demolition of 3 other explosive devices.
The first group suspected of involvement
was the Basque ETA, however
investigations later focused on the Islamic
extremist Moroccan Islamic Combatant
Group (GICM). It was the deadliest attack
on European civilians since the Lockerbie
bombing of 1988. To date more than 70
men have been arrested in the bombing.

112. Madrid Train Bombings
• On April 3rd in an attempt to arrest two of
the prime suspects Mohammed Oulad
Akcha and Rachid Oulad Akcha, brothers;
Spanish police raided a flat in the Madrid
suburb of Leganes. Before the men could
be arrested the two brothers and five other
men set off an explosion in the apartment
killing themselves and one police officer.
One of the dead was Serhane ben
Abdelmajid Fakhet, "The Tunisian," who
police claim was the ringleader of the
bombings.

119. Is Terrorism a New Phenomenon?
• NO
– It has been around but used to be
carried out by state agents or non-
state organisations
• 1987 bombing of a Korean Air Lines jet by
North Korean agents
• 1988 bombing of a Pan Am jet over
Lockerbie, Scotland by Libyan agents
• 1995 Sarin Gas attacks in Tokyo by the
Aum Shinrikyo cult
• Khalistan movement in India which
assassinated PM Indira Gandhi

121. The bombing of a Korean Air Lines Boeing 707 from
Baghdad to Seoul on Nov. 29, 1987 alarmed the world.
The investigative body announced that it was Kim Il-sung,
then North Korean leader, who gave the order to kill 93
Koreans, two foreigners and 20 aircrew in the air of
Burma.
Kim Hyun-hui, then a 27-year-old woman, and another
North Korean agent allegedly planted time bombs on the
Korean Air flight. The United Nations Security Council held
a meeting to censure the terrorist attack soon after. Kim
later married a former National Intelligence Service agent
and is living anonymously in South Korea.

122. Pan Am Flight 103 was Pan American World Airways' third daily
scheduled transatlantic flight from London's
Heathrow International Airport to New York's
John F. Kennedy International Airport. On Wednesday December 21,
1988, the aircraft flying this route—a Boeing 747-121 named Clipper
Maid of the Seas—was destroyed by a bomb. The remains landed in
and around the town of Lockerbie in southern Scotland.
In the subsequent investigation of the crash, forensic experts
determined that about 1 lb (450 g) of plastic explosive had been
detonated in the airplane's forward cargo hold, triggering a
sequence of events that led to the rapid destruction of the aircraft.
Winds of 100 knots (190 km/h) scattered victims and debris along a
130 km (80 mile) corridor over an area of 845 square miles
(2189 km²).
The death toll was 270 people from 21 countries, including 11
people in Lockerbie.[1]

127. What was the significance of the
September 11 attacks?
• 4 commercial American airliners were hijacked
and crashed into 4 sites around the USA (2 –
NYC, 1 – Washington, 1 – Pennsylvania)
• 3,000 people were killed as compared to a 1978
fatality of 477 people
• No one had seen such mass killing and no one
could envision the use of hijacked airliners in
this fashion
• Two 110 storey buildings, icons of NYC
collapsed, covering NYC in dust for months
• Brought America to a standstill and had a deep
economic and psychological impact on the
world

140. What is Al-Qaeda?
• Al-Qaeda (The Base)
– Set up in 1989 by
Osama Bin Laden
– Made up of Arab
volunteers and ex-
mujahideen who
fought the Soviets in
Afghanistan in the
1980s

143. What is Al-Qaeda?
• Al-Qaeda (The Base)
– Fell out with the Saudi Royal Family when it
rejected Al-Qaeda’s offer to regain Kuwait
through Osama Bin Laden’s militants
– Osama Bin Laden was also unhappy with
the fact that US troops were stationed in
Saudi Arabia
– In retaliation, he carried out anti-state
activities and was expelled from Saudi
Arabia
– His focus shifted to carrying out campaigns
against the Saudi government, the US and
its allies

144. What is Al-Qaeda?
• Al-Qaeda (The Base)
– Wants to rid Muslim countries of Western
(US) influence and establish a global Islamic
caliphate (Islamic govt. of political unity and
leadership in the Muslim world) based on
extremist misinterpretations of Islamic
concepts
– Wants to achieve this using terrorism

145. Why is Al-Qaeda Significant?
• Many recent terrorist attacks are traced
to it
• It is the epitome of transnational
terrorism:
– Multi-national membership
– Uses globalisation as a tool (e.g. Internet,
International banking)
– Attacks are designed to inflict maximum
casualties

146. Why is Al-Qaeda Significant?
• Many recent terrorist attacks are traced
to it
• It is the epitome of transnational
terrorism:
– Multi-national membership
– Uses globalisation as a tool (e.g. Internet,
International banking)
– Attacks are designed to inflict maximum
casualties

147. Why is Al-Qaeda Significant?
• In response to September 11, the US
launched “Operation Enduring
Freedom” to Afghanistan in 2001 to get
rid of Al-Qaeda and capture Osama Bin
Laden
• The Afghan Taliban regime refused to
co-operate and US and coalition troops
attacked terrorist training camps and
warriors

162. Why is Al-Qaeda Significant?
• Despite having suffered losses in
numbers and leaders, Al-Qaeda proved
it was still capable of carrying out
terrorist attacks through many other
groups by:
– Sharing expertise
– Transfer of resources
– Discussing strategy
– Joint operations

163. AL-ITTIHAD-AL-ISLAMI
Somalia
JA’MAT AL-TAWIHID
LASHKAR-E-TOUI WAL JIHAD
Pakistan IRAQ
ABU SAYAFF
Philippines
ISLAMIC ARMY
OF ADEN
Yemen ARMED ISLAMIC
GROUP
JEMAAH ISLAMIYAH Algeria
ISLAMIC MOVEMENT
Indonesia, Singapore
OF UZBEKISTAN
Malaysia, Philippines
Uzbekistan
Australia

164. Bali bombings
• At 23:05 on 12 October 2002, a suicide bomber
inside the nightclub Paddy's Pub detonated a bomb
in his backpack, causing many patrons, with or
without injuries, to immediately flee into the street.
Fifteen seconds later, a second and much more
powerful car bomb hidden inside a white Mitsubishi
van, was detonated by another suicide bomber
outside the Sari Club, located opposite Paddy's Pub.
The van was also rigged for detonation by remote
control in case the second bomber had a sudden
change of heart. Damage to the densely populated
residential and commercial district was immense,
destroying neighbouring buildings and shattering
windows several blocks away. The car bomb
explosion left a one meter deep crater

167. Impact of Terrorism
Economic Political Social
• Loss of life and • Tightening of • Knee-jerk
property from Sept border security and reactions to crises
11 cost insurance immigration • Extremist rhetoric
companies US$40 clearance and sensitive
billion • Counter-terrorism political
• Loss of business legislation that developments over
for the airline infringe on people
industry had to be individual freedom • Preparing
‘cured’ through and personal Singaporeans to be
huge government privacy psychologically
bail-outs and socially
resilient

168. Impact of Terrorism
Economic Social
• Loss of income • Causes suspicion and tension among
for Balinese different ethnic and religious groups
following the Bali • Causes paranoia and fear
bombings as • Resulted in the Community
tourist levels fell by Engagement Programme as a long-
50% term effort to ensure social cohension
• Government and harmony even in the face of crisis
spending on and to put in place response plans
security has also
increased (e.g.
security personnel,
security exercises)

169. Police MRT Unit
• Plans to set up the unit was publicly announced by
Minister for Home Affairs Wong Kan Seng during the
annual Police Workplan seminar in April 2005. Officers
began operational patrols on the Mass Rapid Transit
network from 15 August 2005 amid much media
attention, particularly in the wake of the 7 July 2005
London bombings in which Jean Charles de Menezes
was killed by Metropolitan Police Service officers in a
controversial shoot-to-kill policy adopted there. This
issue was also brought up in Parliament on the same
day, in which Wong clarified that no such policy is
adopted here, although officers are trained to kill if
considered necessary as is the standard procedure for
the rest of the regular forceassengers at the front of
the top deck are believed to have survived, as did
those on the front of the lower deck including the
driver, but those at the top and lower rear of the bus
took the brunt of the explosion.

170. Police MRT Unit
• The PMU draws its manpower from the
regular as well as the NSF resources,
with the build of officers amongst the
selection criteria. Taller and well-built
officers are chosen to project a tougher
presence. Officers are trained to conduct
policing work in confined and crowded
spaces, and are familiarised with the
MRT system's operations. In 2007, the
unit began to include Volunteer Special
Constabulary officers in its ranks.
• Each PMU officer is armed with a
handgun and T-baton, as is the case for
regular officers.

172. Exercise Northstar V
• Exercise Northstar V is part of the counter-
terrorism effort in Singapore, aiming to test
the readiness, effectiveness and coordination
of the relevant agencies in responding to civil
emergency, in particular a large scale multi-
location terrorist attack. The exercise also
aimed to raise the psychological
preparedness of the public in the event of a
terrorist attack.
• The exercise is prompted by the recent
terrorist attacks on public transport in other
countries, namely the London bombings on 7
July 2005 and the Madrid train bombings on
11 March 2004, which raise security concerns
in public infrastructure. Singapore was the
target of the foiled plan by Jemaah Islamiyah
to bomb embassies and other installations.

173. Exercise Northstar V
• The scenario of the exercise is similar to
the London bombings with near-
simultaneous bomb blasts in the trains
and a bus. Earlier, officers from the
Singapore Police Force were sent to
London to study the British responses to
the bombings.
• The public were pre-warned that the
exercise would be held during a weekend
in January 2006 and the participating
agencies were given as many as six
months to prepare. However, the exact
date, time and locations of the exercise
were not disclosed until 15 minutes before
the drill commenced.

175. Are We Prepared?
Although Singapore is fortunate
enough to have been spared the
horrors faced London, NY, Madrid
and Bali, we must not slacken in
our defence
YES. WE ARE PREPARED … ONCE
WE COME TOGETHER IN TOTAL
DEFENCE…
OUR SAFETY IS OUR
RESPONSIBILITY
OUR NEGLIGENCE IS OUR
CONSEQUENCE

176. Can Transnational Terrorism
be Managed?
• Points to take
note when
evaluating:
– Transnational
terrorism is a
global threat
which requires
EVERYONE’S
efforts
– No one country
can defeat
terrorism on it’s
own

177. Can Transnational Terrorism
be Managed?
• ASEAN’s Efforts to Manage Terrorism:
– Terrorism viewed as a major threat and
challenge to peace and security in the
region
– Terrorism impedes progress and prosperity
– ASEAN pledges its support to cooperate
against transnational terrorists through
joint-police / armed forces and intelligence
measures

178. Can Transnational Terrorism
be Managed?
• ASEAN’s Efforts to Manage Terrorism:
– The Capture of Fathur Rohman Al-Ghozi
• Jemaah Islamiyah bomb-maker
• Involved in the bombing on a LRT train in the
Philippines
• Lead character in the plot to bomb targets in
western Singapore
• Was in possession of explosives intended for
use in Singapore
– Based on information provided by
Singapore, the Philippines was able to
apprehend Fathur, who was killed in a
shoot-out with police

180. Can Transnational Terrorism
be Managed?
• International Efforts to Combat Terrorism:
– UN Resolutions
• Freeze financial assets of terrorists and their
supporters
• Deny terrorists travel and safe haven
• Prevent terrorist recruitment and weapons
supply
• Co-operate on information sharing and criminal
persecution
– UN Counter Terrorism Committee
• to monitor member countries’ adherence to the
resolutions
• to strengthen the counter-terrorism capacity of
UN member states
• provide technical assistance to countries who
need help in implementing the resolutions

181. Can Transnational Terrorism
be Managed?
• Successful or Not
Successful?
– Successful:
• US$200 million of
terrorist funding seized
• 4,000 terrorist suspects
arrested through
shared information
– Not Successful:
• Ability of terrorists to
escape security
restrictions
• Ability to recruit and
influence people to join
their cause (via
Internet)

182. Can Transnational Terrorism
be Managed?
• Nurturing an
Environment that
Censures (Condemns)
Terrorism:
– Society must be firm
in denying terrorists
and their warped
ideas to have space
in society
– Society must be firm
and actively reject
terrorism with ONE
VOICE