2. Causes of World War I ICauses of World War I I
• Rise of Authoritarian RegimesRise of Authoritarian Regimes in thein the
three major powers dissatisfied with thethree major powers dissatisfied with the
outcome / peace of WWIoutcome / peace of WWI
– GermanyGermany: bitterly resented territorial losses and: bitterly resented territorial losses and
reparations imposed, plus loss of status.reparations imposed, plus loss of status.
– ItalyItaly: territorial gains not enough to offset the cost: territorial gains not enough to offset the cost
of the war, or to satisfy its ambitions.of the war, or to satisfy its ambitions.
– JapanJapan: unhappy about its failure to gain control of: unhappy about its failure to gain control of
China.China.

3. 2. Versaille AgreementVersaille Agreement
– Reduced German military capability to almost
nothing.
– $$ Reparations from Germany
– Reorganized new national boundaries as France &
Great Britain saw fit
-----------------------------------------------------------------
3. Condit ion of Allies Af t er WarCondit ion of Allies Af t er War
– French & British militarily & economically crippled –
after WWI
– World-wide economic DepressionDepression
– US disillusioned that French & British failed to repayFrench & British failed to repay
war debtwar debt  US retreats into isolation.

4. The Versailles TreatyThe Versailles Treaty

5. A Weak League of NationsA Weak League of Nations

6. 4. Weak League of Nations4. Weak League of Nations
 No power to enforce decisionsNo power to enforce decisions
 US was only one with resources -US was only one with resources -
Collective Security (One for All)Collective Security (One for All)
would not work without US.would not work without US.

8. 5. The “Stab- In- The- Back” Myth5. The “Stab- In- The- Back” Myth
German soldiers are dissatisfied.German soldiers are dissatisfied.

9. 6. Decadence of the Weimar6. Decadence of the Weimar
RepublicRepublic

10. France – False Sense of Security?France – False Sense of Security?
The MaginotThe Maginot
LineLine

11. Rise of Italian FascismRise of Italian Fascism
• Benito Mussolini
– Former socialist ?!
– After WWI Italy expected to gain more
territory due to (belatedly) entering war on
side of Allies in WWI
– Fear of Socialists & Communists who
seemed to be gaining ground in Italy
– New Italian democracy not effective

12. “March on Rome” : Mussolini “called to power” 1923

13. Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931

14. The Manchurian Crisis, 1931The Manchurian Crisis, 1931

15. Japanese Invasion of China, 1937Japanese Invasion of China, 1937
Rape of NanjingRape of Nanjing – warfare against civilians
Racial superiority
Raped women, murdered unarmed civilians

16. Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935
EmperorEmperor
HaileHaile
SelassieSelassie

17. International CommunityInternational Community
• Furious but no active reaction:
– League protested Japanese action  Japan
withdrew from League.
– Italian Aggression = Excessive use of force:
2,000 dead Italian soldiers
275,000 dead Ethiopians
Tanks, artillery, poison gas, aircraft

18. Build up for War?Build up for War?
• 1933 - Germany
withdrew from League of
Nations
• 1935 - Massive German
armed forces build-up
• 1936 - Troops entered
demilitarized Rhineland
that borders France,
March 7, 1936.
• Joined with Italy in
Spanish Civil War, where
their troops honed their
skills.

19. U. S. Neutrality Acts:U. S. Neutrality Acts:
1934, 1935, 1937, 19391934, 1935, 1937, 1939

20. America- First CommitteeAmerica- First Committee
Charles LindberghCharles Lindbergh

21. The AustrianThe Austrian Ans chl us sAns chl us s , 1938, 1938
Austria FORCED
To unite with
Germany

22. Ans chl us sAns chl us s – Forced– Forced
UnionUnion
• To unify all Germans into a
single “homeland.”
– Self determination?... but
Austrians did not invite him…
• Europe’s major powers did
nothing, deepening Hitler’s
contempt for democracies.

23.  Carlists [ultra-CatholicCarlists [ultra-Catholic
monarchists].monarchists].
 Catholic Church.Catholic Church.
 FalangeFalange [fascist] Party.[fascist] Party.
 Monarchists.Monarchists.
 Anarcho-Syndicalists.Anarcho-Syndicalists.
 Basques.Basques.
 Catalans.Catalans.
 Communists.Communists.
 Marxists.Marxists.
 Republicans.Republicans.
 Socialists.Socialists.
The
National
Front
[Nationalists]
The
National
Front
[Nationalists]
The
Popular
Front
[Republicans]
The
Popular
Front
[Republicans]
The Spanish Civil War:The Spanish Civil War:
1936 - 19391936 - 1939

24. The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939
““Generalissimo” Francisco FrancoGeneralissimo” Francisco Franco

25. A Dress Rehearsal for WW II?A Dress Rehearsal for WW II?
Italian troops inItalian troops in
MadridMadrid

26. ““Guernica” by Pablo PicassoGuernica” by Pablo Picasso

27. The “Problem” of theThe “Problem” of the
SudetenlandSudetenland
• Hitler attempted to gain control of the
Sudetenland (Western area of Czechoslovakia)
• Used same argument as for Austrian Anschluss;
he saw ethnic German minorities in area as
“persecuted.”
• Against desires of Czechoslovakian government,
France and Great Britain “accommodated”
Hitler, allowing him to annex the
Sudetenland.
• WHY? Neither French nor British were willing
to risk a military confrontation with Germany
over Czechoslovakia.

28. The “Problem” of theThe “Problem” of the
SudetenlandSudetenland

29. AppeasementAppeasement: The Munich: The Munich
Agreement, 1938Agreement, 1938
Now we haveNow we have “peace in our time!”“peace in our time!” HerrHerr
Hitler is a man we can do business with!Hitler is a man we can do business with!
British Prime Minister Neville ChamberlainBritish Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain

30. Czechoslovakia Became Part ofCzechoslovakia Became Part of
the Third Reich: 1939the Third Reich: 1939

31. The Nazi- SovietThe Nazi- Soviet
Non- Aggression Pact, 1939Non- Aggression Pact, 1939
Foreign MinistersForeign Ministers
von Ribbentrop & Molotovvon Ribbentrop & Molotov

32. The Nazi- SovietThe Nazi- Soviet
Non- Aggression Pact, 1939Non- Aggression Pact, 1939
• Nonagression Pact
– Stalin knew that otherwise Hitler would turn
on USSR soon, & France & Britain would not
help
• Promised Russian neutrality in the event
of a war, guaranteeing Germany would
not need to fight on two fronts.
• Secret protocol:
– Divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet
spheres of influence after the war:
• German: western Poland & Lithuania
• Soviet: eastern Poland, eastern Romania, Finland,
Estonia, & Latvia.

33. Rome- Berlin Axis, 1939Rome- Berlin Axis, 1939
The “Pact of Steel”The “Pact of Steel”

35. Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939
By October 6, Poland was conquered.By October 6, Poland was conquered.
BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg [“Lightening War”][“Lightening War”]

36. German Troops March into WarsawGerman Troops March into Warsaw

38. No Declaration of WarNo Declaration of War……
• Stealth, surprise, speedStealth, surprise, speed......
– BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg – lightning war (“shock & awe”)
– PanzerPanzer – armored division - unmatched speed
& agility
– UnterseebooteUnterseeboote – “U-boat” (submarine)
• Battle of the Atlantic - vs. merchant
vessels
Travel in “wolf-packs” to negate effectiveness
Of convoys of destroyers & aircraft protecting
merchant vessels.
• Battle for Dunkirk – France – Germany
wins

39. BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg
• April 1940 – Germans occupied
Denmark & Norway.
• May 1940 – Belgium, Netherlands, ...
And France.
“Gentlemen, you are about to witnessGentlemen, you are about to witness
the most famous victory in history!”the most famous victory in history!”
A. HitlerA. Hitler

40. France Surrenders: June,France Surrenders: June,
19401940
Ironically, the French signed the armistice in the same train car inIronically, the French signed the armistice in the same train car in
which the Germans had signed their armistice in 1918, after Worldwhich the Germans had signed their armistice in 1918, after World
War I.War I.

41. A Divided FranceA Divided France
German-backed,German-backed,
Henri PetainHenri Petain

42. The French ResistanceThe French Resistance
The Free FrenchThe Free French
General CharlesGeneral Charles
DeGaulleDeGaulle
The MaquisThe Maquis

43. Rome- Berlin- Tokyo Axis:Rome- Berlin- Tokyo Axis:
The Tripartite Pact- - Sept., 1940The Tripartite Pact- - Sept., 1940

44. Now Britain Is All Alone!Now Britain Is All Alone!

45. The Battle of BritainThe Battle of Britain
• Hitler hoped to defeat Britain solely with
Luftwaffe.
• Brits called this “the Blitz.”
• Bombs rained down on populated metropolitan
areas, especially London, killing more than
80,000 civilians.
• Royal air force (RAF) held off defeat, keeping
Hitler from invading Britain.
• Meanwhile, Hitler took the Balkans,
including Greece, and extended the
battlefield to north Africa…

46. Battle of Britain – theBattle of Britain – the
““Bl i t zBl i t z ””

47. The London “Tube”:The London “Tube”:
Air Raid Shelters during theAir Raid Shelters during the Bl i t zBl i t z

48. The Royal Air ForceThe Royal Air Force

49. British Prime MinisterBritish Prime Minister
Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill
“All we have to fear, is fear itself.”

50. Oper at ion Bar barossa

51. Operation BarbarossaOperation Barbarossa
22 June, 194122 June, 1941
• Russia!Russia!
– Nazis killed or expelled Jews, Slavs,Nazis killed or expelled Jews, Slavs,
Bolsheviks - to create more “Bolsheviks - to create more “lebensraum.”lebensraum.”
• Largest & most powerful invasion force in
history! WHY??
• Surprise invasionSurprise invasion – captured heartland, put
Leningrad under siege, and reached gates of
Moscow (where Stalin was) by December.

52. US started to think…US started to think…
• 1939 – Cash and carry policy – US
supplied the British with war materiel:
paid cash, and then sailed away their
new ships.
• 1941 – Lend-Lease Program
– ““lent”lent” destroyers and other war goods todestroyers and other war goods to
BritishBritish in return for lease of navalin return for lease of naval
basesbases..
– Later, added Soviets, Chinese to program.

53. U.S. Lend- Lease Act,U.S. Lend- Lease Act,
19411941

54. Never underestimate the RuskiesNever underestimate the Ruskies!!
• Red Army mobilized in WEEKS.Red Army mobilized in WEEKS.
• Relocated industryRelocated industry away from the front
• Help from alliesHelp from allies: ie: trucks from US, and
promise of more help on the way…
• ““General Winter”General Winter” - Most severe Russian
winter in decades prevented capture of Moscow
– Germans did not have winter coats & boots, so sure
they were of a quick victory…Russians supplied by
US.
– Frost bite, amputations, illness & death from
pneumonia… Sounds like what happened to…?

55. Battle for StalingradBattle for Stalingrad,,
September, 1942September, 1942
• ““Not a step back”Not a step back” Stalin’s order.
• 1st large-scale victory for Russian
forces – turning point in WWII.
• By 1944: German retreat
• Red Army advanced through Romania, Hungary,
Poland… reached suburbs of Berlin by April
1945.
• The Red Army had broken the back of theThe Red Army had broken the back of the
German War MachineGerman War Machine..
Russian flag atop Reichstag Bldg.

56. Defeat of the Axis PowersDefeat of the Axis Powers
• U$ money & troops in 1942
• Russian success in 1941
Personnel reserves & industrial capacity
were the keys to victory
– US automotive industry retooled…
– US naval shipyards kept “liberty ships”
coming, regardless how many were sunk by
Germans
– Sonar technology, aircraft patrols, and escort
aircraft from carriers finished the U-boats
as a strategic threat.

57. Allied Victory in EuropeAllied Victory in Europe
• Eastern Front disintegrated under
Soviets.
• British & US attacked from north Africa
and then through Italy.
• August 1944: Allies forced Italy to
withdraw from the Axis and join
them.
• 6 June, 1944: British & US forces opened
a front in France: D-Day InvasionD-Day Invasion..
Landed troops on the French coast of
Normandy.

58. D-Day Invasion

61. Yalta: February, 1945Yalta: February, 1945
Three months before the end of the war.Three months before the end of the war.
 FDR wanted quick Soviet entry intoFDR wanted quick Soviet entry into
Pacific war.Pacific war.
 FDR & Churchill conceded StalinFDR & Churchill conceded Stalin
needed buffer, FDR & Stalin wantedneeded buffer, FDR & Stalin wanted
spheres of influence and a weakspheres of influence and a weak
Germany.Germany.
 Churchill wantedChurchill wanted
strong Germanystrong Germany
as bufferas buffer
againstagainst
Stalin.Stalin.

62. YaltaYalta
• Stalin angry at US & British delay in opening second
(eastern) front.
• Soviets were 40 miles from Berlin. Stalin ensured that
Russia would dictate what would happen to Eastern Europe
(no free elections, but Communist party installed: Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary became
satellite countries of the USSR).
• FDR convinced Stalin to agree to enter Pacific War within
2-3 months after Germany’s surrender.
• Major war criminals to be tried before an international
court.
• Basic Agreement for democratic elections as soon as
possible in all areas liberated from the Germans.

63. Allied Victory in EuropeAllied Victory in Europe
• Germans overwhelmed by two front war.
• Round-the-clock bombing by US & British,
leveling German cities:
– Brits attacked area bombing of city centers at
night; US bombed industrial sites during the
day.
• British bombing of Dresden literally cooked German
citizens in their bomb shelters.
• Russians fought their way into Berlin, while
British & US swept through western
Germany.
• Unconditional surrender: 8 May, 1945.Unconditional surrender: 8 May, 1945.

64. Mussolini & His Mistress,Mussolini & His Mistress,
Claretta PetacciClaretta Petacci
Hung in Milan, 1945Hung in Milan, 1945

65. US & Russian Soldiers Meet atUS & Russian Soldiers Meet at
the Elbe River:the Elbe River: April 25, 1945April 25, 1945

66. Hitler Committed SuicideHitler Committed Suicide
April 30, 1945April 30, 1945
The FThe Füührer’s Bunkerhrer’s Bunker
Cyanide & PistolsCyanide & Pistols
Mr. & Mrs. HitlerMr. & Mrs. Hitler

67. Horrors of the Holocaust ExposedHorrors of the Holocaust Exposed

68. Horrors of the Holocaust ExposedHorrors of the Holocaust Exposed
CrematoriaCrematoria
atat
MajdanekMajdanek
Entrance toEntrance to
AuschwitzAuschwitz

69. Horrors of the Holocaust ExposedHorrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at BuchenwaldSlave Labor at Buchenwald
Writer,Writer,
EliEli
WieselWiesel

70. Hitler’s “Secret Weapons”:Hitler’s “Secret Weapons”:
Too Little, Too Late!Too Little, Too Late!
V-1 Rocket:V-1 Rocket:
“Buzz Bomb”“Buzz Bomb”
V-2 RocketV-2 Rocket Werner von BraunWerner von Braun

71. V- E Day (May 8, 1945)V- E Day (May 8, 1945)
General KeitelGeneral Keitel

72. V- E Day (May 8, 1945)V- E Day (May 8, 1945)

74. Why di dn’t t he worl dWhy di dn’t t he worl d
hel p Chi na?hel p Chi na?
• Depression
• Aggression in Europe took their
attention
• Neutrality Act between Japan &
USSR

75. US starts down the roadUS starts down the road
to warto war…
Japanese expansion in China
1. US and other countries cut exports
to Japan:
– Badly needed raw materials for
industry – like tin & rubber
– OIL!!!
2. US froze Japanese assets in
the US

76. Japan Expands the WarJapan Expands the War
Japan brought theJapan brought the
war to:war to:
• Philippines,
• Guam,
• Wake Island,
• Midway Island,
• Hong Kong,
• British Malaya,
• Thailand,
• Borneo,
• Burma,
• Dutch Indies,
• Several Aleutian
Islands off Alaska,
• …too Close to
Australia & New
Zealand

77. USS Arizona, Pearl HarborUSS Arizona, Pearl Harbor

78. JapaneseJapanese KamikazeKamikaze Planes:Planes:
The Scourge of the South PacificThe Scourge of the South Pacific
Kamikaze PilotsKamikaze Pilots

79. Pearl Harbor MemorialPearl Harbor Memorial
2,887 Americans Dead!2,887 Americans Dead!

80. Pacific Theater of OperationsPacific Theater of Operations

81. President Roosevelt Signs thePresident Roosevelt Signs the
US Declaration of WarUS Declaration of War

82. ““Tokyo Rose”Tokyo Rose”

83. Betty Grable: AlliedBetty Grable: Allied Pinup GirlPinup Girl
She Reminded Men What They Were Fighting ForShe Reminded Men What They Were Fighting For

84. Plan: Operation DownfallPlan: Operation Downfall
• Invasion fleets and landings larger
than D-day – planned by General
Marshall
• Would be very costly – in money and
lives
– American losses could have been
several times as many as Japanese
casualties, military and civilian.

85. Turning PointTurning Point
of the War in the Pacificof the War in the Pacific
• ““Magic”Magic” code breaking operation
– US discovered Japanese plan to attack
MidwayMidway
• Attacked Japanese fleet with carriers that
survived the attack on Pearl
• Allies took the offensive: change the tide
of the war

86. Battle of Midway Island:Battle of Midway Island:
June 4- 6, 1942June 4- 6, 1942

87. Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project
Los Alamos, NMLos Alamos, NM
Dr. RobertDr. Robert
OppenheimerOppenheimer
Major GeneralMajor General
Lesley R. GrovesLesley R. Groves

88. Potsdam Conference:Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945July, 1945
 Stalin only originalStalin only original. FDR dead, Churchill. FDR dead, Churchill
voted out as Prime Minister duringvoted out as Prime Minister during
conference.conference.
 Harry S.Harry S. TrumanTruman
discoversdiscovers A-bombA-bomb
tests successful.tests successful.
 Allies agree: GermanyAllies agree: Germany
to be divided intoto be divided into
occupationoccupation
zones.zones.
Poland movedPoland moved
around to suit Soviets.around to suit Soviets.

89. Ultimatum to JapanUltimatum to Japan
• July 26, 1945- the three largest allies in
the Pacific (US, Britain, China) issued
the Potsdam Declaration
Demanded that the Japanese Empire
surrender immediately or face “prompt and
utter destruction.”
• But no mention of Hirohito on the throne or not-
which was very important to the Japanese
• No mention of the A-Bomb
• No mention of Soviet entry into the war in the
Pacific

90. Japan’s AnswerJapan’s Answer
• On July 28, Prime Minister Suzuki
announced that Japan would ignore the
Declaration.
• As a result, the US decided to drop the
Atomic Bomb:
– Truman’s decision was one of “non-
interference” with a plan that was begun
during Roosevelt’s last term.
– Less expensive in money and lives for the
US
– It was felt that a war-weary public wanted a
swift end to the war

91. Tinian Island, 1945Tinian Island, 1945
Little Boy Fat ManLittle Boy Fat Man
Enola GayEnola Gay CrewCrew

92. Hiroshima – August 6, 1945Hiroshima – August 6, 1945
 70,000 killed70,000 killed
immediatelyimmediately
 48,000 buildings.48,000 buildings.
DestroyedDestroyed
 100,000s died of100,000s died of
radiation poisoning &radiation poisoning &
cancer later.cancer later.

93. Nagasaki – August 9, 1945Nagasaki – August 9, 1945
 40,000 killed40,000 killed
immediately.immediately.
 60,000 injured.60,000 injured.
 100,000s died of100,000s died of
radiation poisoningradiation poisoning
& cancer later.& cancer later.

94. Japanese A- Bomb SurvivorsJapanese A- Bomb Survivors

95. “The bomb that fell on Hiroshima fell on
America too. It fell on no city, no munition
plants, no docks. It erased no church,
vaporized no public buildings, reduced no man
to his atomic elements… But it fell, it fell.”
- Hermann Hagedorn

96. The Beginning of theThe Beginning of the
Atomic AgeAtomic Age

97. V- J Day (September 2, 1945)V- J Day (September 2, 1945)

98. V- J Day in Times Square,V- J Day in Times Square, NYCNYC

100. WW II Casualties: EuropeWW II Casualties: Europe
Each symbol
indicates 100,000
dead in the
appropriate theater
of operations
Count the US flags…
Russian flags…
the Stars of David…

101. WW II Casualties: AsiaWW II Casualties: Asia
Each symbol
indicates 100,000
dead in the
appropriate theater
of operations
Count the US flags…
The Chinese skulls
& flags…

102. Massive Human DislocationsMassive Human Dislocations

103. The U. S. & the U. S. S. R.The U. S. & the U. S. S. R.
Emerged as the Two SuperpowersEmerged as the Two Superpowers
ofof
the later 20cthe later 20c

104. The Division of Germany:The Division of Germany:
1945 - 19901945 - 1990

105. The Creation of the U. N.The Creation of the U. N.

106. The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine
12 March 194712 March 1947
Drew the battle lines of the Cold WarCold War between what Americans
saw as “free vs. enslaved peoples.”
• Partly in response to crisis in Greece & Turkey, where communist
movements seemed to threaten democracy & US strategic
interests.
• US committed to interventionist policy dedicated to
“containment” of Communism- preventing any further
expansion of Soviet influence.
• The US sent vast amounts of money to Greece & Turkey and the
world was polarized into two armed camps, each led by a
superpower that provided economic and military aid to nations
within its sphere of influence.

107. The Marshall Plan - 1948The Marshall Plan - 1948
• Economic adjunct to the Truman
Doctrine
– Help fix destroyed infrastructures in western
Europe: The European Recovery Program.
• Rebuild European economies through cooperation
& capitalism.
• Stop further communist / Soviet influence
• Over $13 billion to reconstruct Europe.

108. COMECON - 1949COMECON - 1949
• Soviets turned down the Marshall Plan as
capitalistic and imperialistic  developed
a plan for their own satellite nations.
• USSR’s version of the Marshall Plan: the
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance.
• Offered increased trade within the USSR
and eastern Europe.

109. NATO and the WARSAW PACT:NATO and the WARSAW PACT:
Militarization of the Cold WarMilitarization of the Cold War
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO)
• Collective military
alliance to defend
against Soviet
aggression
• Admitted & allowed
W. Germany to re-
arm
Warsaw Pact
• Formed when Allies
allowed W. Germany
to re-arm.

110. The Nuremberg War Trials:The Nuremberg War Trials:
Cri mes Agai ns t Humani t yCri mes Agai ns t Humani t y

111. Japanese War Crimes TrialsJapanese War Crimes Trials
GeneralGeneral
Hideki TojoHideki Tojo
Bio-ChemicalBio-Chemical
ExperimentsExperiments
on humans!on humans!

113. 7 Future American Presidents’ Lives7 Future American Presidents’ Lives
Were Formed by Their Service inWere Formed by Their Service in
World War IIWorld War II

114. The Race for SpaceThe Race for Space

115. Early Computer TechnologyEarly Computer Technology
Came Out of WW IICame Out of WW II
Mark I, 1944Mark I, 1944
Admiral Grace Hooper,Admiral Grace Hooper,
1944-19921944-1992
COBOL languageCOBOL language
Colossus, 1941Colossus, 1941

116. The De- Colonization ofThe De- Colonization of
European EmpiresEuropean Empires

117. The Emergence of Third WorldThe Emergence of Third World
Nationalist MovementsNationalist Movements

118. FINFIN