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ITALY AND ITS UNIFICATION,[object Object],Italy from 1815 to 1846,[object Object],Reforms, Revolt and  Reaction 1846-1850,[object Object]
TRENDS IN EUROPEAN POLITICS,[object Object]
The Congress of Vienna seeks to restore traditional ways,[object Object],Conservatism,[object Object],A political philosophy bases on the desire to preserve traditions and long-established institutions.,[object Object],The reaction against the ideas of the Enlightenment and the radical changes of the French Revolution,[object Object]
Liberals call for equality and change,[object Object],Liberalism,[object Object],A political philosophy based on a belief in individual freedom, equality under law and freedom of thought and religion. ,[object Object],Liberal Ideas,[object Object],French Declaration of Rights of Man,[object Object],Liberals called for written constitutions, parliamentary government, and the protection of “natural rights”,[object Object],American Bill of Rights,[object Object]
19th century liberals,[object Object],Middle Class,[object Object],Bankers, merchants, lawyers, journalists, university students and intellectuals.,[object Object],Giving political power to the common people might threaten both liberty and property.,[object Object],Particularly in France, favored a republic in which all citizens, rich and poor, would be able to vote and to hold office.,[object Object]
Nationalist feelings emerge in the French Revolution,[object Object],Nationalism,[object Object],devotion to one's national group,[object Object],Nationalism had wide appeal in 19th century Europe.,[object Object],It developed among people who has strong ties to:,[object Object]
The Congress of Vienna ,[object Object],Czar Alexander of Russia,[object Object],King Frederick William III of Prussia,[object Object],Emperor Francis I of Austria,[object Object],Host- Austrian emperor,[object Object]
Prince Klemens von Metternich,[object Object],Metternich hated the liberal ideas proclaimed by the French Revolution.,[object Object],Despise nationalism, fearing it would cause a war in Europe.,[object Object],The spirit of nationalism, Metternich feared, could lead to the break-up of the Austrian Empire.,[object Object],The belief that society could be reshaped according to the ideals of liberty and equality had brought 25 years of revolution, terror and war.,[object Object]
Prussia and Russia threaten the balance of power,[object Object],What must be done with the territories that had been part of Napoleon’s empire?,[object Object],It caused series disagreements among the delegates at the Congress of Vienna. One dispute threatened to involve Europe in another war.,[object Object],Both Prussia and Russia hoped to gain new lands and agreed to work together  to accomplish their goals.,[object Object],Prussia wanted to take over the German kingdom of Saxony.,[object Object],Czar Alexander by combining the Polish kingdom by combining the Polish lands that Russia held with those taken by Austria and Prussia in the partitions. The new Polish kingdom will be placed under Russian Control,[object Object]
Britain and Austria, saw the westward of Russia as a threat to the balance of power in Europe. ,[object Object],Metternich declared that he had no fought Napoleon only to give way to the czar.,[object Object],France gains a voice in the Congress ,[object Object],Prince Talleyrand of France,[object Object],Joined with Metternich and the British delegate, Viscount Castlereagh in an alliance to oppose Prussia and Russia.,[object Object],Russia and Prussia backed down and reduced their demands,[object Object]
The Congress of Vienna changes European borders.,[object Object],The Netherlands became a kingdom that included Belgium,[object Object],Switzerland regained its independence.,[object Object],Austria received the northern Italian states of Lombardy and Venetia as well as other territory on the Adriatic Sea.,[object Object],Prussia received the Rhineland and part of the Saxony.,[object Object]
Russia was granted Finland and a large part of the Polish territories, though less than czar had wanted.,[object Object],Sweden received Norway.,[object Object],Britain obtained the Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa and naval bases in the North Sea, the Mediterranean and  Indian Ocean.,[object Object]
European monarchies are restored,[object Object],The Concert of Europe maintains Europe stability.,[object Object],1815 Russia, Austria, Prussia and Great Britain agreed to act together in the future to preserve peace in Europe and to maintain the territorial settlement of the Congress of Vienna.,[object Object],Quadruple Alliance then it is called Concert of Europe,[object Object]
Metternich tries to suppress liberalism and nationalism,[object Object],Metternich turned the Concert of Europe into an agreement to protect absolute monarchy by checking liberal ideas and nationalist movements.,[object Object],Metternich’s system,[object Object],Conservative rules set up spy systems, censored books and newspapers and imprisoned liberals.,[object Object]
1819,student political clubs in German Universities called for,[object Object],Carlsbad Decrees,[object Object],German unity ,[object Object],Liberal reforms,[object Object],British left the Quadruple Alliance but still look part in European conferences.,[object Object]
Revolution from 1820-1830,[object Object]
Movements for liberal reform persist,[object Object],King Ferdinand VII restored to the throne in 1815, ruled harshly and persecuted liberal reformers,[object Object],1820, Spanish army officers revolted and forced the king to restore the constitution of 1812.,[object Object],Members of the Quadruple Alliance sent a French army in 1823 to crush the rebellion. The leaders of the revolt were brutally punished and Ferdinand’s repressive continued.,[object Object]
Italian reformers seek independence and unity,[object Object],Italy 1820,[object Object],Hapsburg Austria, the dominant power in Italy, ruled Lombardy and Venetia in the North; and other members of the Hapsburg family ruled Tuscany and Parma.,[object Object],In the south, Bourbon king rules the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies which included Sicily and the state of Naples.,[object Object],The Papal states in central Italy were governed by the Pope.,[object Object],Only the Kingdom of Sardinia the island of Sardinia and the state of Piedmont were ruled by an Italian family, the House of Savoy.,[object Object],The pope joined other conservative European rulers and denounced the uprisings.,[object Object]
A revolt in Russia fails,[object Object],Decembrist uprisings 1825,[object Object],Nicholas I, new czar,[object Object],To prevent the spread of liberal ideas, Nicholas imposed rigid censorship and established a secret police force to spy on potential troublemakers,[object Object],Greece gains independence,[object Object],First successful national revolution,[object Object],Greek patriots revolted against rule by 1821,[object Object],1827 Britain, France and Russia aided and helped the Greeks and independence declared in 1829,[object Object]
The people of Paris again rebel,[object Object],Louis XVIII had become king in 1814, he recognized that the French people would not accept a return to absolute monarchy.,[object Object],Constitutional charter,[object Object],Charles X,[object Object],He tried to bring back special privileges for the nobility and the clergy.,[object Object],In July 1830 he ordered censorship of newspaper and put restrictions on voting that took this right from many wealthy bourgeoisie.,[object Object]
Paris revolt,[object Object],they hamper the movement of government troops, they built barricades, using paving stones, furniture, tree trunks and wagons.,[object Object],Guns in hand they sand the “Marseillaise” the anthem of the French Revolution.,[object Object],The king fled to Britain,[object Object],Revolts break out in Italy and Belgium,[object Object],Louise Philippe “citizen king”,[object Object],They named him the new king.,[object Object]
Revolts break out in Italy and Belgium,[object Object],In 1830 revolution in France touched off revolts in Italy and Belgium,[object Object],The  Concert of Europe, at the urging of France and Britain, arranged a peace settlement that established a constitutional monarchy in Belgium. The Belgians elected a German prince, Leopold I, as their king.,[object Object],Polish rebels are crushed,[object Object],The rebels were not united, however, and they lacked the support of the peasants, who wanted land. Russian armies defeated the rebels, and Czar Nicholas I imposed even stricter rule on Poland. Polish nationalist rebellions continued through out the later 1800’s but none succeeded.,[object Object]
1848 is a year of Revolutions,[object Object]
Economic problems trouble Europe,[object Object],Between 1846 and 1848 Europe suffered an economic crisis.,[object Object],[object Object]
Drought reduced the grain harvestHigh prices,[object Object],Food riots,[object Object],Widespread sufferings,[object Object]
Lead to severe unemployment,[object Object],Blaming their governments for their misery, the common people sought reforms,[object Object]
Discontent increases in France,[object Object],As in 1830, rebellion in France was the spark that set off other revolutions.,[object Object],Louis Philippe’s rule had never satisfied a large section of the people in France.,[object Object],Suffered from unemployment and low wages,[object Object],Attracted to the new reform called socialism,[object Object]
Socialist thinker,[object Object],Believed that the government, not private individual should own factories, banks and other business and run them for the whole society.,[object Object]
A worker’s revolt follows a moderate revolution,[object Object],February 1848,[object Object],The Parisians rioted and once again set up barricades for street fighting. Louis abdicated, and the Second Republic was established.,[object Object],Aims: ,[object Object],favored in political liberty but not social reform. They were willing only to give all men the right to vote.,[object Object],Louis Blanc urged  the new government to make changes that would benefit the workers.,[object Object]
As a result of Blanc’s demands,[object Object],The cost of the workshop program upset many taxpayers, both peasants and bourgeoisie,[object Object],National workshop,[object Object]
June 1848,[object Object],The government closed the workshop and the Parisian workers rose in revolt over the loss job. Men and women and children again set up barricades in the streets of Paris.,[object Object],The assembly changed the constitution to ensure strong government control though it also gave voting rights to all adult males. French voters elected,[object Object]
Louis Napoleon’s conservative rule made him very popular. In 1852 the voters overwhelmingly approved his becoming Napoleon III. The second empire replaced the republic created in 1848,[object Object]
Nationalism leads to revolt in Austrian lands,[object Object],With new pride in their national histories and traditions, Czechs and Hungarians in particular protested against German Domination of the Austrian Empire.,[object Object],Writers began to write in their own language instead of Latin, German and French they had been taught to use in school.,[object Object]
Rebellions break out in Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary,[object Object],Less than a month after the February 1848 revolution in France, German students and workers in the Austrian capital of Vienna revolted.,[object Object],They demanded a constitution and an end to feudal practices.,[object Object],Emperor dismissed Metternich who had become a symbol of repression.,[object Object],They also abolished serfdom and promised a constitution.,[object Object]
Czech nationalist in Bohemia revolted against German Dominance. ,[object Object],demanded,[object Object],Czech language be used on an equal basis with German in the schools and government.,[object Object],March 1848 Louis Kossuth a Hungarian patriot led the Hungarians in demanding a greater degree of self-government.,[object Object],The  constitution ended feudal privileges, guaranteed freedom of religion and of the press, and gave all adult male property owners the right to vote.,[object Object]
The Austrian government suppresses the rebellions.,[object Object],Hapsburg Austria cleverly took advantage of both its military strength and the differences among the various nationality groups.,[object Object],June 1848,[object Object],The imperial troops bombarded Prague, the Capital of Bohemia. With the help of the Bohemian Germans, the Czechs were suppresed.,[object Object],October 1848,[object Object], Austrian soldiers, mostly peasants, attacked students and workers in Vienna. Thousands were killed as the imperial army retook the city.,[object Object]
September 1848,[object Object],When the Austrians led a Croatian army against the Hungarians, Kosuth’s troops pushed them back.,[object Object],April 1849,[object Object],The Hungarians proclaimed Hungary an independent republic.,[object Object],June 1848,[object Object],The new Austrian emperor, Francis Joseph called for help from Czar Nicholas I of Russia. ,[object Object],A Russian army of 130,000 attacked Hungary from the east and by August the rebels had been defeated,[object Object]
Revolts break out in Italy,[object Object],Mazzini and Young Italy,[object Object],Secret Societies,[object Object],[object Object]
Others formed secret societies to work for political change, plotted to overthrow Austrian government in ItalyYoung Italy,[object Object],[object Object]

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Italy and its unification

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  • 40. Mazzini had been exiled but smuggled patriotic pamphlets into Italy
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