For rural energy demand, production of woody biomass and processing technologies are needed.meeting

1. WOODY BIOMASS FOR ENERGY
COMPARISON OF BIOMASS WITH
COAL / OTHER FOSSIL FUELS,
BIO-FUEL SOURCES,
CHARACTERISTICS, CLASSIFICATION,
PROPERTIES, CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING
TREE SPECIES FOR ENERGY
PLANTATIONS , EXAMPLES

2. Comparison of bio-fuels with
fossil fuels
Why bio-fuels?
Current contribution of bio-fuels to
primary energy supply

3. ENVIRONMENT & BIOFUELS:
BENIGN, RENEWABLE
• The fossil fuels - coal, oil and natural gas - are simply
ancient biomass. Over millions of years, the earth has
buried ages-old plant material and converted it into
fuels.
• But while fossil fuels contain the same constituents - as
those found in fresh biomass, fossil fuels are not
renewable because they take such a long time to create.
3

4. Reclaim wasteland by growing biomass; Its
Use is carbon neutral
• When a plant decays, it returns its chemical
matter into the atmosphere and is part of carbon
cycle. Fossil fuels are carbon locked away deep in
the ground; when they are burned on a large
scale, fossil fuels overload the earth’s atmosphere
with added CO2,SO2, and NOx. Biofuel has lower
sulphur and NOx emissions and can help
rehabilitate degraded lands.
4

5. Energy Services,
Pumping, Lighting,
Cooking, Heating,
↑ Impact on
↑  economy
Electricity, Equity

Fuels, Social Structures SUSTAINABLE
Cogeneration  DEVELOPMENT

↑ Empowerment
↑  Environment
Biomass
Conversion
Systems ↑
BIOMASS
PRODUCTION
5

6. Rural economics & environment
• Biomass-energy systems can increase economic
development without contributing to the
greenhouse effect since biomass is not a net
emitter of CO2 to the atmosphere and it is
produced and used on sustainable basis.
• Growing biomass is a rural, labour-intensive
activity, and can, therefore, create jobs in rural
areas and help stem rural-to-urban migration
6

7. Improved natural resource management
• The use of biomass in larger commercial
systems based on sustainable, already
accumulated resources and residues [from
agro-industries] can help improve natural
resource management.
7

8. Land use and cropping patterns
• Growing biomass provides convenient carriers
to help promote other rural industries.
• The "multi-uses" approach: how land can best
be used for sustainable development, what
mixture of land use and cropping patterns will
make optimum use of a particular plot to
meet multiple objectives of food, fuel, fodder,
societal needs etc.
• This requires a full understanding of the
complexity of land use.
8

9. Current contribution- biofuels
• On a global basis, biomass contributes
about 14% of the world's energy (55EJ or
25 M barrels oil equivalent). This offsets
1.1 Pg C of net CO2 emissions annually.
• Biomass based energy in developing
countries:
About 90% in countries such as Nepal,
Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda
About 45% in India, 28% in China and
Brazil
9

10. Current contribution - In European industrial
countries / EU /USA:
•It is 14% in Austria, 20% in Finland and 18% in
Sweden.
•It represents about 4% of the primary energy use
in both the EU and USA.
• In the EU this is equivalent to 2 EJ/year of the
estimated total consumption of 54 EJ. Estimates
show a likely potential in Europe in 2050 of 9.0-
13.5 EJ depending on land areas, yields, and
recoverable residues, representing about 17-30%
of projected total energy
10

11. Share of bio-energy in primary energy
consumption in India
• In India, the share of bio-energy was estimated at
around 36 % to 46 % of the total primary energy
consumption in 1991 , and has come down to around 27
% in 1997.
• For cooking, water heating and village industry, use of
firewood may have been substituted by LPG, kerosene
and diesel. Though availability has improved, now prices
are increasing. Improved cook stoves may also improve
energy utilization efficiency.
11

12. Rural India & bio-energy
• Before the advent of fossil fuels, energy needs for all
activities were met by renewable sources such as solar,
biomass, wind, animal and human muscle power.
• It is interesting to note that in rural India, traditional
renewables such as biomass and human and animal
energy continue to contribute 80 % of the energy
consumption [MNES, 2001].
12

13. Technology Energy services provided
Biogas  Cooking
• Heating
 Electricity (local pumping, milling, lighting,
and possible distribution via utility grid
Producer  Electricity (local pumping, milling, lighting,
gas and possible distribution via utility grid)
• Heating
Ethanol / • Vehicle transportation
Bio-diesel • Cooking
Boiler + • Electricity (for industrial processing)
Steam • Heating process heat
turbine
Biofuel + • Electricity (for industrial processing)
Gas turbine • Heating process heat
13

14. Biomass is called "the poor woman’s oil,"
since women (and children) in rural areas
spend time collecting daily fuel wood needs
and suffer the brunt of indoor air pollution
caused by direct combustion of biomass for
cooking and heating.
14

15. Fuel wood Cook stoves & indoor
air pollution:
58 percent of all human exposure to
particulate air pollution is estimated to
occur indoors in rural areas of
developing countries Better cook
stoves reduce this indoor air pollution
15

16. Biomass production: multipurpose
activity
Bioenergy feed stocks can be produced in
conjunction with — food, fodder, fuelwood,
construction materials, artisan materials,
other agricultural crops, etc. Feedstock
production can help restore the environment
on which the poor depend for their
livelihoods:
16

17. Growing biomass, a multiple use
activity
• Re-vegetating barren land,
• protecting watersheds and harvesting
rainwater,
• providing habitat for local species, stabilising
slopes or river banks, or
• reclaiming waterlogged and salinated soils.
17

18. Present problems in use of bio-fuels
Traditional biomass use is characterized by
• low efficiency of devices, scarcity of fuel-
wood, drudgery associated with the devices
used,
• environmental degradation (such as forest
degradation) and low quality of life.
18

19. Bio-energy activities can provide locally
produced energy sources to:
• pump water for drinking and irrigation,
• light homes, schools, and health clinics,
• improve communication and access to
information,
• provide energy for local enterprises, and
• ease pressure on fuel wood resources.
19

20. Biomass Utilization in Industrialized
Countries:
Converted into electricity and
process heat in cogeneration systems
(combined heat and power production)
at industrial sites or at municipal district
heating facilities.
Thus both produces a greater variety of
electricity (a few megawatts at an
average-sized facility) and process
steam to meet the processing needs of
a mill. 20

21. Develop: Modern Bio Energy Technologies [BET]
•Modern ‘B E T’ offer opportunities to
conserve biomass through efficiency
improvements, and for conversion to
electricity and liquid and gaseous fuels.
• Bio-energy technologies based on
sustained biomass supply are carbon
neutral and lead to net CO2 emission
reduction if used to substitute fossil fuels.
21

22. IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY OF BIOMASS
SOURCES:
•Biomass productivity can be improved
with good management, as in many
places now it is low, being much less
than 5 t / ha / year for woody species.
22

23. •Increased productivity is the key to
both providing competitive costs and
•better utilization of available land.
•Advances have included the
identification of fast-growing species,
breeding successes and
•multiple species opportunities.
23

24. •Advances have included from new
physiological knowledge of plant growth
processes, and
• manipulation of plants through
biotechnology applications, which could
raise productivity 5 to 10 times over
natural growth rates in plants or trees.
24

25. Sources of biomass
Primary and secondary sources,
Characteristics, categories,
properties of biomass based bio-
fuels

26. Sources of bio-fuels
Primary:
• Forestry-Dense, Open; Social Forestry
• Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Agroforestry
• Marine
Secondary:
• Industrial process byproducts, effluents,
• Municipal Waste
26

27. Classification of biomass based
on physicochemical properties:
• WOODY,
• NON-WOODY (Agro-residues, cultivated),
• WET [AQUEOUS] ORGANIC WASTE
27

28. WOODY BIOMASS
• FORESTS
• PLANTATIONS (MULTI- PURPOSE TREES)
• TREES FROM VILLAGE COMMON LANDS
• HYDROCARBON PLANTS
• TREES BEARING NONEDIBLE OIL SEEDS
28

29. Physical Properties of Solid Bio-fuels
for combustion:
• Moisture Content,
• Particle Size and Size distribution
• Bulk Density & Specific gravity
• Higher Heating Value
29

30. Chemical Composition of Solid Bio-
fuels for combustion :
• Total Ash %,
• Solvent soluble %,
• Water Soluble %,
• Lignin %,
• Cellulose %,
• Hemi-cellulose %
30

31. Chemical composition
• Wood is grouped as either hardwood or
softwood.
• Softwoods have 40–45% cellulose, 24–37%
hemicellulose and 25–30% lignin.
• Hardwoods contain approximately 40–50%
cellulose and 22–40% hemicellulose.
31

32. Elemental Composition:
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen
• Sulphur
32

33. Properties of Wet biomass for
biomethanation process:
• C O D value
• B O D value
• Total dissolved solids
• Volatile solids
33

34. Forestry, Energy Plantations and
Agro-forestry
Forestry, Agro-forestry, and Energy
Plantations
Current practice in India and future
possibilities

35. Forest resource base-India
• 1 % of World's forests on 2.47 % of
world's geographical area.
• Sustaining 16 % of the world's population and 15 % of
its livestock population.
• Forests fulfill nearly 40% of the country’s energy
needs and 30% of fodder needs. Annual production of
fuelwood, fodder and timber is 270MT(mill. tonnes),
280 MT and 12 Mill. cubic metres , respectively. (Plan.
Com. 2002). Forest cover is about 20.7% of the area
in 2005.
35

36. Rural demand for Fuelwood for cooking
• Use of dung and agricultural waste is
widespread in agriculturally prosperous
regions with fertile soils and controlled
irrigation, such as the Punjab, Haryana, Uttar
Pradesh and northern Bihar, but wood
continues to be the main domestic fuel in less
endowed and poorer regions.
36

37. •Price Changes: Fuelwood prices in India
increased fast between 1970 and 1985.
•But fuelwood prices have since stabilized.
•The rise in fuelwood prices during the period
1989– 97 was slightly less than the rise in the
wholesale price index (WPI).
37

38. Forests
1. Tropical dense evergreen forests
2. Tropical semi-evergreen forests
3. Moist deciduous forests
4. Dry deciduous forests
38

39. Causes of tremendous pressure on
Forest resource base
• Exponential rise in human and livestock
population
• increasing demand on land allocation to
alternative uses such as agriculture, pastures and
development activities.
• Insufficient availability, poor purchasing power of
people in rural areas for commercial fuels like
kerosene & LPG
39

40. The National Forest Policy
• Achieve a minimum of 33 % of total land
area under forest or tree cover from present
19.2% cover.
•Recognize the requirements of local people
for timber, firewood, fodder and other non-
timber forest produce-- as the first charge on
the forests,
• The need for forest conservation on the
broad principles of sustainability and
people’s participation.
40

41. Joint Forest Management system.
•In total, 15.5 m. hectare of degraded forest
land has natural root stock available, which
may regenerate given proper management
under the JFM
• 9.5 m. hectare is partially degraded with
some natural rootstock, and another 6 m. ha
is highly degraded.
41

42. •These last two categories together
constitute 15.5 m. hectare,
• which requires treatment through
technology-based
• plantation of fuel, fodder and timber
species with
• substantial investment and
technological inputs.
42

43. JFM-2:The emphasis will be on:
• Fuel-wood and fodder plantations to meet
the requirements of rural and urban
populations.
•Plantations of economically important
species (through use of high-yielding
clones) on refractory areas to meet the
growing timber requirement.
• Supplementing the incomes of the tribal
rural poor through management and
development of non-timber forest products.
43

44. JFM-3: The emphasis will be on cont…
• Develop and promoting pasture on suitable
degraded areas.
• Promote development of degraded forests
by adopting, through micro-planning, an
integrated approach on a watershed basis.
44

45. JFM-4: The emphasis will be on cont…
• Suitable policy initiatives on rationalization of tree
felling and transit rules, assured buy-back
arrangements between industries and tree
growers, technology extension, and incentives like
easy availability of institutional credit etc.
45

46. Forestry in the New Millennium:
To sum up, tropical India, with its adequate
sunlight, rainfall, land and labour,
is ideally suitable for tree plantations.
With the enhanced plan outlay for
forestry sector and financial support
from donor agencies, the country will
be able to march ahead towards the target of 33
percent forest cover.
46

47. Agro-forestry
Integrates trees with farming, such as lines
of trees with crops growing between them
(alley cropping), hedgerows, living fences,
windbreaks, pasture trees, woodlots, and
many other farming patterns.
Agro-forestry increases biodiversity,
supports wildlife, provides firewood,
fertilizer, forage, food and more, improves
the soil, improves the water, benefits the
farmers, benefits everyone.
47

48. Energy Plantation: Growing trees for their fuel value
• A plantation that is designed or managed and
operated to provide substantial amounts of
usable fuel continuously throughout the year
at a reasonable cost is called an 'energy
plantation‘
• ‘Wasteland’-- not usable for agriculture and
cash crops, is used for this activity
48

49. Criteria for energy plantation
• Sufficient area of 'Wasteland‘, not usable for
agriculture and cash crops, be made available
for this social forestry activity
• Tree species favorable to climate and soil
conditions
• Combination of harvest cycles and planting
densities that will optimize the harvest of fuel
and the operating cost--12000 to 24000 trees
per hectare.
49

50. Criteria for energy plantation-continued-
2
• Multipurpose tree species-fuel wood supply &
improve soil condition
• Trees that are capable of growing in
deforested areas with degraded soils, and
withstand exposure to wind and drought
• Rapid growing legumes that fix atmospheric
nitrogen to enrich soil
50

51. Criteria for energy plantation-continued-
3
• Species that can be found in similar ecological
zones
• Produce wood of high calorific value that
burn without sparks or smoke
• Have other uses in addition to providing fuel -
- multipurpose tree species most suited for
bio-energy plantations or social forestry
51

52. Tree species for regions of India
Trees for energy plantations, their
selection basis and utility

53. Indian TREES / WOOD:
• Leucaena leucocephala (Subabul)
• Acacia nilotica
• Casurina sp
• Derris indica (Pongam)
• Eucalyptus sp
• Sesbania sp
• Prosopis juliflora
• Azadiracta indica (Neem)
53

54. HYDROCARBON PLANTS, OIL
PRODUCING SHRUBS:
• Hydrocarbon-- Euphorbia group
• & Euphorbia Lathyrus
• OIL Shrubs-- Euphorbia Tirucali
• Soya bean
• Sunflower
• Groundnut
• Jatropha
54

55. Leucaena leucocephala
(Subabul)
• It makes good yields for green manure.
• Leucaena yields fuelwood.
• Leucaena has great potential for carbon sequestration
• Leucaena Fixes Nitrogen.
• Leucaena is a legume, a tree that fixes nitrogen from the
air. It is a fast growing nitrogen fixing tree (FGNFT), which
can be profitably grown and used by both small and large
farmers.
55

56. Leucaena
produces firewood
Can produce furniture
make paper and fibers for rayon-cellophane
make parquet flooring
make living fence posts
make small woodcraft items
make fertilizer
make livestock feed
create shade for plants and banana crops
56

57. neem tree (Azadirachta indica)
• Tree used as windbreaks, fuelwood, and silvo-pastoral
systems, for dry zones and infertile, rocky, sandy soils. The
leaves, bark, wood and fruit of the neem either repel or
discourage insect pests; these plant parts are incorporated
into traditional soil preparation, grain storage, and animal
husbandry practices.
• Neem - based biological pest control (BPC) products have
been developed. The neem tree can provide an inexpensive
integrated pest management (IPM) resource for farmers,
the raw material for small rural enterprises, or the
development of neem-based industries.
57

58. JATROPA CURCAS [PHYSIC NUT]
• Jatropha curcas [ physic nut], is unique among biofuels.
Jatropha is currently the first choice for biodiesel. Able
to tolerate arid climates, rapidly growing, useful for a
variety of products,
• Jatropha can yield up to two tons of biodiesel fuel per
year per hectare.
• Jatropha requires minimal inputs, stablizes or even
reverses desertification, and has use for a variety of
products after the biofuel is extracted.
58

59. Jatropha, continued
• What makes Jatropha especially attractive to
India is that it is a drought-resistant and can
grow in saline, marginal and even otherwise
infertile soil, requiring little water and
maintenance.
• It is hearty and easy to propagate-- a cutting
taken from a plant and simply pushed into the
ground will take root. It grows 5 to 10 feet high,
and is capable of stabilizing sand dunes, acting
as a windbreak and combating desertification.
59

60. Jatropha projects are documented to be
carried out since 1991 with disappointing
results.
However, there is now more experience,
better expertise about the strengths and
weaknesses and success factors in India
available, even though not yet well compiled.
As well, Jatropha efforts have a much better
Government backing now than ten years
ago.
60

61. In M.P., Babul ( Acacia nilotica) is the most
sought after wood species due to its high
calorific value. The next most popular are
Dhaoda ( Anogcisum latifolia) and Satputa
( Dalbergia panniculata). These are
cheaper than Babul but are inferior as fuels.
The ideal girth class is 25 to 45 cm, at
which size the logs can be used straight
away. Logs of larger girth have to be split,
demanding more time and expenditure,
while thinner logs burn too quickly.
61

62. Acacia nilotica: babul
• A useful nitrogen fixing tree found wild in the
dry areas of tropical Africa and India
• plantations are managed on a 15-20 year
rotation for fuelwood and timber.
• calorific value of 4950 kcal/kg, making
excellent fuelwood and quality charcoal. It
burns slow with little smoke when dry
• The bark of ssp. indica has high levels of
tannin (12-20%)
62

63. Pongamia pinnata
• A nitrogen fixing tree for oilseed
• Also called as Derris indica, karanga,
• Produces seeds containing 30-40% oil.
• is a medium sized tree that generally attains a
height of about 8 m and a trunk diameter of
more than 50 cm
• natural distribution of pongam is along coasts
and river banks in India and Burma
63

64. 64

65. 65

66. Liquid fuels from biomass
• Liquid fuels for motor vehicles such as ethanol, or
other alcohol and bio-diesel can be made based
on biomass.
• With increases in population and per capita
demand, and depletion of fossil-fuel resources,
the demand for biomass is expected to increase
rapidly in developing countries.
66

67. 67

68. Reference books
(Biomass is one of the
renewable energy sources)

69. 69

70. 70

71. 71

72. 1. a) Discuss the terms Agro-forestry and Energy
Plantation.
b) What criteria are used in selecting species of trees
for such programs?
c) Enumerate different agro-residues available in India
and discuss their characteristics as sources of energy
2. a) For solid biomass used for combustion, what is the
significance of Proximate, Ultimate Analysis and Higher
Heating Value?
b) Give typical values for saw dust, bagasse, wood
char and rice husk.
b) Discuss fluidized bed combustion of woody
biomass.
72

73. 3. a) Discuss pyrolysis of biomass for (i) char and (ii) liquid
fuel production.
b) Explain down-draft gasifier with gas purification for
producer gas.
4. a). Discuss cogeneration system involving steam-injected
gas turbine as applicable to biomass fuel.
b). Explain combined cycle with inter-cooled steam injected
gas turbine.
c). Discuss case studies on combined cycle cogeneration
systems developed in cane sugar industry
73