During the IRC webinar on MUS, that took place on 22 June 2012. Marieke Adank presented the experiences with the Domestic Plus aproaches in Ghana.

1. Domestic-plus approaches in
Ghana
Marieke Adank
IRC webinar on MUS
IRC-nergy week, 22 June 2012

2. Formal service delivery models for
domestic water supply:
Rural areas:
• COM of point sources with design for basic domestic service level
• real service levels lower mainly because of crowding/distance, though
some use water productively
Small towns:
• COM of piped systems with levels of service above basic
• MUS for informal commercial activities
Emerging between rural and small town:
• limited mechanical scheme, with higher levels of service, so potential
for MUS
• no data on actual use as yet
Urban:
• utility managed piped systems with different service levels
• apart from formal industries, MUS for informal commercial activities
Domestic-plus approaches in Ghana June 2012

3. A large proportion of point sources are used for
productive uses
100%
90%
80%
Water from the facility used for
70%
% of point source
watering gardens
60%
50% water from the facility used for
watering livestock
40%
30% Water from the facility used for
20% small commercial uses (brick
making, pito making etc)
10%
0%
Akatsi East Gonja Sunyani West
Source of data: Triple-S (2012)
Domestic-plus approaches in Ghana June 2012

4. % of population using water from community-managed point
source for productive uses
100%
90%
80%
70%
% of population
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Afadjator
Kutunse
Abensu
Pano
anomawobi
Ahasowudie Ebenezer
lume atsyame
Anyama
Amanfrom
Oboyambo
kweshi Abbe
Kofi Tsbilkwa
Dade mankye
avenui camp
Adkeiman Alafia
Agona East Awutu Senya East Akim Ga West Ho
Source of data: IRC/ Aquaconsult (Rotary/USAID sustainability check (2012)

5. Possible MUS models identified:
Domestic plus approaches:
Communal productive uses of point sources
Productive use of piped systems in small towns and cities
Upgrading point sources to limited mechanical schemes with higher
levels of service
Irrigation plus
Rehabilitation and retrofitting small reservoirs
Promoting self-supply for irrigation, even though not MUS
MUS in public surface irrigation schemes – not analysed because in
disarray
Community-driven MUS:
Promoting self-supply alongside formal domestic supplies
Integrated local level planning
Improving conditions of reuse of wastewater
Domestic-plus approaches in Ghana June 2012

6. Domestic plus around point sources
Description of model and scaling pathway: promoting cattle troughs and
communal gardens around handpumps. Needs some piloting to showcase it
Potential: 10 million of people relying on point sources; less when zooming in to
Northern belt and coastal zone where there are less open water sources
Policy and legislation: CWSA water use regulations are not a limitation; move to
higher levels of service is in fact encouraging
Water resources implications: depends on yield of boreholes
Institutional arrangements: can be done from within domestic sector
(CWSA, MMDAs and WATSANs), making their staff aware of MUS and include in
project / service provision cycle; requires setting local regulations
Financing: can be done at minimal incremental costs, as no major hardware costs
are involved. Piggy backing on investments in rural WASH
Technical issues: can be first step in going for higher levels of services. However a
bigger step will require change in technology
Domestic-plus approaches in Ghana June 2012

7. Commercial use of piped systems
in small towns and cities
Description of model and scaling pathway: use existing model of
differential levels of services, may need further adjustments. Market
mechanisms: users will only pay for it if they can make a return. Need for
extension support
Potential: # of people in small towns. Mainly in the Northern region. could
be temporary when there are no other sources available
Policy and legislation: by-laws and CWSA guidelines
Water resources implications: probably minor, probably only in bigger
cities there may be limitations
Institutional arrangements: can be done from within domestic sector;
requires setting local regulations
Financing and cost recovery: payment of tariffs. Are people willing to pay
tariff for productive uses or rather develop alternative sources?
Technical issues: straightforward
Domestic-plus approaches in Ghana June 2012

8. Upgrading point sources to limited
mechanical schemes
Description of model: upgrading to higher level of service on existing
boreholes with handpumps to motorised pumps and small distribution
network. Requires pilot projects
Potential: # of boreholes per region and nr of people served and to be
served.
Policy and legislation: supportive through drive for increasing service
levels and de facto priority for small towns. MUS not explicit though
Water resources implications: only possible on high yielding boreholes
Institutional arrangements: via CWSA, DAs, WATSANs
Financing: estimated increase from 30 US$/capita with some 5-6
US$/capita, so 20% incremental costs
Technical issues: there are already standardised designs, needs new
design for community garden and cattle trough.
Domestic-plus approaches in Ghana June 2012

9. Investment opportunities:
low risk, potential to reach large numbers of people but with
small per capita impact.
Consortia for investment opportunities:
CWSA, DAs and their donors.
For learning and sharing, use platforms and networks of
domestic sector: RCN, CONIWAS, NLLAP
Domestic-plus approaches in Ghana June 2012

10. Conclusion
MUS is practiced within formal domestic services but
not clearly articulated in sectoral documents or
thinking
Openness to consider it – at least no prohibition
Move from de facto practice to planned MUS
Risks beyond MUS with sustainability
Domestic-plus approaches in Ghana June 2012

11. Thanks
Domestic-plus approaches in Ghana June 2012