This document provides information about various prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures and organelles. It defines each structure and organelle, stating its function and whether it is found in prokaryotes, plant cells, animal cells, or some combination. Key structures and organelles discussed include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, ribosomes, and vacuoles. The document emphasizes that prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles and have DNA located in the nucleoid, while eukaryotes have DNA in the nucleus. It also notes that plant cells contain chloroplasts, large central vacuoles, and

1. Prokaryotic structures, Eukaryotic Organelles.

2.  Be able to identify cell
structures and
organelles on a
diagram.
 Be able to state the
function of cell
structures and
organelles.
 Know which organelles
and structures are
specific to prokaryotes,
animal and plant cells.

5.  Outer layer which helps a cell adhere to
surfaces, or be slippery to avoid antibodies.
 Found in prokaryotes.
 Review: What is an example of a prokaryote?

7.  Is a rigid layer surrounding plant, fungi and
prokaryotes.
 It protects cell contents, and imparts rigidity
to the plant, fungi, etc.
Are plants prokaryotic, or eukaryotic?

9.  Separates the interior of all cells from the
outside environment.
 It is the gate keeper, it controls what comes
into and goes out of a cell.
 Also referred to as a phospholipid bilayer, or
the fluid mosaic model.
 Found in prokaryotes, plants, and animals.
Are lipids hydrophobic, or hydrophilic? What
does this mean?

11.  Gel-like substance residing between the cell
membrane holding all the cell's internal sub-
structures.
 Found in prokaryotes, plants, and animals.

13.  Sites where cells produce proteins at the
direction of DNA.
 Are not bound by a membrane.
 Are made in the nucleolus out of RNA and
protein.
 May be free in cytoplasm, or bound to the
Endoplasmic Reticulum (plants and animals)
 Are found in prokaryotes, plants, and
animals.

15.  The genetic material of prokaryotic
organisms.
 Found only in prokaryotes

17.  Hair like structure
used for attaching to
solid surfaces, and in
the transfer of DNA
from one cell to
another (bacteria
during reproduction).
 Also used for cell
mobility.
 Found in prokaryotes.

19.  Movement in external medium.
◦ Works similar to a propeller on a boat.
 Found in prokaryotes and animal cells.

21.  Non-membrane bound area which contains
genetic material in prokaryotes.
 Only in prokaryotic cells.

23. Golgi Body

24.  Is a flattened stack of tubular membranes.
 Sorting, packaging, processing, and
modification of proteins.
 Can be thought of as the post office of the
cell. It packages proteins into sacs called
vesicles, and makes sure they get to where
they belong.
 Found in plant and animal cells.

25. Golgi Body Lysosomes

26.  Membrane bound organelles which contain
digestive enzymes. The enzyme are
contained to protect the rest of the cell.
 Breakdown of large molecules (e.g., proteins
and polysaccharides).
 Removal worn out parts, food particles,
viruses and bacteria.
 Found in plant and animal cells.
 Review: What kind of macromolecule is an
enzyme?

27. Golgi Body Lysosomes
Centriole

28.  Anchor for cytoskeleton.
 Helps in cell division by forming spindle
fibers.
 Found in plant, and animal cells.

29. Golgi Body Lysosomes
Centriole
Endoplasmic Reticulum

30.  Site of cellular chemical reactions.
 Arranged in a series of highly folded
membranes.
• Folds in membranes increase surface area,
which provides more room for chemical
reactions to take place.
 Found in plant and animal cells.
 Smooth E.R.  Rough E.R.
◦ No ribosomes attached ◦ Has ribosomes attached
◦ Production and storage of ◦ Creates proteins for use
lipids inside the cell, and to be
sent out of the cell for
various jobs.
Review: What are the functions of lipids?
What is a protein made of?

31. Golgi Body Lysosomes
Centriole
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleolus

32.  Located within the nucleus.
 It is the site of ribosome production.
 Found in plant and animal cells.

33. Golgi Body Lysosomes
Centriole
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleolus
Cytoplasm*

34. Golgi Body Lysosomes
Centriole
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleolus
Ribosomes* Cytoplasm

35. Golgi Body Lysosomes
Centriole
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleolus
Cell Membrane*
Ribosomes Cytoplasm

36. Golgi Body Lysosomes
Centriole
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Ribosomes Cytoplasm

37.  Control center of the cell.
 Place where DNA is stored and maintained.
 DNA is the directions for making proteins.
 Site of RNA transcription (for making proteins,
and duplicating DNA)
 Contains the nucleolus, which is where
ribosomes are made.
 Found in plant and animal cells.
Review: What macromolecule makes up DNA?

38. Golgi Body Lysosomes
Centriole
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Mitochondria
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Ribosomes Cytoplasm

39.  Is the power plant of the cell.
 Transforms energy from the breaking down of glucose into ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) which is used for energy by other organelles.
 Have and outer membrane, and an inner membrane with a lot of folds
called cristae.
 The folds increase the surface area for the storage of more energy-
storing molecules.
 Cells which require more energy have more mitochondria in them.
◦ For example: Muscle cells have more mitochondria than skin cells because they
require more energy.
 Found in plant and animal cells.
Review: What type of macromolecule is glucose?

40. Golgi Body Lysosomes
Centriole
Nuclear Pore Endoplasmic Reticulum
Mitochondria
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Ribosomes Cytoplasm

41.  Nuclear pores allow the transport of water-
soluble molecules across the nuclear
envelope.
 RNA and ribosomes move from nucleus to the
cytoplasm.
 Proteins (DNA), carbohydrates and lipids
move into the nucleus.
 Found in plants and animals.

42. Golgi Body Lysosomes
Centriole
Nuclear Membrane
Nuclear Pore Endoplasmic Reticulum
Mitochondria
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Ribosomes Cytoplasm

43.  Double membrane, separating the contents of
the nucleus (DNA in particular) from the
cytoplasm.
 Found in plants and animals.

44. Golgi Body Lysosomes
Centriole
Vesicles
Nuclear Membrane
Nuclear Pore Endoplasmic Reticulum
Mitochondria
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Ribosomes Cytoplasm

45.  Materials packaged at the Golgi apparatus are
transported in vesicles.
 Storage, transportation, helps maintain
homeostasis by moving packaged materials
to the cell surface for release out of the cell.
 Found in plants and animals.

46. Vacuole Golgi Body Lysosomes
Centriole
Vesicles
Nuclear Membrane
Nuclear Pore Endoplasmic Reticulum
Mitochondria
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Ribosomes Cytoplasm

47.  Membrane bound compartment for temporary
storage – food, enzymes, waste, etc.
 Small in animal cells.
 Very large in plant cells where they store
water for the plant.

48. Vesicles Lysosomes Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Golgi Body
Nuclear Membrane
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Cell Membrane
All of the organelles pictured are present in animal
Cells as well, and have been discussed already.

49. Vesicles Lysosomes Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Golgi Body
Nuclear Membrane
Chloroplast
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Cell Membrane

50.  Site of photosynthesis – using sunlight to
produce energy.
 Contains the pigment chlorophyll, which
traps light and give leaves their green color.
 Found mainly in plants, and some protists
(mostly unicellular eukaryotes).

51. Vesicles Lysosomes Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Golgi Body
Nuclear Membrane
Chloroplast
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Cell Membrane Cell Wall*

52.  In plants the cell wall is made up of cellulose.
 It helps provide structure and rigidity for the
plant.
 It protects the cells.
 Found in plants and prokaryotes.

53.  Cillia: hair like structures around a cell to
provide motion. In prokaryotes, plants, and
animals.
 Cytoskeleton: interior scaffolding, plays
important roles in both intracellular transport
and cellular division. Found in prokaryotes,
plants and animals.
 Thylakoid: Responsible for photosynthesis in
protists, and are found inside chloroplasts.
They are made of stacks of discs called grana.

54. Remember…
All cells have a cell membrane.
Prokaryotes have no membrane bound
organelles.
Prokaryote DNA is not in a nucleus, and
eukaryotic DNA is.
Plant cells have chloroplasts, large central
vacuoles, and a cell wall; animal cells do not.

55. Any Questions?