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Introduction
Topic dealing with the use of formulae to calculate Perimeters,
Areas and Volumes of plain shapes and solid ones (prisms).
Plane:
A plane is a flat surface (think tabletop) that extends forever in all
directions.
It is a two-dimensional figure.
Three non-collinear points determine a plane.
So far, all of the geometry we’ve done in these lessons took place
in a plane.
But objects in the real world are three-dimensional, so we will
have to leave the plane and talk about objects like spheres, boxes,
cones, and cylinders.
Solid: Geometric figure in three dimensions
Surface Area: Total area of all the surfaces of a solid shape or
prism.
Volume: This is the space occupied by a solid shape or prism.
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Areas of geometrical shapes
l
w l  w
a
a
a  a
b
h 1/2 b  h
h
b
b  h
ShapeDiagram Area

ShapeDiagram Area
 r2
r
½(a +b)h
a
h
b

AREA
The perimeter of
a shape is a
measure of
distance around
the outside.
The area of a shape
is a measure of the
surface/space
contained within its
perimeter.
Area is measured in units2
Units of distance
mm
cm
m
km
inches
feet
yards
miles
1 cm
1 cm2
1 cm
1 cm
Units of area
mm2
cm2
m2
km2
inches2
feet2
yards2
miles2

Area of a rectangle Examples
To Find the area of a rectangle simply multiply the 2
dimensions together. Area = l x w (or w x l)
Find the area of each rectangular shape below.
100 m
50 m
120 m
40 m
1 2
3
4
5
8½ cm
5½ cm
90 feet
50 feet
210 cm
90 cm
5 000 m2
4500 ft2
4 800 m2
46.75 cm2
18 900 cm2

Area of a Triangle
rectangle area = 2 + 2
triangle area = ½ rectangle area
base
height
Area of a triangle = ½ base x height
The area of a triangle = ½ the area of the surrounding
rectangle/parallelogram

Area of a Triangle Example
Find the area of the following triangles.
8 cm 10 cm 14 cm
12 cm
9 cm 16 cm
Area = ½ b x h
3.2 m
4.5 m
Area = ½ x 8 x 9
= 36 cm2
Area = ½ x 10 x 1
= 60 cm2
Area = ½ x 14 x 16
= 112 cm2
Area = ½ x 3.2 x 4.5
= 7.2 m2
Area = ½ x 7 x 5
= 17.5 mm2

The Area of a Trapezium
Area = (½ the sum of the parallel sides)
x (the perpendicular height)
A = ½(a + b)h
a
b
h
½ah
½bh
Area = ½ah + ½bh = ½h(a + b)
= ½(a + b)h
Find the area of each trapezium
1
8 cm
12 cm
9 cm
2
5 cm
7 cm
6 cm
3
5 cm
3.9 cm
7.1 cm
Area = ½ (8 + 12) x 9
= ½ x 20 x 9
= 90 cm2
Area = ½(7 + 5) x 6
= ½ x 12 x 6
= 36 cm2
Area = ½(3.9 + 7.1) x 5
= ½ x 11 x 5
= 27.5 cm2

32 Sectors
Transform
Remember
C = 2πr
?
?
As the number of sectors  , the transformed
shape becomes more and more like a rectangle.
What will the dimensions eventually become?
½C
r
πr
A = πr x r = πr2
The Area of a Circle

A = r2
A =  x 82
A = 201.1 cm2
A = r2
A =  x 102
A = 314 cm2
Find the area of the following circles. A = r2
8 cm
1
10 cm
2
Examples

Three Dimensional Geometry
Three-dimensional figures, or solids, can be made up of flat or
curved surfaces. Each flat surface is called a face.
An edge is the segment that is the intersection of two faces.
A vertex is the point that is the intersection of three or more
faces.

Boxes
A box (also called a right parallelepiped) is just what the name
box suggests. One is shown to the right.
A box has six rectangular faces, twelve edges, and eight
vertices.
A box has a length, width, and height (or base, height, and
depth).
These three dimensions are marked in the figure.
L
W
H
The volume of a three-dimensional
object measures the amount of
“space” the object takes up.
Volume can be thought of as a
capacity and units for volume
include cubic centimeters (cm3)
cubic yards, and gallons.
The surface area of a three-
dimensional object is, as the name
suggests, the area of its surface.

Volume and Surface Area of a Box
The volume of a box is found by
multiplying its three dimensions
together:
L
W
H
V L W H  
Example
Find the volume and surface area of the box shown.
The volume is
The surface area is
The surface area of a box is found by adding the areas of its
six rectangular faces. Since we already know how to find the
area of a rectangle, no formula is necessary.
8 5 4 40 4 160    
8 5 8 5 5 4 5 4 8 4 8 4
40 40 20 20 32 32
184
          
     

8
5
4

Cube
A cube is a box with three equal dimensions (length = width =
height).
Since a cube is a box, the same formulas for volume and
surface area hold.
If s denotes the length of an edge of a cube, then its volume is
s3 and its surface area is 6s2.
A cube is a prism with six square faces. Other prisms and
pyramids are named for the shape of their bases.

Prisms
A prism is a three-dimensional solid with two congruent
bases that lie in parallel planes, one directly above the other,
and with edges connecting the corresponding vertices of the
bases.
The bases can be any shape and the name of the prism is
based on the name of the bases.
For example, the prism shown at right is a triangular
prism.
The volume of a prism is found by multiplying the area of its
base by its height.
The surface area of a prism is found by adding the areas of all
of its polygonal faces including its bases.

Solution
(a) T. S. A. = Area of the 2 triangles +
Area of rectangle 1 + Area of rectangle 2
+ Area of rectangle 3
= 2 (½ x 6 x 8) + (6 x 5.5) + (10 x 5.5) + (8 x 5.5)
= (2 x 24) + 33 + 55 + 44
= 48 + 33 + 55 + 44
Therefore T. S. A. = 180cm²
(b) V = Base area x height = 24 x 5.5 V = 132cm³
6cm
8cm
5.5cm
10cm
A triangular prism has a base in form of a right-angled triangle, with sides
6cm, 8cm and 10cm. If the height of the prism is 5.5cm, sketch the prism
and calculate,
(a) its total surface area,
(b) its volume.
Example

Cylinders
A cylinder is a prism in which the bases
are circles.
The volume of a cylinder is the area of its
base times its height:
The surface area of a cylinder is:
h
r
2
V r h
2
2 2A r rh  
8cm
3cm
Find the surface area of the cylinder.
Surface Area = 2 x  x 3(3 + 8)
= 6 x 11
= 66
= 207 cm2
Example

Pyramids
A pyramid is a three-dimensional solid with one polygonal base
and with line segments connecting the vertices of the base to a
single point somewhere above the base.
There are different kinds of pyramids depending on what shape
the base is. To the right is a rectangular pyramid.
To find the volume of a pyramid, multiply one-third the area of
its base by its height.
To find the surface area of a pyramid, add the areas of all of its
faces.

Find the volume of the following prisms.
9 m2
V = 9 x 5 = 45 m3
8 cm2 7 mm2
5 m
4 cm
10
mm
20 mm2
10
mm
30 m2
2½ m 40 cm2
3 ¼ cm
V = 8 x 4 = 32 cm3 V = 7 x 10 = 70 mm3
V = 20 x 10 = 200 mm3 V = 30 x 2½ = 75 m3 V = 40 x 3¼ = 130 cm3
1 2 3
4 5 6

Cones
A cone is like a pyramid but with a circular
base instead of a polygonal base.
The volume of a cone is one-third the area
of its base times its height:
The surface area of a cone is:
h
r
21
3
V r h
2 2 2
A r r r h   

Spheres
Sphere is the mathematical word for “ball.”
It is the set of all points in space a fixed
distance from a given point called the center
of the sphere.
A sphere has a radius and diameter, just
like a circle does.
The volume of a sphere is:
The surface area of a sphere is:
r
34
3
V r
2
4A r

The End
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