Sponsor Day: Seminar on Animal Feeding 15th-16th May 2014 IRTA Mas Bover

1. 1
Fish nutrition and
product quality
Sustainable
aquaculture feeds
A. Estévez 15/05/2014
Fish nutrition and final product quality.
Sustainable aquaculture feeds.
Alicia Estevez. IRTA-San Carlos de la Rápita

2. Total Global capture and Aquaculture Production (FAO, 2011)
The rapid growth of aquaculture has been due in part to the availability
and provision of feed inputs within producing countries
A. Estévez 15/05/2014

3. 1 China 45,279,173 62.0%
2 Indonesia 4,712,846 6.5%
3 India 3,791,922 5.2%
4 Viet Nam 2,589,800 3.5%
5 Philippines 2,477,392 3.4%
6 Thailand 1,396,020 1.9%
7 Korea 1,331,719 1.8%
8 Japan 1,243,336 1.7%
9 Bangladesh 1,064,285 1.5%
10 Norway 961,840 1.3%
Top country producers – Global aquaculture– 2009
(Source: FAO – FISHSTAT, 2011)
Total marine fish produced in 2009 were 1.95 Mt of the total
global production (73 Mt with 78% cultured in Asia, 10% in
Europe and 12% in the rest of the world)
A. Estévez 15/05/2014

4. Total global production of marine fish species
(Source FAO – Aquastat, 2011)
Global aquafeed production has been growing at an average rate of over 10.7% per year since 1995, with
production increasing from 7.61 million tonnes in 1995 to over 35 million tonnes in 2010, and expected to
grow to 50 million tonnes by 2015, and over 70 million tonnes by 2020
A. Estévez 15/05/2014

5. Total Commercial Aquafeed production
Estimated 50 million tonnes (Mt) in 2015 and 70 Mt in 2020
Top 10 Countries
1 China 13-15 Mt
2 Viet Nam 1625-2800 Tt
3 Thailand 1210-2800 Tt
4 Norway 1137-1382 Tt
5 Indonesia 1030-1184 Tt
6 Chile 883-1050 Tt
7 USA 700-750 Tt
8 Japan 500 Tt
9 Philippines 400-450 Tt
10 Taiwan 345 Tt
With feed costs usually representing over half the operating cost of most finfish and shrimp farming
operations, and increasing ingredient and feed processing costs, considerable efforts have been
placed by feed manufacturers and farmers toward reducing feed costs per unit of fish/shrimp
production, through:
• improvements in feed ingredient selection & feed formulation
• improvements in feed ingredient processing & feed manufacture,
• improvements in on-farm feed & water management, and
• improvements in fish/shrimp genetics & breeding.
A. Estévez 15/05/2014

6. Which ingredients can be used for aquafeed production?
A. Estévez 15/05/2014

7. Which ingredients can be used for aquafeed production ?
Land animal by-product meals and fats
represent the largest source of feed grade
animal protein and lipid available to the
animal feed industry
A. Estévez 15/05/2014

8. Which ingredients can be used for aquafeed production ?
Martek’s Life DHA 40-50% DHA
Martek’s DHA-S 32-38% DHA
LonzaDHA Ulkenia 32% min DHA
Dupont’s NewHarvest Yeast yarrowia lipolytica 50% EPA
Also Syngenta, Dow Agrisciences
Numerous crossover bioenergy companies BioCentric,
Aurora,Solazyme
A. Estévez 15/05/2014

9. A. Estévez 15/05/2014

10. Use of fishmeal by the
aquaculture sector is
expected to decrease
in the long term
– From 4.22 million
tonnes (Mt) in 2005 to
3.69 Mt by 2020
The reason being
1.- More of the raw
material goes for
direct human
consumption and
increasing fishmeal
prices
2.- Increased use of
less expensive
fishmeal replacers
There will continue to
be a strong demand for
fish oil in aquaculture
diets, but production
volumes to remain static
or fall with a reduction in
raw material.
• There is also a
growing demand for the
use of fish oil for direct
use as human
supplements or
Pharmaceutical
medicines.
• This market is likely to
be able to pay a
premium for oil resulting
in aquaculture to reduce
its usage of fish oil.
A. Estévez 15/05/2014

11. Initiatives to increase use of plant products in aquafeeds
• Processing and techniques to enhance nutrient digestibility, nutritional
value and quality
• Augmenting nutritional quality through genetic manipulations of plants
• Enhancing utilization by genetic selection of fish
• Additives to enhance utilisation of plant feedstuffs
• Optimizing bioactive compounds
• Monitoring effects of plant feedstuffs on product quality and consumer
health
• Enhancing palatability of plant feedstuffs
EU initiatives. Projects PEPPA and RAFOA (2001-2005) and AQUAMAX (2006-2010)
Peppa and Rafoa projects under the scope of the FORM project studied the substitution of FM and FO
in the diets for rainbow trout, salmon, turbot, gilthead sea bream and sea bass in terms of growth,
nutrient utilisation, gene expression changes, flesh quality, environmental impacts, sustainability,
reproductive performance, etc
•fPPARs (coordinated by N.AG.RE.F.-F.R.I., Greece)
•RAFOA (coordinated by the University of Stirling, Scotland)
•PUFAFEED (coordinated by the Agrotechnological Research Institute, Holland)
•GUTINTEGRITY (coordinated by Goteborg University, Sweden)
•PEPPA (coordinated by INRA, France)
A. Estévez 15/05/2014

12. EU initiatives. Projects PEPPA and RAFOA (2001-2005) and
AQUAMAX (2006-2010)
A. Estévez 15/05/2014

13. EU initiatives. Projects PEPPA and RAFOA (2001-2005) and
AQUAMAX (2006-2010)
Main results obtained from these projects:
1 –PEPPA established a FM substitution by plant meals up to 75-100% without affecting growth in
rainbow trout, seabream, sea bass, turbot, salmon
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
77 60 37 19 7
% DIETARY PROTEIN FROM FISHMEAL
GROWTH (%/d)
FCR (DM/WW)
FEED INTAKE
(relative to FM77)
-8%
-2%
+5%
FM replacement in sea bass (Kaushi et al, 2004)
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
100 50 25 0
% DIETARY PROTEIN FROM FISHMEAL
GROWTH (%/d)
FCR (DM/WW)
FEED INTAKE
(relative to
FM100)
-46%
+1%
-22%
FM replacement in sea bream (Sitja Bobadilla
et al, 2005)
FM replacement in salmon (Speet al, 2006)
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
GROWTH (%/d) FCR FEED INTAKE
(relative to FM71)
FM71 FM0 (FSOL7)
-10% -18%-2%
2- RAFOA has established that the FO used in the production
of salmon, rainbow trout, sea bream and sea bass can be
replaced (up to 100% in salmon, 60-80% in sea bream) with a
blend of VOs without affecting growth. Changes in the fatty
acid composition of the fillets from the VO fed fish can be
reversed in all species with a "finishing diet" of FO.
Replacement of FO with VO blends in aquafeeds is already
being implemented by the feed industry .
A. Estévez 15/05/2014

14. EU initiatives. Projects PEPPA and RAFOA (2001-2005) and
AQUAMAX (2006-2010)
Main results obtained from these projects:
3.- Aquamax used FM+FO replacement. In salmon, a diet with 25%FM + 40%PM + 100% VO or 100%FO
was used to feed control (MH), lean or fat salmon strains without any effects on growth (SGR) or FCR.
Lipid content was: lean = fat > MH in fish fed VO.
DHA was reduced in fish fed 100% VO by 65-75% but could be
restored using a FO finishing diet
In gilthead sea bream, a diet with 15%FM + 58%PM + 33VO,
66VO or 100VO did not affect growth. Changes in body
composition with weight gain did not modify the FA profile of
fish fed FO, 33VO or 66VO diets. Increased amounts of oleic
acid (18:1n−9), linoleic acid (18:2n−6) and linolenic acid
(18:3n−3), in combination with reduced proportions of n−3 LC-
PUFAs, were found with the partial replacement of FO.
A. Estévez 15/05/2014

15. EU initiatives. Projects PEPPA and RAFOA (2001-2005) and
AQUAMAX (2006-2010)
Main results obtained from these projects:
A. Estévez 15/05/2014
4.- A complete restoration of the FA profile was not fully achieved until a fish oil re-feeding period of 32
days in red sea bream (Glencross et al., 2003), 8 weeks in turbot (Regost et al., 2003); 8 weeks in brown
trout (Robin et al., 2003), 12–25 weeks in Atlantic salmon (Bell et al., 2003a,b; Bell, 2004; Torstensen et
al., 2004); 3 months in gilthead sea bream (Izquierdo et al., 2005); 4 months in Murray cod (Turchini et al.,
2006); and 5 months in European sea bass (Montero et al., 2005).
In the case of gilthead sea bream fed 33VO diet more than 12 weeks are needed to revert back the FA
composition toward the normal variability of fish fed FO based diets. Besides, low and intermediate levels
of FO replacement can produce equally acceptable fillets when the latter is accompanied by a FO
finishing phase.

16. EU initiatives. Projects PEPPA and RAFOA (2001-2005) and
AQUAMAX (2006-2010)
A. Estévez 15/05/2014
The final objective of all these projects was to reduce wild fish use for FM and FO,
Fish in-Fish out ratio was reduced for all the species considered in the projects

17. Next Steps
A. Estévez 15/05/2014
-Study the long term effects of alternative ingredients on growth,
metabolism and health along the whole lifecycle (Arraina project 2012-
2017)
- Selection and inclusion of new ingredients (animal processing
products, Insects, single cell organisms like yeast, bacteria and algae,
protein hydrolysates...)
In this case you are welcome and we are here at IRTA to help you