This document discusses the characterization of historical binders and pigments using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). It describes preparing samples of binders and mixtures of pigments and binders on different supports. Samples were analyzed using UV lasers at 266nm and 355nm. Spectra were recorded and a database was created for the binders and pigments. The database will aid conservation scientists by providing current information on conservation status and details on restoration. Future work includes adding more organic pigment measurements and aged standard samples to enrich the database.

1. Science and Technology
for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage.
CHARACTERIZATION
OF
HISTORICAL BINDERS
AND PIGMENTS
BY LASER INDUCED
FLUORESCENCE LIF
by
Martina ROMANI

2. Know To Keep.
Raffaello
Sanzio.
Basilica superiore, Assisi.
Caves of Lascaux
Andy Warhol..

3. Needs.
• Need to know to keep.
• Need for non-destructive surveys for the knowledge
of materials.
• Need to characterize the material as a pictorial
problem of considerable interest.
• Need to identify the presence of consolidant
phenomena of biodegradation, and protective.
• Need to create a reference database for historical
binders and pigments.

4. Response.
The laser-induced fluorescence in the UV, as
a response to highlight:
•Phenomena of biodegradation.
•Consolidating.
•Main constituents binders and pigments.
Working with laser beams at high
brightness, monochromatic and directional,
(with a distance from the target (> 20 m)),
it is possible the development of remote
diagnostics spectroscopic with restitution of
images (2D) and models (3D) high
resolution (<0.5 mm).

5. Fluorescence.
•The material absorbs energy in
the form of radiation.
•Emission with a frequency lower
than the initial one.
•spectroscopy of fluorescence spectroscopic technique
whose main applications are in the range spectral UV-
VIS.
•Measurement of the radiation emitted after excitation.
•Study of the absorption and emission spectra, which
depending on the structure of the material.

6. Laser Tool (LIF),
ENEA Frascati.

7. •Laser hits the
How does it works? surface.
•UV
beam, excites
pigment /
binder that
emits light
VIS.
•The emission
collection is
analyzed by a
detector.
UV Laser
•Achievement:
Fluorescence
Spectrum

8. Materials and Methods Preparation of Samples.
The materials used in this
research are pigments
and binders.
The pigments are colored
substances that are applied
on a surface by means of a
medium in which they are
insoluble, or dispersed in a
mass.
The binders or mediums
are organic
substances, protein-based
or lipid delegated the Stages of the preparation of the mixtures
function to bind, and pigment binder. After grinding the
adhere the pigment to the powder we proceed to mixing with the
surface. binder and the next draft.

9. Preparation Of
Samples.
The binders prepared according to
ancient recipes: Cennino Cennini and
Dry Suardo.
Following lying either singly or
mixed with pigments, of three types
of support; glass, aluminum and Pigments and Binders on
cardboard black. Alluminium and Black
Cardboard.
For the analysis of the
pigments, in the absence of
the classical binders, use
has been made to the
achievement of the tablets
in KBr.
Pigments and Binders on Glass.

10. Mesures of samples laser
to the laser (LIF).
Order d 'Analysis of
Samples:
1) Analysis of samples of
binders
2) Analysis of samples from
the pigment-binder mixtures
3) Analysis of pigments in KBr
tablets.
All prepared samples were analyzed at the
wavelengths of 266 nm and 355 nm.
Completed the measures the study began
decoding of the spectra, and the work of creating
the database.

11. Binder’s Database.
Binder on cardboard. λ : 266 nm. λ : 355 nm.
Red Yolk. 4
x 10
5000
2.5
4500
Technique of
4000
2
3500
Tempera paints.
1.5 3000
2500
1 2000
1500
Leonardo Da Vinci;
0.5 1000
500
1494-1498
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

12. Pigment’s Database.
Mixture Inorganic Pigment- λ : 266 nm. λ : 355 nm.
Binder.
Yellow oxide
dispersed in 2500
5000
4500
Linseed Oil. 2000 4000
3500
1500 3000
Oil Painting. 1000
2500
2000
1500
500
Anonymous
1000
500
200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Fiorentino.
200 300 400 500 600 700 800

13. Lacquer madder dispersed in linseed oil.
Oil on board.
Jan Vermeer, 1651.
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
200 300 400 500 600 700 800
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
200 300 400 500 600 700

14. The Case of Indigo;
Organic or
Inorganic?

15. Conclusions.
• Responses to the needs of the Conservation
Scientist.
• LIF analysis for current information on the
conservation status.
• Identification of biological attacks and details of
the methods of restoration of cultural heritage
under study.
• Database as a tool for collecting,
exchanging and comparing.

16. Future Perspectives.
Enrichment of Database by:
• Additional measures of Organic Pigments.
• Exchanges and comparisons with related
databases.
• Inclusion of measures of standard samples
subjected to accelerated aging and
degradation in a climatic chamber.

17. Grazie a tutti per
l’attenzione.
Martina Romani.
martiromani1989@gmail.com