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measuring cost of living
1.
Measuring the Cost of
Living Copyright©2004 South-Western 24
2.
Measuring the Cost
of Living • Inflation refers to a situation in which the economy’s overall price level is rising. • The inflation rate is the percentage change in the price level from the previous period. Copyright©2004 South-Western
3.
THE CONSUMER PRICE
INDEX • The consumer price index (CPI) is a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer. • The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports the CPI each month. • It is used to monitor changes in the cost of living over time. Copyright©2004 South-Western
4.
THE CONSUMER PRICE
INDEX • When the CPI rises, the typical family has to spend more dollars to maintain the same standard of living. Copyright©2004 South-Western
5.
How the Consumer
Price Index Is Calculated • Fix the Basket: Determine what prices are most important to the typical consumer. • The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) identifies a market basket of goods and services the typical consumer buys. • The BLS conducts monthly consumer surveys to set the weights for the prices of those goods and services. Copyright©2004 South-Western
6.
How the Consumer
Price Index Is Calculated • Find the Prices: Find the prices of each of the goods and services in the basket for each point in time. Copyright©2004 South-Western
7.
How the Consumer
Price Index Is Calculated • Compute the Basket’s Cost: Use the data on prices to calculate the cost of the basket of goods and services at different times. Copyright©2004 South-Western
8.
How the Consumer
Price Index Is Calculated • Choose a Base Year and Compute the Index: • Designate one year as the base year, making it the benchmark against which other years are compared. • Compute the index by dividing the price of the basket in one year by the price in the base year and multiplying by 100. Copyright©2004 South-Western
9.
How the Consumer
Price Index Is Calculated • Compute the inflation rate: The inflation rate is the percentage change in the price index from the preceding period. Copyright©2004 South-Western
10.
How the Consumer
Price Index Is Calculated • The Inflation Rate • The inflation rate is calculated as follows: C P I in Y e a r 2 - C P I in Y e a r 1 In fla tio n R a te in Y e a r 2 = ×100 C P I in Y e a r 1 Copyright©2004 South-Western
11.
Table 1 Calculating
the Consumer Price Index and the Inflation Rate: An Example Copyright©2004 South-Western
12.
Table 1 Calculating
the Consumer Price Index and the Inflation Rate: An Example Copyright©2004 South-Western
13.
Table 1 Calculating
the Consumer Price Index and the Inflation Rate: An Example Copyright©2004 South-Western
14.
Table 1 Calculating
the Consumer Price Index and the Inflation Rate: An Example Copyright©2004 South-Western
15.
Table 1 Calculating
the Consumer Price Index and the Inflation Rate: An Example Copyright©2004 South-Western
16.
How the Consumer
Price Index Is Calculated • Calculating the Consumer Price Index and the Inflation Rate: Another Example • • • • • Base Year is 2002. Basket of goods in 2002 costs $1,200. The same basket in 2004 costs $1,236. CPI = ($1,236/$1,200) × 100 = 103. Prices increased 3 percent between 2002 and 2004. Copyright©2004 South-Western
17.
FYI: What’s in
the CPI’s Basket? 16% Food and beverages 17% Transportation Education and communication 6% 41% Housing 6% 6% 4% 4% Medical care Recreation Apparel Other goods and services Copyright©2004 South-Western
18.
Problems in Measuring
the Cost of Living • The CPI is an accurate measure of the selected goods that make up the typical bundle, but it is not a perfect measure of the cost of living. Copyright©2004 South-Western
19.
Problems in Measuring
the Cost of Living • Substitution bias • Introduction of new goods • Unmeasured quality changes Copyright©2004 South-Western
20.
Problems in Measuring
the Cost of Living • Substitution Bias • The basket does not change to reflect consumer reaction to changes in relative prices. • Consumers substitute toward goods that have become relatively less expensive. • The index overstates the increase in cost of living by not considering consumer substitution. Copyright©2004 South-Western
21.
Problems in Measuring
the Cost of Living • Introduction of New Goods • The basket does not reflect the change in purchasing power brought on by the introduction of new products. • New products result in greater variety, which in turn makes each dollar more valuable. • Consumers need fewer dollars to maintain any given standard of living. Copyright©2004 South-Western
22.
Problems in Measuring
the Cost of Living • Unmeasured Quality Changes • If the quality of a good rises from one year to the next, the value of a dollar rises, even if the price of the good stays the same. • If the quality of a good falls from one year to the next, the value of a dollar falls, even if the price of the good stays the same. • The BLS tries to adjust the price for constant quality, but such differences are hard to measure. Copyright©2004 South-Western
23.
Problems in Measuring
the Cost of Living • The substitution bias, introduction of new goods, and unmeasured quality changes cause the CPI to overstate the true cost of living. • The issue is important because many government programs use the CPI to adjust for changes in the overall level of prices. • The CPI overstates inflation by about 1 percentage point per year. Copyright©2004 South-Western
24.
The GDP Deflator
versus the Consumer Price Index • The GDP deflator is calculated as follows: N o m in a l G D P G D P d e fla to r = ×100 R eal G D P Copyright©2004 South-Western
25.
The GDP Deflator
versus the Consumer Price Index • The BLS calculates other prices indexes: • The index for different regions within the country. • The producer price index, which measures the cost of a basket of goods and services bought by firms rather than consumers. Copyright©2004 South-Western
26.
The GDP Deflator
versus the Consumer Price Index • Economists and policymakers monitor both the GDP deflator and the consumer price index to gauge how quickly prices are rising. • There are two important differences between the indexes that can cause them to diverge. Copyright©2004 South-Western
27.
The GDP Deflator
versus the Consumer Price Index • The GDP deflator reflects the prices of all goods and services produced domestically, whereas... • …the consumer price index reflects the prices of all goods and services bought by consumers. Copyright©2004 South-Western
28.
The GDP Deflator
versus the Consumer Price Index • The consumer price index compares the price of a fixed basket of goods and services to the price of the basket in the base year (only occasionally does the BLS change the basket)... • …whereas the GDP deflator compares the price of currently produced goods and services to the price of the same goods and services in the base year. Copyright©2004 South-Western
29.
Figure 2 Two
Measures of Inflation Percent per Year 15 CPI 10 5 0 GDP deflator 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Copyright©2004 South-Western
30.
CORRECTING ECONOMIC VARIABLES FOR
THE EFFECTS OF INFLATION • Price indexes are used to correct for the effects of inflation when comparing dollar figures from different times. Copyright©2004 South-Western
31.
Dollar Figures from
Different Times • Do the following to convert (inflate) Babe Ruth’s wages in 1931 to dollars in 2001: S a la ry 2001 = S a la ry 1931 P ric e le v e l in 2 0 0 1 × P ric e le v e l in 1 9 3 1 177 = $ 8 0 ,0 0 0 × 1 5 .2 = $ 9 3 1 ,5 7 9 Copyright©2004 South-Western
32.
Table 2 The
Most Popular Movies of All Times, Inflation Adjusted Copyright©2004 South-Western
33.
Indexation • When some
dollar amount is automatically corrected for inflation by law or contract, the amount is said to be indexed for inflation. Copyright©2004 South-Western
34.
Real and Nominal
Interest Rates • Interest represents a payment in the future for a transfer of money in the past. Copyright©2004 South-Western
35.
Real and Nominal
Interest Rates • The nominal interest rate is the interest rate usually reported and not corrected for inflation. • It is the interest rate that a bank pays. • The real interest rate is the nominal interest rate that is corrected for the effects of inflation. Copyright©2004 South-Western
36.
Real and Nominal
Interest Rates • You borrowed $1,000 for one year. • Nominal interest rate was 15%. • During the year inflation was 10%. Real interest rate = Nominal interest rate – Inflation = 15% - 10% = 5% Copyright©2004 South-Western
37.
Figure 3 Real
and Nominal Interest Rates Interest Rates (percent per year) 15 10 Nominal interest rate 5 0 Real interest rate –5 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Copyright©2004 South-Western
38.
Summary • The consumer
price index shows the cost of a basket of goods and services relative to the cost of the same basket in the base year. • The index is used to measure the overall level of prices in the economy. • The percentage change in the CPI measures the inflation rate. Copyright©2004 South-Western
39.
Summary • The consumer
price index is an imperfect measure of the cost of living for the following three reasons: substitution bias, the introduction of new goods, and unmeasured changes in quality. • Because of measurement problems, the CPI overstates annual inflation by about 1 percentage point. Copyright©2004 South-Western
40.
Summary • The GDP
deflator differs from the CPI because it includes goods and services produced rather than goods and services consumed. • In addition, the CPI uses a fixed basket of goods, while the GDP deflator automatically changes the group of goods and services over time as the composition of GDP changes. Copyright©2004 South-Western
41.
Summary • Dollar figures
from different points in time do not represent a valid comparison of purchasing power. • Various laws and private contracts use price indexes to correct for the effects of inflation. • The real interest rate equals the nominal interest rate minus the rate of inflation. Copyright©2004 South-Western
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