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Smart materials
Intelligent Structures
Biomimetics


John Summerscales
School of Marine Science and Engineering
University of Plymouth
Smart materials

     “smart responds to a stimulus with one
                predictable action”
 normal materials have limited responses
 smart materials have appropriate responses
 ... but response is the same every time
Smart materials
   smart materials have appropriate responses
     photochromic glass
       • darkens in bright light
     low melting point wax in a fire sprinkler
       • blocks the nozzle until it gets hot
     acoustic emission
       • sounds emitted under high stress
     embedded optical fibres
       • broken ends reflect light back
     microporous breathable fabrics
Waterproof clothing

 Goretex®
 micro-porous expanded PTFE
  discovered in 1969 by Bob Gore
 ~ 14 x 1012 micropores per m².

 each pore is about 700x larger than
  a water vapour molecule
 water drop is 20,000x larger than a pore
Goretex:
Intelligent structures (IS)

    “intelligent responds to a stimulus
      with a calculated response and
         different possible actions”
 composites made at low temp
  can embed additional components
 control can decide on novel response
Intelligent structures (IS)

   embed three elements of the system:
     sensors
     signal processing and control
     actuators
Sensors
 strain gauges
 microdieletric interdigitated sensors
 optical fibres
 piezoelectric crystals
 shape memory alloys
 electro-rheological fluids
 giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) wires
Optical Fibre Bragg Grating (OFBG)




    image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Fbg.GIF

Non-Destructive Testing of Fibre-Reinforced Plastics Composites
Signal processing
   issues with data fusion
    for large sensor arrays
Control
   proportional integral derivative (PID)
     proportional:
      output = (gain x error) + bias
     integral:
      output = gain x (error + ∫error w.r.t. time)
     derivative:
      output = gain x derivative x de/dt
   advanced systems ...
Advanced control
 proportional integral derivative (PID)
 fuzzy logic control (FLC)
     sliding mode control
 artificial neural networks (ANN)
 genetic algorithms (GA)
 knowledge-based systems/
  artificial intelligence/expert systems
Actuators
 hydraulic, pneumatic and electric
 piezoelectric crystals
     shape changes when voltage applied
   shape memory materials
     shape changes at a specific temperature
     alloys = SMA .... polymers = SMP
   magneto-rheological (MR) fluids
     viscosity changes with magnetic field
   electro-rheological (ER) fluids
     viscosity changes with electric field
shape memory alloy
http://www.mtm.kuleuven.ac.be/Research/ADAPT/Video/05-11_11-05_1.avi
Magneto-rheological (MR) fluids
Electro-rheological (ER) fluids
Intelligent Structures: applications
     artificial hand
       SMA fingers controlled by
        nerve (myoelectric) signals
     vibration damping
       apply electric field to ER fluid
     skyscraper windows
       acoustic emission warning system
Biomimetics
   a.k.a bionics, biognosis
   the concept of taking ideas from nature to
    implement in another technology
     Chinese silk cultivation begins c.4000BC
       • Colin Thubron, Shadow of the Silk Road, Chatto & Windus, 2006.

     Daedalus' wings - early design failures
   gathering momentum due to the
    ever increasing need for
    sympathetic technology
Biomimetics
 “inspiration rather than imitation”
      Janine Benyus.
 “design inspired by nature”
      BioNIS thematic network
Biomimetics
   Notable innovations
    from understanding nature
       Velcro
       Gecko tape
       Lotus effect self-cleaning surfaces
       Drag reduction by shark skin
       Platelet TechnologyTM for pipe repair
       Smart-fabric
       ElekTex™
Biomimetics
   Velcro
     small hooks enable seed-bearing burr
      to cling to tiny loops in fabric
Gecko tape


    image from
    http://www.netcomposites.com/news.asp?3922


   geckos to hang single-toed from sheer walls
    and walk along ceilings using fine hairs on feet
   University of California - Berkeley created an
    array of synthetic micro-fibres
    using very high friction
    to support loads on smooth surfaces.
Biomimetics: Lotus effect
   most efficient self-cleaning plant
    = great sacred lotus
      (Nelumbo nucifera)
   mimicked in paints and
    other surface coatings
   pipe cleaning in oil refineries (Norway)
    Images from
     http://library.thinkquest.org/27468/e/lotus.htm
     http://www.villalachouette.de/william/lotusv2.gif
     http://www.nees.uni-bonn.de/lotus/en/vergleich.html
Biomimetics
   Lotus effect self-cleaning surfaces




   surface of leaf              water droplet on leaf

   Image from http://library.thinkquest.org/27468/e/lotus.htm
Biomimetics

   drag reduction by shark skin
     special alignment and grooved structure
      of tooth-like scales embedded in shark skin
      decrease drag and thus
      greatly increase swimming proficiency
     Airbus fuel consumption down 1½%
      when “shark skin” coating applied to aircraft

    o Image from http://www.pelagic.org/biology/scales.html
Biomimetics
http://www.rarebirdphotography.co.uk

Common Tern                  Ivory Gull




Squacco                      Stone Curlew




                       26
Aeroelastic tailoring
   Grumman X-29
    FSW aircraft 1984 to 1992
       http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/x-29.htm




                                    27
Platelet TechnologyTM
 Brinker Technology Platelet TechnologyTM
 discrete particles released into pipe flow
 when particles encounter modified flow
  at a leak, fluid forces entrain them into
  the leak and hold them against the pipe wall
 seals and marks the position
  of the leak for subsequent detection.
   YouTube videos:
      animation the technology Yorkshire Water Scottish Water
Smart-fabric
 pine-cone model
 adapts to changing
  temperatures
  by opening when warm
  or shutting tight if cold
ElekTex™
   looks and feels like a fabric
   capable of electronic x-y-z sensing
   fold it, scrunch it or wrap it
   lightweight, durable, flexible
   cost competitive
   cloth keyboards and keypads
     details: http://www.electrotextiles.com
Acknowledgements
   Various websites from which
    images have been extracted

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Smart materials

  • 1. Smart materials Intelligent Structures Biomimetics John Summerscales School of Marine Science and Engineering University of Plymouth
  • 2. Smart materials “smart responds to a stimulus with one predictable action”  normal materials have limited responses  smart materials have appropriate responses  ... but response is the same every time
  • 3. Smart materials  smart materials have appropriate responses  photochromic glass • darkens in bright light  low melting point wax in a fire sprinkler • blocks the nozzle until it gets hot  acoustic emission • sounds emitted under high stress  embedded optical fibres • broken ends reflect light back  microporous breathable fabrics
  • 4. Waterproof clothing  Goretex®  micro-porous expanded PTFE discovered in 1969 by Bob Gore  ~ 14 x 1012 micropores per m².  each pore is about 700x larger than a water vapour molecule  water drop is 20,000x larger than a pore
  • 6. Intelligent structures (IS) “intelligent responds to a stimulus with a calculated response and different possible actions”  composites made at low temp   can embed additional components  control can decide on novel response
  • 7. Intelligent structures (IS)  embed three elements of the system:  sensors  signal processing and control  actuators
  • 8. Sensors  strain gauges  microdieletric interdigitated sensors  optical fibres  piezoelectric crystals  shape memory alloys  electro-rheological fluids  giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) wires
  • 9. Optical Fibre Bragg Grating (OFBG) image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Fbg.GIF Non-Destructive Testing of Fibre-Reinforced Plastics Composites
  • 10. Signal processing  issues with data fusion for large sensor arrays
  • 11. Control  proportional integral derivative (PID)  proportional: output = (gain x error) + bias  integral: output = gain x (error + ∫error w.r.t. time)  derivative: output = gain x derivative x de/dt  advanced systems ...
  • 12. Advanced control  proportional integral derivative (PID)  fuzzy logic control (FLC)  sliding mode control  artificial neural networks (ANN)  genetic algorithms (GA)  knowledge-based systems/ artificial intelligence/expert systems
  • 13. Actuators  hydraulic, pneumatic and electric  piezoelectric crystals  shape changes when voltage applied  shape memory materials  shape changes at a specific temperature  alloys = SMA .... polymers = SMP  magneto-rheological (MR) fluids  viscosity changes with magnetic field  electro-rheological (ER) fluids  viscosity changes with electric field
  • 16. Intelligent Structures: applications  artificial hand  SMA fingers controlled by nerve (myoelectric) signals  vibration damping  apply electric field to ER fluid  skyscraper windows  acoustic emission warning system
  • 17. Biomimetics  a.k.a bionics, biognosis  the concept of taking ideas from nature to implement in another technology  Chinese silk cultivation begins c.4000BC • Colin Thubron, Shadow of the Silk Road, Chatto & Windus, 2006.  Daedalus' wings - early design failures  gathering momentum due to the ever increasing need for sympathetic technology
  • 18. Biomimetics  “inspiration rather than imitation” Janine Benyus.  “design inspired by nature” BioNIS thematic network
  • 19. Biomimetics  Notable innovations from understanding nature  Velcro  Gecko tape  Lotus effect self-cleaning surfaces  Drag reduction by shark skin  Platelet TechnologyTM for pipe repair  Smart-fabric  ElekTex™
  • 20. Biomimetics  Velcro  small hooks enable seed-bearing burr to cling to tiny loops in fabric
  • 21. Gecko tape image from http://www.netcomposites.com/news.asp?3922  geckos to hang single-toed from sheer walls and walk along ceilings using fine hairs on feet  University of California - Berkeley created an array of synthetic micro-fibres using very high friction to support loads on smooth surfaces.
  • 22. Biomimetics: Lotus effect  most efficient self-cleaning plant = great sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)  mimicked in paints and other surface coatings  pipe cleaning in oil refineries (Norway) Images from  http://library.thinkquest.org/27468/e/lotus.htm  http://www.villalachouette.de/william/lotusv2.gif  http://www.nees.uni-bonn.de/lotus/en/vergleich.html
  • 23. Biomimetics  Lotus effect self-cleaning surfaces  surface of leaf water droplet on leaf  Image from http://library.thinkquest.org/27468/e/lotus.htm
  • 24. Biomimetics  drag reduction by shark skin  special alignment and grooved structure of tooth-like scales embedded in shark skin decrease drag and thus greatly increase swimming proficiency  Airbus fuel consumption down 1½% when “shark skin” coating applied to aircraft o Image from http://www.pelagic.org/biology/scales.html
  • 25. Biomimetics http://www.rarebirdphotography.co.uk Common Tern Ivory Gull Squacco Stone Curlew 26
  • 26. Aeroelastic tailoring  Grumman X-29 FSW aircraft 1984 to 1992 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/x-29.htm 27
  • 27. Platelet TechnologyTM  Brinker Technology Platelet TechnologyTM  discrete particles released into pipe flow  when particles encounter modified flow at a leak, fluid forces entrain them into the leak and hold them against the pipe wall  seals and marks the position of the leak for subsequent detection.  YouTube videos:  animation the technology Yorkshire Water Scottish Water
  • 28. Smart-fabric  pine-cone model  adapts to changing temperatures by opening when warm or shutting tight if cold
  • 29. ElekTex™  looks and feels like a fabric  capable of electronic x-y-z sensing  fold it, scrunch it or wrap it  lightweight, durable, flexible  cost competitive  cloth keyboards and keypads  details: http://www.electrotextiles.com
  • 30. Acknowledgements  Various websites from which images have been extracted