Hemodialysis training course Bahrain Specialsit Hospital June 2013
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Review in Hemodialysis basics kinetics for fluids and electrolytes.
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Hemodialysis training course Bahrain Specialsit Hospital June 2013
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- 2. Hemodialysis Training Course 29th of June 2013 2
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- 7. Update information on hemodialysis for the renal division. Review guidelines and patient care. Hands on session with technical support. Evaluation for all the renal division staffing. Aim: 7
- 8. Hemodialysis basics kinetics for fluid and electrolytes Jafar Al-Said, M.B.CHb. MD. FASN. FACP Nephrology and Internal Medicine Consultant 8
- 9. Body fluid compartment. Fluid transportation. Definitions and terms. Hemodialysis. Hemofiltration. Hemodiafiltration. Membrane characters. Types of Dialysis. Indications of Dialysis. Dialysis complications. Scheme 9
- 10. Male 0.6 of the total body wt. Female 0.55 of the total body wt. 2/3 in intracellular. 1/3 in the extracellular. ¼ is intravascular. ¾ is interstitial. Body fluid Compartment 10
- 12. Diffusion. Convection. Adsorption. Ultrafiltration. Hemodialysis. Hemofiltration. Hemodialfiltration. Hemoperfusion. Slow Low efficiency Hemodialysis (SLED). Continuous Renal replacement (CRRT). Definitions 13
- 13. Water & Solutes Basic Principle of Dialysis Semi permeable membrane DialysateBlood At zero time End of dialysis session Equilibration 14
- 14. Molecular wt. (Atomic Mass) Molecule g/mol Na 22.9 Mg 24.3 Cl 35.4 K 39 Ca 40 HCO3 61 Urea 0.06kDa 60 PO4 94.7 Cr 113.1 Vit. B12 1355 B2 Microglubulin. 11,8 kDa 11,800 Albumin 66 kDa 66,000 500D - 60KD SMALL <500D Large >500KD Middle 16
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- 17. The Kidney 20
- 18. HD filter 21
- 20. Principle: Solute transfer across semipermeable membranes along concentration gradients (diffusion) Counter current flow for optimized efficacy Selectivity: Low (dialysate composition) Efficacy: High for small molecular weight substances (urea, creatinine, electrolytes, buffer...) Low for higher molecular weight substances (small proteins, mediators, etc.) Hemodialysis 23
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- 23. Principle: - Solute transfer across semipermeable membranes by pressure induced water flow (convection, "solute drag") - Volume substitution (pre or post filter) Selectivity: - Low Efficacy: - Improved for higher molecular weight solutes (small proteins, mediators, etc.) - Reduced for small molecular weight substances (urea, creatinine, electrolytes, buffer base) Hemofiltration 27
- 24. Water flux across the membrane. Pore size and pore size distribution. Molecular size (molecular mass). Molecular shape and configuration. Charges (solutes and membranes). Convective Transport Across Membranes: Determinants 28
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- 28. Normal Kidney 33
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- 36. Material. Pore size. Surface area. Thickness of the membrane. Sterilization methods. Urea Clearance. Creatinine Clearance. B2 Microglobulin clearance. Ultrafiltration Coefficient. Filter characteristics 44
- 37. Efficiency: Rate of removal (diffusion) of small molecules. As Urea Flux: Rate of removal (convection) middle molecule. B2microglob. Ultrafiltration Coefficient (removal of water). Mass Area Transfer KoA. Filter membrane specifications 45
- 38. Flux Dialyzers Urea KoA (ml/min) Urea Clearance ml/min UF Coeff. ml/min/mmHg Beta2 Micro. ml/min Low Conventional <450 <150 <12 <10 Low High efficiency >600 >200 variable Variable High High flux variable variable >12 >20 High Hemofilters variable variable >12 >20 Performance of different Dialyzers and Hemofilters 46
- 39. IONs Concentration meq/l Na+ 132-145 K+ 0 – 4 Cl- 103 – 110 HCO3- 0 – 40 Acetate 2 -37 Ca+ 0 -3.5 Mg+ 0.5 – 1 Glucose 0 -200mg/dl Dialysate fluid composition 48
- 40. 1. Provide high quality of life. 2. Reduce Complication. BP, Sugar, bleeding, ..etc. 3. Solute Clearance. KT/V. 4. Solvent Clearance. Dry wt. Dialysis Outcome and Adequacy 49
- 41. Clinical: Pulmonary edema/ Desaturation. Pericardial rub. GI symptoms. Altered Mental status. Anasarca. Bleeding tendency. Anuria/ Oliguria. Infection/sepsis. Indication of Hemodialysis Biochemical: • Hyperkalemia. • Metabolic Acidosis. • Intoxication: ASA, Alcohol, Lithium. • Inducing Hypothermia. 50
- 42. Volume and Fluid equilibration. Electrolytes normalization. Correction of Acidosis. Removal of endogenous toxins. Better HTN control. Reduce uremic symptoms: GI, Neurologic. Ca X PO4. Improved Nutrition. Immunity. Reduced bleeding. Dialysis Benefits 51
- 43. Hypotension. Infection. Bleeding. Arrhythmia. Dialysis Disequilibrium syndrome. Anaphylaxis. Air Embolism. Contamination from water Aluminium, Chlorien. Asthenia, weakness, Malnutrition. Dialysis Complications 52
- 44. Duration. QB. QD. Anticoagulation. Ultrafiltration volume. Dialysate Temp. Certain fluid replacements. Na modeling. Medications. Labs. 53 Basic Dialysis orders
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Notas do Editor
- The most commonly applied technique is hemodialysis (HD). In HD blood and a “cleansing fluid” called dialysate are exposed to each other separated by a semipermable membrane. The sieving properties of the membrane exclude all solutes above a certain threshold from crossing the membrane. Solutes within the permeability range of the membrane pass it while diffusing along existing concentration gradients.The selectivity of the dialysis process is low. It mainly depends on the above mentioned membrane sieving properties and the various concentration gradients. This situation reflects the uncertainty regarding “real“uremic toxins. A solute, which is present at both sides of the membrane in equal concentration will not contribute to transmembrane flux.Diffusion is not only used to remove solutes from the blood of the patient but also allows to transport specific substances into the blood (e.g., buffer for acidosis correction). Blood and dialysate flow through the dialyzer in counter current mode to maintain optimized concentration gradients over the whole length of the dialyzer. Diffusion based dialysis is an efficient technique to remove small molecular weight solutes from the blood. However, efficacy quickly decreases with increasing solute MW.In clinical routine the dialysis process is always accompanied by removal of excessive body water (ultrafiltration). Water flux is achieved by applying a hydrostatic pressure from the blood side into dialysate.
- HemofiltrationThe rationale to develop hemofiltration (HF) was to overcome the reduced efficacy of diffusion for larger MW solutes. HF has the advantage of removing solutes small enough to pass through the ultrafilter in proportion to their plasma concentration rather than their concentration gradient, as with diffusion. The driving force is a pressure gradient rather than a concentration gradient. The rate of solute removal is proportional to the applied pressure that can be adjusted to meet the needs of the clinical situation.HF requires a large flux of water across a semipermable membrane. This water flux is induced by a pressure gradient from the blood side to the so-called filtrate side of the membrane. The water flux drags solutes across the membrane. The selectivity of the process is determined exclusively by the sieving properties of the membrane. The removal of large amounts of plasma water from the patient requires volume substitution. Substitution fluid, typically a buffered electrolyte solution close to plasma water composition, can be administered pre or post filter (pre-dilution mode, post-dilution mode).Convective transport is favorable for larger MW solutes but not that efficient for smaller substances. To match HF small MW transport with HD performance, large amounts of exchange volume are needed.Filtration minus substitution provides the required weight loss of the patient.
- The amount of convective transport is a direct funtion of the respective water flux. Whether or not a certain solute can cross a membrane depends on various conditions; solutes can be transporteda) unrestricted,b) restricted,c) not at all.The major impact comes from the solute size in comparison to the membrane pore size. Molecular mass is a good first-order estimation for solute size. Further influencing factors include molecular shape / configuration and possible charge effects from the solute as well as from the membrane.
- The figure below shows the typical solute removal pattern for HD as it results from the performance of commonly used dialyzers (high flux type - bright colors, low flux type - darker colors).
- nglish: Scheme of filtration barrier (blood-urine) in the kidney.A. The endothelial cells of the glomerulus; 1. pore (fenestra)B. Glomerular basement membrane: 1. lamina rarainterna 2. lamina densa 3. lamina raraexternaC. Podocytes: 1. enzymatic and structural protein 2. filtration slit 3. diaphragmaPolski:Schematbarieryfiltracyjnej (krew-mocz) w nerce.A. Okienkowyśródbłoneknaczyńwłosowatychkłębuszkanerkowego; 1. por (okienko)B. Błonapodstawna: 1. blaszkajasnazewnętrzna. 2. blaszkagęsta 3. blaszkajasnawewnętrznaC. Podocytu (wypustki): 1. białkaenzymatyczneistrukturalne 2. szczelinafiltracyjna, 3. przeponaszczeliny
- Figure 2: Techniques available today for renal replacement in the intensive care unit. CAVH, continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration; CHP, continuous hemoperfusion; CPFA, plasmafiltration coupled with adsorption; CPF-PE, continuous plasmafiltration – plasma exchange; CVVH, continuous veno-venous hemofiltration; CVVHD, continuous veno-venous hemodialysis; CVVHDF, continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration; CVVHFD, continuous high flux dialysis; D, dialysate; HVHF, high-volume hemofiltration; K, clearance; Pf, plasmafiltrate flow; Qb, blood flow; Qd, dialysate flow; Qf, ultrafiltration rate; R, replacement; SCUF, slow continuous ultrafiltration; SLEDD, sustained low efficiency daily dialysis; UFC, ultrafiltration control system.Mentions: The evolution of technology did not stop, however, and the recent demand for higher efficiency and exchange volumes has spurred new interest in a further generation of machines with better performance, integrated information technology and easy to use operator interfaces. An example of such technological evolution is represented by the passage from CAVH systems to the BSM 22 and Prisma machines to the most recently developed Prismaflex machine (Gambro Dasco, Mirandola, Italy; Fig. 1). A schematic drawing of different techniques available today for the therapy of the critically ill patient with renal and other organ dysfunction is given in Fig. 2. The last generation of machines available on the market today and representing the evolution of the past decade of research and development is shown in Fig. 3.
- Membrane passage of a solute is described by means of the sieving coefficient S, which is the ratio from solute filtrate concentration cf to the respective solute plasma concentration cp. A sieving coefficient of S=1 indicates unrestricted transport while there is no transport at all at S=0. For a given membrane each solute has its specific sieving coefficient. Sieving coefficients typically are plotted versus increasing molecular mass to show the sieving coefficient curve