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PROJECT REPORT

                      ON

           “Mobile Operated Robot”


                  Submitted By



  VISHRAM ANANT (24), JOEL MENDONCA (33),

GLEVITA MENDONSA (34), JAESON NAZARETH (36)




              Under The Guidance Of

              Prof: ManaliTayade




  Department of Electronics & Telecommunication



    Xavier Institute Of Engineering, Mahim.



        MUMBAI UNIVERSITY, MUMBAI

                   2012-2013
CERTIFICATE
              This is to certify that this Project Report entitled

           “MOBILE OPERATED ROBOT”
                          Is satisfactorily completed by



                  VISHRAM ANANT (24), JOEL MENDONCA (33),

            GLEVITA MENDONSA (34), JAESON NAZARETH (36)


                  Of T.E(E.X.T.C) class as specified in syllabus.
      This report represents their bonafide work in year 2012-2013.




Prof. ManaliTayade                                    Prof. SupravaPatnik

(Project Guide)                                       (H.O.D. – EXTC
Department)




Prof. Y.D. Venkatesh                                  (External Examiner)

                                    (Principal)
Mobile Operated Robot
                        Joel Mendonca, GlevitaMendonsa, VishramAnant, Jaeson Nazareth.
                                Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
                                    Xavier Institute of Engineering, Mahim.

Abstract--In this project the robot, is controlled by a      made by adding 1336Hz and 770Hz to the other end of
mobile phone that makes call to the mobile phone
                                                             the mobile.
attached to the robot in the course of the call, if any
button is pressed control corresponding to the
                                                                            II. BLOCK DIAGRAM
button pressed is heard at the other end of the call.
                                                              The Block Diagram for the circuit is shown alongside
This tone is called dual tone multi frequency tome
(DTMF) robot receives this DTMF tone with the                  where the input IC is MT 8870, the microcontroller
help of phone stacked in the robot .                          used is Atmega16 and the motor driver IC is L293D.

Keywords--GSM (Global System for Mobile).

                    I. INTRODUCTION

The received tone is processed by the atmega16
microcontroller with the help of DTMF decoder
MT8870 the decoder decodes the DTMF tone in to its
equivalent binary digit and this binary number is send
to the microcontroller, the microcontroller is pre-
programmed to take a decision for any given input and
outputs its decision to motor drivers in order to drive
the motors in forward or backward motion. The mobile                         Fig 1. Block Diagram
that makes a call to the mobile phone stacked in the
robot acts as a remote. So this simple robotic project
does not require the construction of receiver and                            III.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
transmitter units. DTMF signaling is used for telephone
signaling over the line in the voice frequency band to
the call switching center. The version of DTMF used
for telephone dialing is known as touch tone. DTMF
assigns a specific frequency (consisting of two separate
tones) to each key that it can easily be identified by the
electroniccircuit. The signal generated by the DTMF
encoder is the direct algebraic submission, in real time                      Fig 2. Circuit of GSM Robot

of the amplitudes of two sine(or cosine) waves of
                                                                 A. COMPONENTLIST
different frequencies, i.e. pressing will send a tone
                                                             R1,R2                  100k resistances
R3                      330k
R4, R5,R6,R7,R8         10k
C1                      0.47 micro farad
C2,C3,C5,C6             22pfarad
c4                      0.1micro farad
Xtal1                   3.57 MHz
Xtal2                   12 MHz
S1                      Push to ON Switch


    B. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION                                                  A DTMFTelephoneKeypad


1.)Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF)---- It is used
                                                                        Table 1.DTMFKeypadFrequencies.
for telecommunication signalling over analog telephone
                                                                        1209       1336Hz         1477         1633
lines in the voice-frequency band between telephone                      Hz                        Hz           Hz
handsets and other communications devices and the             697      1           2          3            A
switching centre. The version of DTMF used for                Hz
telephone tone dialling is known by the                       770      4           5          6            B
trademarkedterm Touch-Tone (cancelled March                   Hz
13,1984), and is standardized by ITU-T                        852      7           8          9            C
Recommendation Q.23. It is                                    Hz
alsoknownintheUKasMF4.Othermulti-frequency                    941      *           0          #            D
                                                              Hz
systemsare used for signalling internal to the telephone
network. As a method of in-band signalling, DTMF
tones were also used by cable television broadcasters                         Table 2. DTMFEventFrequencies
to indicate the start and stop times of localcommercial
insertion points during station breaks for the benefit of             Event            Low frequency     High frequency
cable companies. Until better out-of-band signalling
equipment was developed in the1990s,                                Bsy Signal             480                 620
fast,unacknowledged, and loud DTMF tone sequences
                                                                    Dial Tone              350                 440
could be heard during the commercial breaks of cable
channels in the United States and elsewhere.
                                                                    Ring Back              440                 480
                                                                    Tone(U.S)
 2.)                            TelephoneKeypad—
 Thecontemporarykeypad is l a i d out ina3 x4
 grid,although the originalDTMF keypad had an               3.)                                            Tones--
 additional column forfournow-defunctmenu selector          Theengineershadenvisionedphonesbeingusedtoaccessco
                                                            mputers,andsurveyedanumber                          of
 keys.Whenused
                                                            companiestoseewhattheywouldneedforthisrole.Thisle
 todialatelephonenumber,pressingasinglekeywillpro           d tote addition
                                                                h                   of       the      numbersign
 duce                apitchconsistingoftwosimultaneous      (#,sometimescalledoctothorpeinthiscontext)
 puretonesinusoidal                         frequencies.    andasteriskor‟star‟(*)keysaswellasagroupofkeysform
 Therowinwhichthekeyappearsdeterminesthe                    enuselection:A,B,CandD.Inthe
 lowfrequency,andthecolumndeterminesthehighfreq             end,theletteredkeysweredroppedfrommostphones,an
 uency. Forexample,pressingthe keywesultinasound
                                          l
                                          i
                                          r                 dit was many years before these keys became widely
                                                            used for vertical service codes such as *67intheUnited
 composed            ofboth       a        697      and
                                                            States and CanadatosuppresscallerID.TheU.S.military
 a1209Hztone.Theoriginal keypads had levers                 alsousedtheletters,relabelled, intheirnowdefunct Auto
 i n s i d e ,soeach                    buttonactivated     onphone system.Heretheywere used before diallingthe
 twocontacts.Themultipletonesarethereason                   phone in order to give some calls priority,cutting
 forcallingthe              systemmultifrequency.These      inoverexistingcallsifneedbe.Theideawas
 tonesarethendecoded          bythe      switchingcentre    toallowimportanttraffictogetthrough
 todeterminewhichkeywaspressed                              everytime.Thelevels
                                                            ofpriorityavailablewereFlashOverride(A),
Flash (B),Immediate(C),andPriority                  What do you'll do? You lend it to your friend Time for
(D),withFlashOverridebeingthe highestpriority.             some time, then you let John listen to music on it, then
                                                           you let Linda check her e-mails on it, and finally you
    C. COMPONENT WORKING                                   let Nancy search on Google. So what did you do? You
                                                           allowed each of your friends to share you IPhone for
Figure shows the block diagram and circuit diagram of
the microcontroller- based robot. The important            some time. That is, you allowed you IPhone to be
components of this robot are DTMF decoder,                 shared in time. On the same lines, in GSM, the radio
Microcontroller         and         motor        driver.   frequency say 890 MHz is shared by different users in
An MT8870 series DTMF decoder is used here. All            time. This means if user A, B, C and D all talk at the
types of the mt8870 series use digital counting            same time. You assign the 890 MHz frequency to A for
techniques to detect and decodeall the sixteen DTMF        some time and allow him to talk, then you assign 890
tone pairs in to a four bit code output. The built-in-
                                                           band to B for some time to speak, then to C , and
dialtone rejection circuit eliminated the need for pre-
filtering. When the input signal given at pin2 (IN-)       finally to D, beforecoming back to A. So the process
single ended input configuration is recognized to be       continues in a round robin fashion, as long as A, B, C,
effective, the correct four bit decode signal of the       and D want to talk. This way many users talk at same
DTMF tone is transferred to Q1 (pin11) through             time on the same frequency. This has to be done,
Q4(pin14)outputs. The Atmega16 is a low power, 8           because as we now frequency or Bandwidth is a scarce
bit, CMos microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced        resource and is not available in plentiful, so it must be
RISC architecture. It provides the following feature:      shared. Now the second principle that GSM uses is
16kb of in system programmable flash memory with
                                                           Frequency Division Multiplex. In Frequency Division
read write capabilities, 512bytes of EEPROM, 1KB
SRAM, 32 general purpose input/output lines. 32            Multiplex, users A, B, C and D, all use different
general purpose working registers. All the 32 registers    frequency say 890, 900, 910, 920 for their respective
are directly connected to the arithmetic logic unit,       communications. A very good example of this is Radio
allowing two independent registers to be accessed in       broadcasting. Because all the radio operators like Rad
one signal instruction executed in one clock cycle. The    FM, Go FM, and Radio Mirchi want to operate in the
resulting architecture is more code efficient. Outputs     same area, they use different frequencies for
from port pins PD0 through PD3 and PD7 of the
                                                           communication 91.0FM, 93.5FM, 94.6 FM, 108FM. So
microcontroller are fed to inputs IN1 through IN4 and
                                                           to listen to different communications, you have to tune
enable pins (EN1 and EN2) of motor driver L293d
respectively, to drive geared motors. Switch S1 is used    in the receiver set to different frequencies. Now, GSM
for manual reset.                                          uses a combination of TDMA and FDMA. This means
                                                           that users A and B are not only sharing the channel in
              IV. TECHNOLOGY USED                          time but also frequency. This means that user A is on
                    A. SOFTWARE USED                       the channel 890Mhz for 2 seconds, then jumps to
                                                           900Mhz channel for the next two seconds, then jumps
    1.   Schematic designed on Eagle.
    2.   Circuit board layout prepared on Eagle.           to 910Mhz for the next 2 seconds and so on... Thus,
    3.   C programming.                                    each user is uses a different frequency at different time
                                                           slots. This is called Frequency Hopping.
                B. GSM TECHNOLOGY
GSM stands for Global System for Mobile                                         V. PCB LAYOUT
Communications. Just like computers, mobile phones         Making a PCB is very simple; it does not consume a lot
have evolved over time. There were first generation        of time and the results look professional. After reading
mobile phones in the 70's, there are 2nd generation        this How-To and watching the step by step video, you
mobile phones in the 80's and 90's, and now there are      will be able to make your own PCB in your workshop
3rd generation mobile phones which we call as 3G           using just a few inexpensive materials.
phones. So this GSM is called a 2nd generation, or 2G      Many people use protoboard and point-to-point wire
communications technology. Now, GSM makes use of           everything, but needing multiple copies of the same
two principles. The first called Time division             circuit is the reason that forces many away from using
Multiplexing is very simple. Let's say that one of your    protoboard. After making your first circuit board, you
friends possesses the new and sleek Apple's IPhone.        might not point-to-point wire anything again! For your
Everyone wants to try a hand at your new accessory.        first circuit board, one goal is to keep the circuit single
sided so you can etch using single sided copper clad.        will embed steel into the copper. Clean off the residual
This will allow you to gain some experience before           dust with a slightly damp paper towel.
moving on to double-sided. If you need topside traces,
simply run a few jumper wires on the top. There are
many complete circuit layouts you could try like the
Hack a Day design challenge winner.Here is a list of
materials you will need to produce a single-sided board.
With the exception of the copper clad and PCB drills,
everything on this list is easily obtained at your local
store. Materials: Muratic acid, common household
hydrogen peroxide, safety goggles, good quality
magazine pages (cut to 8×11), laser printer, single sided
1 ounce copper clad, a plastic container the board will
fit in, soft plastic brush, clothes iron, lacquer thinner,
rubber gloves, paper towel, tin snips, drill or rotary
tool, PCB drill bits, Scotch Brite scrubbing pad, good
ventilation, 5-gallon plastic pail full of water.            Find a hard, very flat, sturdy, heat resistant surface.
                                                             Empty the water out of the clothes iron and set the iron
Now, here is how you do it:
                                                             on the hottest setting. Allow the iron to get hot.
Print the bottom side layer on a piece of paper from a
high quality magazine. Use one actual page from the
magazine, the thicker and shinier the magazine paper         This is both side of a piece of copper clad. Place the
the better, but do not use the cover. You must use a         blank side facing down and copper side facing up.
laser printer, not an inkjet. If your printer uses ink       Align printing/paper onto copper clad board with the
cartridges and not toner cartridges, it will not work. If    printing facing the copper. Do not allow it to move.
you do not have a laser printer, you can work around
this by printing to white paper and using a photocopier
set to the darkest setting to copy the layout to the
magazine paper. If the paper jams in the printer, you
are not using a thick-enough magazine page. Again, do
not use the magazine covers, as they do not work.
Magazine pages are used because they work well, and
they are cheap! The reason they work is because the
paper is very glossy and the toner does not adhere well
to the glossy pages. The printing used on the magazine
page is ink and it does not come off, but toner does.
Toner is actually a plastic polymer, and different toners
may yield varied results. In our experience, a genuine
HP toner cartridge was used with great success; an
Office Max brand yielded poor results. The sole              Firmly press the iron onto the back of the magazine
purpose of the toner is the protect the copper below it      paper, sandwiching it between the copper clad and the
from etching away, you only want the uncovered areas         iron. Pressing hard without moving the iron, hold the
to etch. Next, wash your hands to remove any oils.           iron perfectly still for one full minute. Do not move the
Keep handling to a minimum once the pages are printed        iron at all during this minute, and push hard, really
and do not touch the laser printing with your fingers;       hard!
this could get oils on the printing. Keep pages as flat as
possible.                                                    Then, for four more minutes, slowly move the iron
Very carefully, remove the copper clad from the              around making sure to put a lot of pressure on the
packaging. Do not touch the copper surface for the           paper, but not allowing the paper to slide on the copper.
same reason as above. You can cut the copper clad to         When done, let the board fully cool before you move it
size using a tin snip if needed. Use the Scotch Brite        at all. This will allow the toner to adhere to the copper
                                                             and prevent you from being burned.
scrubbing pad to gently buff the surface (Scotch Brite is
a popular brand of of plastic scrubbing pad meant to         Put the board in cold water and let soak for five
emulate steel wool). Do not use steel wool because it        minutes. After five minutes, try to peel the wet paper
from the board leaving only the toner/print from your         DTMF generator with tone depending upon key
laser printer. Only the toner should be left adhering to      pressed. DTMF Decoder, i.e., IC CM8870 decodes the
the copper. If the paper does not come off easily, let it     received tone & gives binary equivalent of it to the
soak in the water for a while longer. If necessary, rub
                                                              microcontroller. The controller is programmed such
with your finger to remove any paper, leaving only the
toner. It‟s ok if there are a few excess paper fibers stuck   that appropriate output is given to Motor Driver IC
to the toner.                                                 L293D which will drive the two DC Motors connected
If you find not every trace adhered to the copper clad or     to it. The concept used for driving is „Differential
it is misaligned, use lacquer thinner and paper towel to      Drive‟. So, ultimately the two motors rotate phone.
clean the toner from the copper board and start over. If      According to the key pressed on the keypad of the cell
the traces look good then move on. Inspect the traces
carefully, however, because what you see now will be                              ACKNOWLEDGMENT
your finished product.
                                                              It is our privilege to acknowledge with deep sense of
In a well-ventilated area with a fan, add 2-cups
hydrogen peroxide to a plastic container. Gently pour in      gratitude to our project guide, Prof. ManaliTayadefor
1-cup Muriatic acid, to create the etching solution.          her valuable suggestions and guidance throughout our
Always wear goggles, gloves, and do not inhale the            course of study and timely help given to us in the
fumes. Do not use any metal containers, measuring             completion of our project.
cups, stainless steel sinks, or tools with this mixture as
this mixture will aggressively etch metal. Acid safety,       We are highly obliged to the entire staff of Electronics
think “triple A”, for Always Add the Acid, it‟s               and Telecommunication Department for their kind help
whatever is in the container that will end up splashing.      and co-operation. We also take this opportunity to
This etching solution, while made with common
                                                              thank all my colleagues for offering all possible help.
chemicals, should command respect. It is dangerous to
you and surroundings treat it with respect. Ferric
Chloride is another common etching solution, it is not a                            REFERENCES
safer solution to use, and both are equally dangerous.            1    Wikipedia-Thefreeencyclopedia
Put the board copper side up in the plastic container             2    http://www.8051projects.info/
filled with etching solution. Use a soft plastic brush to         3    http://www.instructables.com/
gently wipe the board. You will notice the copper begin           4    http://www.alldatasheet.com/
to dissolve. It takes about 3-4 minutes to get all the            5    http://www.datasheet4u.com/
exposed copper dissolved. You just have to watch to               6    http://www.datasheetcatalog.com/
make sure it is gone in all areas between the traces. Do          7    cell phone operated land rover ElectronicsFor
not leave the board in the etching mix for too long as                 You‟Magazine , Edition (July 2008)
the traces will dissolve under the toner that is protecting       8    “DTMFTester” , „ElectronicsFor
them. Tinning prevents the copper from oxidizing,                      You‟Magazine , Edition(June2003)
which can make it hard to solder to in the future. If you         9    http://hackaday.com/2008/07/28/how-to-etch-
choose, you can tin all the traces with solder and a                   a-single-sided-pcb/
soldering iron now. This actually makes drilling much
easier because it helps to center the drill bit. Make sure
to clean off excess flux if you do this. You could use
Tint to chemically plate the copper. Here is a different
tutorial describing its use.Drill all the holes for the
through-hole parts using the correct size PCB drill bit
and rotary tool. Drill large mounting holes with a
normal drill. PCB drill bits are carbide and made to
drill through fiber glass that would quickly dull
standard bits. There are a few very common sizes of
bits and these are often sold in packs. We use .0260″
for IC holes and .0310″ for resistors and caps.Print out
the top side silkscreen layer on magazine paper and
iron this onto the top side, using the same processes as
above. Again, run under water and peel off the paper.
Now you have the component ID‟s on the top side.


                  VI. CONCLUSION

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Mobile operated robot

  • 1. PROJECT REPORT ON “Mobile Operated Robot” Submitted By VISHRAM ANANT (24), JOEL MENDONCA (33), GLEVITA MENDONSA (34), JAESON NAZARETH (36) Under The Guidance Of Prof: ManaliTayade Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Xavier Institute Of Engineering, Mahim. MUMBAI UNIVERSITY, MUMBAI 2012-2013
  • 2. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this Project Report entitled “MOBILE OPERATED ROBOT” Is satisfactorily completed by VISHRAM ANANT (24), JOEL MENDONCA (33), GLEVITA MENDONSA (34), JAESON NAZARETH (36) Of T.E(E.X.T.C) class as specified in syllabus. This report represents their bonafide work in year 2012-2013. Prof. ManaliTayade Prof. SupravaPatnik (Project Guide) (H.O.D. – EXTC Department) Prof. Y.D. Venkatesh (External Examiner) (Principal)
  • 3. Mobile Operated Robot Joel Mendonca, GlevitaMendonsa, VishramAnant, Jaeson Nazareth. Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Xavier Institute of Engineering, Mahim. Abstract--In this project the robot, is controlled by a made by adding 1336Hz and 770Hz to the other end of mobile phone that makes call to the mobile phone the mobile. attached to the robot in the course of the call, if any button is pressed control corresponding to the II. BLOCK DIAGRAM button pressed is heard at the other end of the call. The Block Diagram for the circuit is shown alongside This tone is called dual tone multi frequency tome (DTMF) robot receives this DTMF tone with the where the input IC is MT 8870, the microcontroller help of phone stacked in the robot . used is Atmega16 and the motor driver IC is L293D. Keywords--GSM (Global System for Mobile). I. INTRODUCTION The received tone is processed by the atmega16 microcontroller with the help of DTMF decoder MT8870 the decoder decodes the DTMF tone in to its equivalent binary digit and this binary number is send to the microcontroller, the microcontroller is pre- programmed to take a decision for any given input and outputs its decision to motor drivers in order to drive the motors in forward or backward motion. The mobile Fig 1. Block Diagram that makes a call to the mobile phone stacked in the robot acts as a remote. So this simple robotic project does not require the construction of receiver and III.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM transmitter units. DTMF signaling is used for telephone signaling over the line in the voice frequency band to the call switching center. The version of DTMF used for telephone dialing is known as touch tone. DTMF assigns a specific frequency (consisting of two separate tones) to each key that it can easily be identified by the electroniccircuit. The signal generated by the DTMF encoder is the direct algebraic submission, in real time Fig 2. Circuit of GSM Robot of the amplitudes of two sine(or cosine) waves of A. COMPONENTLIST different frequencies, i.e. pressing will send a tone R1,R2 100k resistances
  • 4. R3 330k R4, R5,R6,R7,R8 10k C1 0.47 micro farad C2,C3,C5,C6 22pfarad c4 0.1micro farad Xtal1 3.57 MHz Xtal2 12 MHz S1 Push to ON Switch B. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION A DTMFTelephoneKeypad 1.)Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF)---- It is used Table 1.DTMFKeypadFrequencies. for telecommunication signalling over analog telephone 1209 1336Hz 1477 1633 lines in the voice-frequency band between telephone Hz Hz Hz handsets and other communications devices and the 697 1 2 3 A switching centre. The version of DTMF used for Hz telephone tone dialling is known by the 770 4 5 6 B trademarkedterm Touch-Tone (cancelled March Hz 13,1984), and is standardized by ITU-T 852 7 8 9 C Recommendation Q.23. It is Hz alsoknownintheUKasMF4.Othermulti-frequency 941 * 0 # D Hz systemsare used for signalling internal to the telephone network. As a method of in-band signalling, DTMF tones were also used by cable television broadcasters Table 2. DTMFEventFrequencies to indicate the start and stop times of localcommercial insertion points during station breaks for the benefit of Event Low frequency High frequency cable companies. Until better out-of-band signalling equipment was developed in the1990s, Bsy Signal 480 620 fast,unacknowledged, and loud DTMF tone sequences Dial Tone 350 440 could be heard during the commercial breaks of cable channels in the United States and elsewhere. Ring Back 440 480 Tone(U.S) 2.) TelephoneKeypad— Thecontemporarykeypad is l a i d out ina3 x4 grid,although the originalDTMF keypad had an 3.) Tones-- additional column forfournow-defunctmenu selector Theengineershadenvisionedphonesbeingusedtoaccessco mputers,andsurveyedanumber of keys.Whenused companiestoseewhattheywouldneedforthisrole.Thisle todialatelephonenumber,pressingasinglekeywillpro d tote addition h of the numbersign duce apitchconsistingoftwosimultaneous (#,sometimescalledoctothorpeinthiscontext) puretonesinusoidal frequencies. andasteriskor‟star‟(*)keysaswellasagroupofkeysform Therowinwhichthekeyappearsdeterminesthe enuselection:A,B,CandD.Inthe lowfrequency,andthecolumndeterminesthehighfreq end,theletteredkeysweredroppedfrommostphones,an uency. Forexample,pressingthe keywesultinasound l i r dit was many years before these keys became widely used for vertical service codes such as *67intheUnited composed ofboth a 697 and States and CanadatosuppresscallerID.TheU.S.military a1209Hztone.Theoriginal keypads had levers alsousedtheletters,relabelled, intheirnowdefunct Auto i n s i d e ,soeach buttonactivated onphone system.Heretheywere used before diallingthe twocontacts.Themultipletonesarethereason phone in order to give some calls priority,cutting forcallingthe systemmultifrequency.These inoverexistingcallsifneedbe.Theideawas tonesarethendecoded bythe switchingcentre toallowimportanttraffictogetthrough todeterminewhichkeywaspressed everytime.Thelevels ofpriorityavailablewereFlashOverride(A),
  • 5. Flash (B),Immediate(C),andPriority What do you'll do? You lend it to your friend Time for (D),withFlashOverridebeingthe highestpriority. some time, then you let John listen to music on it, then you let Linda check her e-mails on it, and finally you C. COMPONENT WORKING let Nancy search on Google. So what did you do? You allowed each of your friends to share you IPhone for Figure shows the block diagram and circuit diagram of the microcontroller- based robot. The important some time. That is, you allowed you IPhone to be components of this robot are DTMF decoder, shared in time. On the same lines, in GSM, the radio Microcontroller and motor driver. frequency say 890 MHz is shared by different users in An MT8870 series DTMF decoder is used here. All time. This means if user A, B, C and D all talk at the types of the mt8870 series use digital counting same time. You assign the 890 MHz frequency to A for techniques to detect and decodeall the sixteen DTMF some time and allow him to talk, then you assign 890 tone pairs in to a four bit code output. The built-in- band to B for some time to speak, then to C , and dialtone rejection circuit eliminated the need for pre- filtering. When the input signal given at pin2 (IN-) finally to D, beforecoming back to A. So the process single ended input configuration is recognized to be continues in a round robin fashion, as long as A, B, C, effective, the correct four bit decode signal of the and D want to talk. This way many users talk at same DTMF tone is transferred to Q1 (pin11) through time on the same frequency. This has to be done, Q4(pin14)outputs. The Atmega16 is a low power, 8 because as we now frequency or Bandwidth is a scarce bit, CMos microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced resource and is not available in plentiful, so it must be RISC architecture. It provides the following feature: shared. Now the second principle that GSM uses is 16kb of in system programmable flash memory with Frequency Division Multiplex. In Frequency Division read write capabilities, 512bytes of EEPROM, 1KB SRAM, 32 general purpose input/output lines. 32 Multiplex, users A, B, C and D, all use different general purpose working registers. All the 32 registers frequency say 890, 900, 910, 920 for their respective are directly connected to the arithmetic logic unit, communications. A very good example of this is Radio allowing two independent registers to be accessed in broadcasting. Because all the radio operators like Rad one signal instruction executed in one clock cycle. The FM, Go FM, and Radio Mirchi want to operate in the resulting architecture is more code efficient. Outputs same area, they use different frequencies for from port pins PD0 through PD3 and PD7 of the communication 91.0FM, 93.5FM, 94.6 FM, 108FM. So microcontroller are fed to inputs IN1 through IN4 and to listen to different communications, you have to tune enable pins (EN1 and EN2) of motor driver L293d respectively, to drive geared motors. Switch S1 is used in the receiver set to different frequencies. Now, GSM for manual reset. uses a combination of TDMA and FDMA. This means that users A and B are not only sharing the channel in IV. TECHNOLOGY USED time but also frequency. This means that user A is on A. SOFTWARE USED the channel 890Mhz for 2 seconds, then jumps to 900Mhz channel for the next two seconds, then jumps 1. Schematic designed on Eagle. 2. Circuit board layout prepared on Eagle. to 910Mhz for the next 2 seconds and so on... Thus, 3. C programming. each user is uses a different frequency at different time slots. This is called Frequency Hopping. B. GSM TECHNOLOGY GSM stands for Global System for Mobile V. PCB LAYOUT Communications. Just like computers, mobile phones Making a PCB is very simple; it does not consume a lot have evolved over time. There were first generation of time and the results look professional. After reading mobile phones in the 70's, there are 2nd generation this How-To and watching the step by step video, you mobile phones in the 80's and 90's, and now there are will be able to make your own PCB in your workshop 3rd generation mobile phones which we call as 3G using just a few inexpensive materials. phones. So this GSM is called a 2nd generation, or 2G Many people use protoboard and point-to-point wire communications technology. Now, GSM makes use of everything, but needing multiple copies of the same two principles. The first called Time division circuit is the reason that forces many away from using Multiplexing is very simple. Let's say that one of your protoboard. After making your first circuit board, you friends possesses the new and sleek Apple's IPhone. might not point-to-point wire anything again! For your Everyone wants to try a hand at your new accessory. first circuit board, one goal is to keep the circuit single
  • 6. sided so you can etch using single sided copper clad. will embed steel into the copper. Clean off the residual This will allow you to gain some experience before dust with a slightly damp paper towel. moving on to double-sided. If you need topside traces, simply run a few jumper wires on the top. There are many complete circuit layouts you could try like the Hack a Day design challenge winner.Here is a list of materials you will need to produce a single-sided board. With the exception of the copper clad and PCB drills, everything on this list is easily obtained at your local store. Materials: Muratic acid, common household hydrogen peroxide, safety goggles, good quality magazine pages (cut to 8×11), laser printer, single sided 1 ounce copper clad, a plastic container the board will fit in, soft plastic brush, clothes iron, lacquer thinner, rubber gloves, paper towel, tin snips, drill or rotary tool, PCB drill bits, Scotch Brite scrubbing pad, good ventilation, 5-gallon plastic pail full of water. Find a hard, very flat, sturdy, heat resistant surface. Empty the water out of the clothes iron and set the iron Now, here is how you do it: on the hottest setting. Allow the iron to get hot. Print the bottom side layer on a piece of paper from a high quality magazine. Use one actual page from the magazine, the thicker and shinier the magazine paper This is both side of a piece of copper clad. Place the the better, but do not use the cover. You must use a blank side facing down and copper side facing up. laser printer, not an inkjet. If your printer uses ink Align printing/paper onto copper clad board with the cartridges and not toner cartridges, it will not work. If printing facing the copper. Do not allow it to move. you do not have a laser printer, you can work around this by printing to white paper and using a photocopier set to the darkest setting to copy the layout to the magazine paper. If the paper jams in the printer, you are not using a thick-enough magazine page. Again, do not use the magazine covers, as they do not work. Magazine pages are used because they work well, and they are cheap! The reason they work is because the paper is very glossy and the toner does not adhere well to the glossy pages. The printing used on the magazine page is ink and it does not come off, but toner does. Toner is actually a plastic polymer, and different toners may yield varied results. In our experience, a genuine HP toner cartridge was used with great success; an Office Max brand yielded poor results. The sole Firmly press the iron onto the back of the magazine purpose of the toner is the protect the copper below it paper, sandwiching it between the copper clad and the from etching away, you only want the uncovered areas iron. Pressing hard without moving the iron, hold the to etch. Next, wash your hands to remove any oils. iron perfectly still for one full minute. Do not move the Keep handling to a minimum once the pages are printed iron at all during this minute, and push hard, really and do not touch the laser printing with your fingers; hard! this could get oils on the printing. Keep pages as flat as possible. Then, for four more minutes, slowly move the iron Very carefully, remove the copper clad from the around making sure to put a lot of pressure on the packaging. Do not touch the copper surface for the paper, but not allowing the paper to slide on the copper. same reason as above. You can cut the copper clad to When done, let the board fully cool before you move it size using a tin snip if needed. Use the Scotch Brite at all. This will allow the toner to adhere to the copper and prevent you from being burned. scrubbing pad to gently buff the surface (Scotch Brite is a popular brand of of plastic scrubbing pad meant to Put the board in cold water and let soak for five emulate steel wool). Do not use steel wool because it minutes. After five minutes, try to peel the wet paper
  • 7. from the board leaving only the toner/print from your DTMF generator with tone depending upon key laser printer. Only the toner should be left adhering to pressed. DTMF Decoder, i.e., IC CM8870 decodes the the copper. If the paper does not come off easily, let it received tone & gives binary equivalent of it to the soak in the water for a while longer. If necessary, rub microcontroller. The controller is programmed such with your finger to remove any paper, leaving only the toner. It‟s ok if there are a few excess paper fibers stuck that appropriate output is given to Motor Driver IC to the toner. L293D which will drive the two DC Motors connected If you find not every trace adhered to the copper clad or to it. The concept used for driving is „Differential it is misaligned, use lacquer thinner and paper towel to Drive‟. So, ultimately the two motors rotate phone. clean the toner from the copper board and start over. If According to the key pressed on the keypad of the cell the traces look good then move on. Inspect the traces carefully, however, because what you see now will be ACKNOWLEDGMENT your finished product. It is our privilege to acknowledge with deep sense of In a well-ventilated area with a fan, add 2-cups hydrogen peroxide to a plastic container. Gently pour in gratitude to our project guide, Prof. ManaliTayadefor 1-cup Muriatic acid, to create the etching solution. her valuable suggestions and guidance throughout our Always wear goggles, gloves, and do not inhale the course of study and timely help given to us in the fumes. Do not use any metal containers, measuring completion of our project. cups, stainless steel sinks, or tools with this mixture as this mixture will aggressively etch metal. Acid safety, We are highly obliged to the entire staff of Electronics think “triple A”, for Always Add the Acid, it‟s and Telecommunication Department for their kind help whatever is in the container that will end up splashing. and co-operation. We also take this opportunity to This etching solution, while made with common thank all my colleagues for offering all possible help. chemicals, should command respect. It is dangerous to you and surroundings treat it with respect. Ferric Chloride is another common etching solution, it is not a REFERENCES safer solution to use, and both are equally dangerous. 1 Wikipedia-Thefreeencyclopedia Put the board copper side up in the plastic container 2 http://www.8051projects.info/ filled with etching solution. Use a soft plastic brush to 3 http://www.instructables.com/ gently wipe the board. You will notice the copper begin 4 http://www.alldatasheet.com/ to dissolve. It takes about 3-4 minutes to get all the 5 http://www.datasheet4u.com/ exposed copper dissolved. You just have to watch to 6 http://www.datasheetcatalog.com/ make sure it is gone in all areas between the traces. Do 7 cell phone operated land rover ElectronicsFor not leave the board in the etching mix for too long as You‟Magazine , Edition (July 2008) the traces will dissolve under the toner that is protecting 8 “DTMFTester” , „ElectronicsFor them. Tinning prevents the copper from oxidizing, You‟Magazine , Edition(June2003) which can make it hard to solder to in the future. If you 9 http://hackaday.com/2008/07/28/how-to-etch- choose, you can tin all the traces with solder and a a-single-sided-pcb/ soldering iron now. This actually makes drilling much easier because it helps to center the drill bit. Make sure to clean off excess flux if you do this. You could use Tint to chemically plate the copper. Here is a different tutorial describing its use.Drill all the holes for the through-hole parts using the correct size PCB drill bit and rotary tool. Drill large mounting holes with a normal drill. PCB drill bits are carbide and made to drill through fiber glass that would quickly dull standard bits. There are a few very common sizes of bits and these are often sold in packs. We use .0260″ for IC holes and .0310″ for resistors and caps.Print out the top side silkscreen layer on magazine paper and iron this onto the top side, using the same processes as above. Again, run under water and peel off the paper. Now you have the component ID‟s on the top side. VI. CONCLUSION