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Jarrar: Stepwise Methodologies for Developing Ontologies
1.
Jarrar © 2012
1 Dr. Mustafa Jarrar Sina Institute, University of Birzeit mjarrar@birzeit.edu www.jarrar.info Lecture Notes Birzeit University, Palestine 2012 Advanced Topics in Ontology Engineering Stepwise Methodologies
2.
Jarrar © 2012
2 Methodology Let’s discuss from where to start, if you want to build an ontology for: • E-government • E-Banking • E-Health • Bioinformatics • Multilingual search engine • … What are the phases of the ontology development life cycle? taking into account that ontologies might be built collaboratively by many people.
3.
Jarrar © 2012
3 Methodological Questions – Which tools and techniques to use? – Which languages should be used in which circumstances, and in which order? – What quality measures should we care about? – What things can be reused? – Which people should be assigned which tasks? – .... • Many Methodologies exist ! But non is good! Because each project/application/domain is different, and the background of the people involved are also different, etc. • We will overview some common steps in this lecture, thus try to learn smartly, and don’t follow these steps literally. You should have your own methodology for each ontology.
4.
Jarrar © 2012
4 Most methodologies propose these phases: 1- Identify Purpose and Scope 2- Building the Ontology 2.1- Ontology Capture 2.2- Ontology Coding 3- Integrating existing ontologies 4- Evaluation 5- Documentation
5.
Jarrar © 2012
5 1- Purpose and Scope • There is no one/ideal ontology of a certain domain – There are always alternatives, each abstracting different things, and for different usages. • What should be included in the ontology (concepts and relations) should be smartly determined, taking into account (if possible) many application scenarios. – Interoperability between systems. – improve search quality. – Communication between people and organizations (important). … – Future extensions should be anticipated.
6.
Jarrar © 2012
6 • When you specify the purpose and scope, you should specify the following: 1- What is the domain that the ontology will cover? The notion of context, in the double articulation theory, is part of the Purpose and Scope. That is: the scope where the vocabulary interpretation should be valid. For example: the scope of the legal-Person ontology is the set of all laws, regulations, and repositories in the state. 2- What we are going to use the ontology for? Enough description about what application scenarios are taking into account. 1- Purpose and Scope Be carful with the ontology usability/reusability trade-off
7.
Jarrar © 2012
7 2- Building the Ontology 2.1- Ontology Capture – Identify key concepts and relationships. – Produce clear text definitions for these concepts (i.e., glosses). – Identify terms that refer to these concepts. – Reach Consensus (Consensus is an indication of correctness). You may apply the 7 steps for building an ORM schema, somehow! 2.2- Ontology Coding/Specification/Characterization – Explicit representation of the “conceptualization” in some formal language.
8.
Jarrar © 2012
8 2.1- Ontology Capture: Scoping • Brainstorming – Produce all potentially relevant terms and phrases. • Nouns form the basis for concept names • Verbs (or verb phrases) form the basis for property and names. This step can be semi- automated somehow, as candidate concepts and relations can be extracted automatically from relevant documents, laws, forms, DB schemes.... • Organize candidate concepts into groups Group related terms together. – Exclude some terms if not relevant (w.r.t., purpose and scope) – Keep notes of these decisions. – Group similar terms and potential synonyms together.
9.
Jarrar © 2012
9 2.1- Ontology Capture: Produce Definitions • Use suitable meta-ontology – i.e., use modeling primitives in a consistent manner (e.g. Type, role, entity, instance, relationship...) • When several people are involved, each might be responsible on a group of terms – Semantic overlap with others must be right in the first place, otherwise lot of redundant re-working. • Terms: Produce definitions/glosses in a middle-out fashion – Define a gloss for each term. This helps get deeper understanding of the domain. – These glosses will have to be revised later, after defining the relationships/ subsumptions between concepts. – This is called middle-out, rather than top-down or bottom up. – will be discussed later.
10.
Jarrar © 2012
10 Define Taxonomy • Relevant terms must be organized in a taxonomic hierarchy (i.e., subsumptions) – Opinions differ on whether it is more efficient to do this in a top- down or a bottom-up fashion. • Ensure that hierarchy is indeed a taxonomy: – If A subsumes B, then every instance of A must also be a subsume B (compatible with semantics of rdfs:subClassOf) – Insuring the correctness of subsumptions needs philosophical thinking (apply the OntoClean Methodology). • The semantics of subsumption demands that whenever A subsumes B, every property that holds for instances of B must also apply to instances of A (called inheritance). – It makes sense to attach properties to the highest class in the hierarchy to which they apply.
11.
Jarrar © 2012
11 Define Properties • Determine the relevant properties for each concept. Such properties must be essential –to describe the meaning-, or relevant to the applications. • While attaching properties to concepts, it is useful to determine its range (its datatype/value, or relations with other concepts).
12.
Jarrar © 2012
12 Add Rules and Restrictions • Cardinality Restrictions • Which properties should be unique, mandatory, disjunctions, restricted values…etc. • Relational Characteristics – symmetry, transitivity, inverse properties, functional values You must avoid the situation that the added rules are DB integrity constraints. Some/all rules should be verbalized –in pseudo natural language sentences- so to enable other people review it and give feedback.
13.
Jarrar © 2012
13 Define Some Important Instances • Some important instances (might) be added to the ontology, if needed. Such entities can be: – Country: Palestine – Person: Arafat – Capital: Jerusalem • in case of a large instances, it is more convenient to have them separately . - See the Entity and Address servers in Zinnar
14.
Jarrar © 2012
14 Advantages of the Middle-out Approaches • A bottom-up approach results in a high degree of detail – increases overall effort – makes it difficult to spot commonality between related concepts. – increases risk of inconsistencies and re-work. • Top-down allow better control of degree of detail – risk of arbitrary high-level categories – risk of limited stability • Middle-out strikes is a compromise, but it allow the ontology evolve gradually, you need to come back to some steps. • The higher level concepts naturally arise and are thus more likely to be stable.
15.
Jarrar © 2012
15 Reaching Agreement: Some suggestions Ontologies are made to be agreed and shared, thus it is VERY important to make sure that people agree on them. How to facilitate reaching agreement? • Produce a natural language text definitions. - Ask domain experts to review the context, glosses, verbalized rules, and the ontology itself in a graphical/diagramatic form. • Ensure consistency with terms already in use – use existing thesauri and dictionaries – avoid introducing new terms in the definitions • Indicate relationships with other commonly used terms – synonyms, variants, such referring to different dimensions • Give examples
16.
Jarrar © 2012
16 Integrating Existing Ontologies • Check overlap with existing ontologies • Establish formal links – Produce mappings to existing concept definitions – Import and extend existing ontologies • Avoid re-inventing the wheel!
17.
Jarrar © 2012
17 Ontology Evaluation Several Type of evaluations: 1. Usability Evaluation: Validate whether the ontology produced satisfies (at least) the intended applications’ requirements. 2. Syntax evaluation: Validate whether the ontology is well-formed w.r.t the used language. 3. Logical evaluation: Validate whether the ontology has axioms contradicting or implying each other. 4. Ontological Evaluation: Validate whether the ontology has concepts that should be instances, sub-concepts that should be roles, etc. (The OntoClean methodology is very good for this evaluation)
18.
Jarrar © 2012
18 Check for Implications and Contradictions Some tools exist to automatically detect logical correctness (contradictions and implications), depending on the used ontology language (Such as ORM: DogmaModeler, OWL: Racer)
19.
Jarrar © 2012
19 Some Guidelines Clarity: The ontology engineer should communicate effectively with the domain experts (= ask the right questions): – Natural language definitions. – Give examples, alternatives, and contradictions, elicit knowledge. – emphasize distinctions. Coherence: The ontology should be internally consistent – Syntactically correct. – Logically consistent. – Ontologically consistent. Extensibility: modularize the ontology in a way it is easy to build, understand, and maintain. What should be in a module? Reusability and Usability: be innovative to tradeoff this smartly.
20.
Jarrar © 2012
20 References Mike Uschol: Building Ontologies: Towards a Unified Methodology. Proceedings of Expert Systems th Annual Conference of the British Computer Society Specialist Group on Expert Systems. 1996 http://www.imamu.edu.sa/Scientific_selections/Documents/IT/96-es96-unified- method.pdf Mustafa Jarrar: Towards methodological principles for ontology engineering. PhD Thesis. Vrije Universiteit Brussel. (May 2005) http://www.jarrar.info/phd-thesis/ Fernández López: Overview Of Methodologies For Building Ontologies. Proceedings of the IJCAI99 Workshop on Ontologies and ProblemSolvingMethods Lessons Learned and Future Trends CEUR Publications. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.39.6002