TRIO programs provide academic and financial support services to help low-income, first-generation students complete high school and pursue postsecondary education. They include Upward Bound, Talent Search, and Student Support Services. Directors from three TRIO programs discussed their goals of increasing college access and retention among disadvantaged youth. While TRIO has helped over 800,000 students, directors face challenges in securing sufficient funding and staffing to meet student needs. They also strive to identify and support students who may not fully qualify for TRIO services but still require assistance.

1. TRIO PROGRAMS
Janelle See

2. How much do you know?
 Who qualifies for Trio Programs?
- All 3 students are not in any Trio Programs yet
A 6th Grade
B 9th Grade
C 12th Grade
Low-income, Low-income,
Learning
father holds Wants to
Disability
BA seek a PhD

3. What is Trio?
Federal Fund Programs
- U.S. Department of Education
- First national college access and retention programs
- Outreach and student services programs to address the serious social
and cultural barriers to education in America
- Professional Association - Council for Opportunity in Education
Orginial 3 programs:
1. Upward Bound
2. Talent Search
3. Student Support Services (SSS)
4. Ronald E. McNair Post-baccalaureate Achievement
5. Training Program for Federal TRIO Programs Staff
6. Educational Opportunity Centers
7. Upward Bound Math/Science
8. Veterans Upward Bound
Council for the Advancement of Standards in Higher Education. (2009). CAS professional standards for higher education (7th ed.). Washington, DC: Author
Council for Opportunity in Education. http://www.coenet.us//ecm/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home

4. History of Trio
1964 Economic Opportunity Act 1986 Ronald E. McNair Post-baccalaureate
Upward Bound Achievement
1968 Student Support Services (SSS)
1967 Educational Opportunity 1998 Gear Up
Program (EOP)
1990 Upward Bound
Math/Science Program
1976 Training Program for staffs
1972 Educational Opportunity Centers
1965 Higher Education Act
Talent Search Veterans Upward Bound Programs
Council for the Advancement of Standards in Higher Education. (2009). CAS professional standards for higher education (7th ed.). Washington, DC: Author
Wolanin, T. (1997). The history of TRIO: Three decades of success and counting. NCEOA Journal, 2-4.

5. History of Trio
Number of Student Served

Council for Opportunity in Education. http://www.coenet.us//ecm/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home

6. Voices of Trio Studetns
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2SFGFuMyaow

7. Who do Trio Serves?
Individuals from disadvantaged background(s):
 6th -12th grade students, Non-
students, Adults,
Undergraduates *Demographics of TRIO students*
 Low-income families Now serve > 840,000 students
- 2/3 of the students served 37% Whites
35% African-Americans
($33,525 - Family of four)
19% Hispanics
 Neither parent holds a 4% Native Americans
bachelor's degree 4% Asian-Americans
1 % are listed as other
 Physical/learning disabilities
 Directors and staffs
Council for Opportunity in Education. http://www.coenet.us//ecm/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home
U.S. Department of Education. http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ope/trio/index.html

8. Directors’ Interviews
Jennifer Dyke
Upward Bound Director
Humboldt State University
- Former Upward Bound graduate
- M.S. in Education
- 11 years at HSU
“UB brought me out of my shell, Program motto
it flows in my blood” “You can go to college”
Dyke, J. Personal Communication. September 30, 2011

9. Directors’ Interviews
Marco Ramirez
Talent Search Director
Santa Ana College
-SDSU Community-Based Block Program
-13 years at Santa Ana College
Program motto:
“Role models never tell a student
bad information”
“I am at the bottom supporting everyone. Trio is a
collaborative effort but not telling others what
they should do.”
Ramirez, M. Personal Communication. October 25, 2011

10. Directors’ Interviews
Dr. Natalie Schonfeld
Student Support Services Director
University of California, Irvine
- Ph.D. in Educational Studies
-11 years at UCI
-Experienced with assessment and research
Program motto:
“Everyone who comes to us,
“We serve as a bridge and meet student’s we help!”
needs, so they don’t fall in the crack.”
Schonfeld, N. Personal Communication, October 31, 2011

11. Goals & Objectives
 ↑ Academic Performance
 ↑ High School Graduation
 ↑ Access to Educational Opportunities
 ↑Enrollment & Retention Rate in Higher Education
Dyke, J. Personal Communication. September 30, 2011

12. Goals & Objectives:
What are the differences?
1. Upward Bound
- Serves High School students and PARENTS (Interviews: specific number)
- Intensive college preparatory project (High commitment)
- Summer program: additional support to students with great academic
need
2. Talent Search
- Serves 6th-12th grades students and non-students
- Students are seen monthly
3. Student Support Services (SSS)
- Serves currently enrolled undergraduate students
- U.S. Citizen/Legal Resident Status
- Students with disabilities
Dyke, J. Personal Communication. September 30, 2011
Ramirez, M. Personal Communication. October 25, 2011
Schonfeld, N. Personal Communication, October 31, 2011

13. Goals & Objectives:
What are the differences?
4. Upward Bound Math/Science Program
- Strengthen Math/Science skills and encourage a degree in those
subjects
5. Veterans Upward Bound
- Serves military veterans who are preparing to enter post-
secondary education
6. Ronald E. McNair Post-baccalaureate Achievement
- Prepares undergraduate to enter doctoral studies
7. Training Program for Federal TRIO Programs Staff
- Support training to enhance the skills and expertise of project directors
and staff
8. Educational Opportunity Centers
-Adult participants (displaced workers, unemployed)to enroll in post-
secondary education
Council for the Advancement of Standards in Higher Education. (2009). CAS professional standards for higher education (7th ed.). Washington, DC: Aut
U.S. Department of Education. http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ope/trio/index.h

14. What does Trio do?
Student Outreach
Motivate/Identify
Complete High Academic
Support
potentials
School &
pursue a higher
Test Preparation
education Postsecondary
Planning
Career/Financial
Counseling
Council for the Advancement of Standards in Higher Education. (2009). CAS professional standards for higher education (7th ed.). Washington, DC: Author

15. Student Development Theory
 Career Development Theory
- Vernon G. Zunker (Career Counseling: A Holistic Approach, 2006)
Vocational guidance, social learning and cognitive development
 Based on the idea of their "self-concept"
 Explore their personality, more satisfying and rewarding process
 A concept
- Adjustment process with adequate support and resources (accessibility)
Cultures
Hidden curriculum: leadership, conducts, behaviors…
 Social capital theory
- James Coleman, 1988
 Connect sociology and economics
 Connection within and between social networks, a social value that lead to a
collective result
Coleman, J. (1988). Organizations and institutions: Sociological and economic approaches to the analysis of social structure the American journal of sociology, 94, 95-S120.
Zunker, V. G. (2006). Career counseling: A holistic approach (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks-Cole.

16. Student Development Theory
James Coleman’s Trustworthiness of the
Social capital theory social environment
Obligations +
expectations Obligations held
Social relations
Social Capital Information
Channels Scare Supplies
Support/status/rewards
Social Norms
Constraints people
Coleman, J. (1988). Organizations and institutions: Sociological and economic approaches to the analysis of
social structure the American journal of sociology, 94, 95-S120.

17. Funding Sources
Council for Opportunity in Education. http://www.coenet.us//ecm/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home

18. Funding Sources
2 full-time, 1 student assistant
• $1.25 million/ 5 years
• 6 schools
• 54 students
2 full-time, 3 part-time staffs
• $328,000/6 years
• 8 schools
• 900 students
2 full-time staffs 1 faculty, 6 peer mentors
• Student fees and tuitions - ~$8000/year
• 50% are first-generation, 30-40% are low-income
• # of students vary
Dyke, J. Personal Communication. September 30, 2011 Ramirez, M. Personal Communication. October 25, 2011 Schonfeld, N. Personal Communication, October 31, 2011

19. Current Issue
 Budget
- 90% goes to salary and benefits
 Staffing issues
- Outreach scheduling/Administrative work
 Serving the right population
 Grant-writing Process (points)
- Demonstrate need (Collect and analyze data)
- Objectives
- Plan
- Applicant and Community support
- Quality of Personnel
- Evaluation Plan
- Budget and Cost effectiveness
Dyke, J. Personal Communication. September 30, 2011
Ramirez, M. Personal Communication. October 25, 2011
Schonfeld, N. Personal Communication, October 31, 2011

20. Special Obstacles
Humboldt State University
Communication Problem
- Distance/Isolation
-Technology
~ 600 miles Santa Ana College
Less Resources
The Focus on Seniors
UC Irvine
Hard to Target Populations
Tracking Bias
Develop Clarity
Dyke, J. Personal Communication. September 30, 2011 Ramirez, M. Personal Communication. October 25, 2011 Schonfeld, N. Personal Communication, October 31, 2011

21. Hope
Achieve the seem-to-be impossible
Pay It Forward

22. - Friendship
- Memories
- Life-time experiences

23. Ethical Dilemma
What about students who do not qualify?
How can we identify these groups of population and provide
them with resources?