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Scriptorium
- 2. Scriptorium A writing room in a monastery set aside for the use of scribes engaged in copying, writing, or illuminating of manuscripts and records. From the medieval Latin script- scribere (to write) and orium (place)
- 5. Purposes for Copying Text Liturgy Study and meditation (lectio divina) Communication
- 6. Monk working in a scriptorium, engraving a 15th century manuscript Photos.com/Thinkstock
- 7. Roles • Armarius or Bibliothecarius • Antiquarii • Librarii or Scriptores • Illuminator • Notarius • Corrector
- 8. A medieval monk copying from a text, in a scriptorium The Bettmann Archive “Only three fingers write, but the whole body toils.” Scribe Eadbeorht
- 9. History Cassiodorus (485/90-c.580) in Italy was the first to dwell on the spiritual value of transcribing texts in a scriptorium “Every work of the Lord written by the scribe is a wound inflicted on Satan.” 517, First European monastic writing
- 10. • 529 Benedict of Nursia, Monte Cassino Rule of St. Benedict “Idleness is the enemy of the soul” • 819-826 Benedictine Scriptoria of St. Gall had 400 books Benedictines
- 11. 564 Book of Kells Iona Monastery Founded by Columba (Columcille) http://www.brattleborology.com/w p-content/uploads/2012/02/book- of-kells.jpg We cannot forget the Irish and how they preserved Latin for us!
- 12. Cistercians and Carthusians 1134 Cistercian Order, monks should be silent in scriptorium Carthusians viewed copying as missionary work Start of 13th century, secular copyshops developed
- 14. http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/digitalscriptorium/ http://www.saintjohnsbible.org/ Digital Scriptorium St. John’s Bible “The continuous process of remaining open and accepting of what may reveal itself through hand and heart on a crafted page is the closest I have ever come to TODAY
- 15. Questions?
- 16. BIBLIOGRAPHY • Broderick, Robert C. The Catholic Encyclopedia. T. Nelson, 1976. • Cahill, Thomas. How the Irish saved civilization. Vol. 1. Anchor, 1996. • Ferguson, Everett. Encyclopedia of early Christianity. Vol. 1. Routledge, 1990. • ”Scriptorium." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 Jan.2013. Web. 18 Feb. 2013.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriptorium • Johnston, William. Encyclopedia of monasticism. Vol. 2. Routledge, 2000. • Lerner, Fred. The story of libraries: From the invention of writing to the computer age. Continuum, 2009. • McDonald, William J., ed. New Catholic encyclopedia. 7. His to Jub. McGraw-Hill, 1967. • "scriptorium." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 19 Feb. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/EBchecked/topic/530013/scri ptorium>. • Stewart, David R. “Libraries, Western Christian.” In Encyclopedia of Monasticism, Ed. Wm. M. Johnston. Vol.1. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2000: 235-236. http://www.library.uiuc.edu/ereserves/item.asp?id=51281
Notas do Editor
- This place needed to be warm enough for the copying of books, but a library was also needed for studying. Both of these were included in a basic plan for a monastery. The scriptorium would often be on the lower floor and the library or bibliotheca on the upper.
- Plan of Sankt Gallen (820-830) shows scriptoriums to have six windows and seven writing tables set against the walls where monks write sitting down
- When no room was set aside for this activity, separate little cells or studies called “carrels” were usually made in the cloister where each scribe would have a window and desk to himself.
- Armarius: (provisioner)A person who took care of the scriptorium by providing everything needed for scribes, including desks, ink, parchment, pens, pen knives, pumice stone, and reading frames. Antiquarii: monks in monasteries who copied Librarii or Scriptores: common writers Illuminator: scribe who excelled at painting dedicated to this workNotarius: worked chiefly on legal documentsCorrector: catch errors – alterations showed differences in handwriting and shades of inkParchment might be made in the sciptorium and books would be bound here before being sent to the library. Sometimes one monk might work on every stage of production.
- Jean Mielot (d. 1472) compiling Miracles de Nostre DameScribes would spend an average of 6 hours of day working, which as we learned in our reading that it is back-breaking work, and how difficult some some was to translate.They would write in continuous script (or scriptio continua)Artificial light was forbidden for fear of injury to the manuscripts.Transcription was also an act of meditation and prayer not merely replication of letters, and viewed as a form of asceticism.
- Until the rise of universities, most of the intellectual activity in the Western church was linked with a monastic library so we have this to thank for the transmission of tradition.
- Books were provided for the monastery’s own use and for other monasteries and leaders. Books to be copied would be borrowed from other monasteries as well.Hand of scriptoria were influenced through social and cultural connectionsHere is an example of Confirmation in Latin between 1385-1399 on parchment.