1. Study on Modalities of Public
Toilets in Kathmandu
Metropolitan City: Focus on
City Service Centers and
Mobile Toilets
Presenter: Manish Basnet
Asia regional sanitation and hygiene
practitioners workshop
31 January – 2 February 2012, Dhaka,
Bangladesh

2. Objectives & Methodology
OBJECTIVES
• To study public latrines of City Service Centers
(CSCs) and Mobile Toilets based on management
modality.
• Financial status and users’ perspectives and catalog
the findings.
METHODOLOGY
• Questionnaire Surveys of operators and users.
• Inspection based on indicators:
– Physical Infrastructure status
– Hygiene Indicators

3. Public Toilet’s Modalities
Total Public toilets - 32

4. City Service Centers (CSCs)
• Concept of Public Private
Partnership (PPP) and
Build, Operate, Own and
Transfer (BOOT).
• Only 3 constructed at
Ratnapark, Khulamanch
and Chabahil.

5. Mobile Toilets (MTs)
• Mobile Toilets operated
under Public Private
Partnership (PPP).
• Limited holding capacity of
the tank – limited water use
for cleaning and washing.

6. Tender-run Toilets
• Toilets constructed by KMC
• Leased to operators by issuing tenders.

7. Findings
• CSCs and MTs – relatively
better services.
• CSCs and MTs profitable –
good case for sustainability.
• Most of the questionnaire
respondents (65%) preferred
public latrines of CSCs.
• Currently, PPP and BOOT
modality of CSCs - better
modality.

8. Issues
• CSCs’ and MTs’ hygiene standard
is still below par .
• Fecal waste of CSCs directly
discharged into city sewerage line;
innovation to utilize fecal waste
through on-site bio-gas plant.
• Lack of adequate water in CSCs for users cleanliness – rain
water harvesting options.
• MTs - limited holding capacity and problems with waste
disposal.
•Lack of adherence to stated agreement by KMC and the
companies

9. Challenges
• No public toilets are child-friendly/differently-able
friendly. Should be incorporated in ‘to be constructed
public toilets’.
• Monitoring mechanism weak – Provision for investing
certain percentage of profit in maintaining toilets.
• Public Toilet should be free – fares should be
minimum.
• CSCs focused only in core city areas and has not
addressed informal settlements. How to address this
problem?

10. Thank You