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Women in Free Software
                                  Miriam Ruiz <miriam@debian.org>




Encuentro de Software Libre, Arte y Mujer
Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Castilla y León (MUSAC)
León (Spain), 12 of November, 2010
What is Free Software?
How are Free Software
   Communities?


        Definitions


                         2 / 70
Free Software / Open Source

Freedom 0: Use the program and the
results of its execution for whatever
purpose, without restriction
Freedom 1: Study the program, learn
from it, and be allowed to use the
acquired knowledge
Freedom 2: Copy, share and distribute
the program, both in its totality or just a
part of it
Freedom 3: Modify and improve the
program, and publish the changes that
have been made

                                              3 / 70
What are the Commons?
●   The Commons refer to resources that are collectively
    owned or shared and that no individual person has
    exclusive control of, nor exclusive usage rights
●   Internet has given strength to social identities and non-
    economic interests of the people, making them a very
    influential force in information networks
●   Internet itself is based on several layers of open
    innovation, which are indeed a technological commons
●   Several legal developments, such as Creative Commons
    licenses, also help to promote collaboration and the
    sharing of ideas and culture
●   The Nobel Prize in Economics 2009 was awarded to the
    political scientist Elinor Ostrom "for her analysis of
    economic governance, especially the commons"


                                                                4 / 70
From the license to the Community




             Development
             Methodology



License                      Community
                                         5 / 70
Who is the Community?

                                        Associations
       Big
                                            and
   Corporations       Governments       Foundations
                       and Public
SMEs, Knowledge      Administrations     Universities,
 Workers, Self-                           Colleges,
Employed People          Non-              Schools
                     Governmental
                     Organizations
    Social
                                           Students
   Activists
                     Technological
                     and Research
 Individual people      Centers          Artists and
        and
                                       Creative People
    Volunteers
                                                         6 / 70
Elements that keep communities together
●   Beliefs, ideology
    ●   The four freedoms of Free Software
    ●   Freedom of election and action
    ●   Knowledge must be shared
    ●   Information is a commons
●   Values, essential and perdurable principles
    ●   Community and cooperative work
    ●   Collective intelligence
    ●   Asertivity (rejection of political correction)
    ●   Transparency
    ●   Proactivity
    ●   Meritocracy
●   Rules
    ●   Las propias de cada comunidad
●   Tools
    ●   Development tools
    ●   Mailing lists
    ●   Wikis
    ●   Versioning control systems
    ●   etc.
                                                         7 / 70
Typical Participation in Communities




                                       8 / 70
DebConf 10 – New York




                        9 / 70
DebConf 7 - Edinburgh




                        10 / 70
DebConf 5 - Helsinki




                       11 / 70
Linux Kernel Summit (2008)




                             12 / 70
Mozilla Camp 09 (Prague)




                           13 / 70
Have you noticed how
many women appeared
   in the photos?


      The big question!


                          14 / 70
How many women are developing Free Soft?




   FLOSSPOLS Report (2006)

                                           15 / 70
In this talk I'm going to concentrate in certain points that I believe
could be improved inside Free Software Communities. I'm going to
    criticise, then, those things that do not work as good as they
                   should, or that could be improved.

    This should not make us forget that Free Software and its
 communities are projects with unmeasurable benefits at different
     levels: ethical, social, cultural, political, economical, etc.

            Don't this critics let us lose the global view:

  Free Software and its associated culture is worth it, and it
             compensates to get involved in it.



                             Warning!


                                                                      16 / 70
How many women are developing Free Soft?




   FLOSSPOLS Report (2006)

                                           17 / 70
Yeah, like in every
technological field,
     isn't it?


       Really?


                       18 / 70
How many women are developing technology?




                                            19 / 70
Yeah, right, but the
 computer world has
always been a men's
       thing!

   What are you telling me?


                              20 / 70
Important women in ICTs




Ada Lovelace                               Hedy Lamarrr




                     Grace Murray Hopper

                                                          21 / 70
«Do you pine for the
 days when men were
men and wrote their own
   device drivers?»

      Linus Torvalds (1991)
    Original announce of Linux

                                 22 / 70
ENIAC: The first programmers




                               23 / 70
Women and Computers in the 50s




                                 24 / 70
OK, OK... I believe you,
 lets get back to the
       present...


     Back to the XXI Century


                               25 / 70
The big question: Why such a big difference?




FLOSSPOLS Report (2006)

                                               26 / 70
There should be more women
●   Women are more than the half of the current population
    in the world.
●   To extend the use of free software to women, it is
    important to have enough female developers, because we
    can perceive better other women's needs, and the
    problems and improvements to concentrate on.
●   Diversity is a value: To diversity, better ideas.
●   There are many women who might be interested in
    contributing, and should not be left out for reasons
    unrelated to development itself.
●   The more people developing, the better the results.
●   The low numbers of women involved, besides being a
    problem in itself, are also a symptom that there are
    many things that need to be improved, for everyone's
    sake.

                                                             27 / 70
Some possible reasons
●   Educational system: Lack of motivation of the girls for technological stuff.
●   Social environment: Women are ot usually invited to get involved in Free
    Software communities.
●   Pygmalion Syndrome: Technology is not considered a girls' thing.
●   Lack of role models that can serve as a reference for other females.
●   Low technical self-esteem.
●   Aggressive behavior in some communities, and greater sensitivity of
    women to these hostile environments.
●   Sexist attitudes within communities.
●   Feeling of exclusion or non-membership in some communities.
●   Difficulties to share hobbies with other friends.
●   Lower social value, geek stuff is not always well considered in girls.
●   Lower spare time availability for women.
●   Lower expectations of proactivity and assertivity for women.
●   Perception of free software development as a non-social activity.
●   Different treatment and expectations for men and women in the
    interactions with the community.

                                                                              28 / 70
Stereotypes




http://xkcd.com/385/

                                     29 / 70
But that's for Girls!
 I was talking to someone on #kernelnewbies. The poor guy
   was suffering from analysis paralysis, what with so many
guides and how-tos out there. And he was taking a survey to
determine which guide was most recommended so he could
read that one (which I think is such a waste of time; just pick
one and read it, and if it doesn't help, pick out another one).

He asked me which kernel guide I recommended reading just
  for starters. I mentioned Val's "LinuxChix Kernel Hacking
                           Lessons".

             He answered with "but that's for girls!"

              I thought his response was very funny,
                so I wrote a parody of it for my diary.

   http://www.advogato.org/person/pjcabrera/diary.html?start=13

                                                                  30 / 70
The neverending problem of toys




http://www.smbc-comics.com/index.php?db=comics&id=1883

                                                         31 / 70
At which age did you get your 1 st computer?




FLOSSPOLS Report (2006) – Information about Free Software Developers

                                                                       32 / 70
But, is there Sexism in
    Free Software
    Communities?


   What about sexist attitudes?


                                  33 / 70
Is there Sexism in Free Software?
In Free Software Community as a whole:




In the communities that you're contributing to:




FLOSSPOLS Report (2006) – Information about Free Software Developers

                                                                       34 / 70
But on the Internet there
are no genders, no races,
 no physical differences.
Everything is virtual, there
  are only bits and bytes

      0100 0110 1101 0001 ...


                                35 / 70
On the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog




                                             36 / 70
In the real world, this isn't so
●   Free Software development is an activity as social as
    technical.
●   Even though our physical bodies are not involved in online
    interactions, our gender conditioning does affect.
●   Face meetings are a very important part of Free Software:
    seminars, conferences, meetings, working groups, etc.
●   Anonimity creates distrust. Free Software communities are
    based on trust, and therefore it is usual that sooner or later
    your identity is voluntarily diclosed. People will now that
    you're a dog.
●   We shouldn't need to hide. In fact the only way to increase
    the visibility of women in Free Software is sticking up.
●   Somehow, maybe due to our education, women often tend to
    appreciate having face contact at some point when we get
    involved in a Free Software community.


                                                                 37 / 70
Yeah, well, but in fact
there are equal chances:
  if you want, you can!


      Wasn't it a Meritocracy?


                                 38 / 70
Natural Selection and Meritocracy
●   Free Software configures a development paradigm
    within equals, in which there is no hierarchical authority,
    that exploits the mechanisms of natural evolution to
    improve quality.
●   The people in charge of the projects are situated there on
    the basis of meritocracy and active participation, by
    selecting those who make high value contributions, and
    getting rid of those who don't contribute.
●   Meritocracy is essential in the value system associated
    to Free Software. Free Software is not a democracy, but a
    meritocracy.
●   Meritocracy guarantees a fair social environment,
    rewarding good work, commitment and relevant skills
    through the evaluation of the actions, and not the person.



                                                                  39 / 70
The Myth of Meritocracy
●   Meritocracy in Free Software is a myth n the same sense as
    fairness and equality in occidental societies, or objectivity in
    science.
●   Even though it is indeed a key factor in getting recognition within
    the community, it is not the only factor.
●   If you have the right profile, and contribute to the appropriate
    project in the right way, Free Software is actually a meritocracy.
●   But meritocracy as a sole factor is not capable of explaining the
    situations of power that exist within the Free Software
    communities.
●   What is really valued when measuring merit? → code
    development? tests? Documentation? Translations? Design?
    Technical support? Participation in the community?
●   Are contributions what is really valued, or their disclosure
    and advertisement?
●   The self-confidence needed to publicize the merits is highly
    skewed in terms of gender.

                                                                          40 / 70
Do they look at what we do or at what we are?
 Do women receive more attention for being women in digital environments?




 Do women receive more attention for being women in offline interactions?




 FLOSSPOLS Report (2006) – Information about Free Software Developers

                                                                            41 / 70
Is it more difficult to get recognition?
What men think:




What women think:




FLOSSPOLS Report (2006) – Information about Free Software Developers

                                                                       42 / 70
Is it better to create
groups of women only
       or mixed?

       Better together
       or separated?

                          43 / 70
Critical social mass
The Byrne scale of non-traditionality (1993):
 ● Above 30%: The subject is considered as normal for people of

   both genders, and therefore the discipline is seen as gender-
   neutral .
 ● Between 15% and 30%: Seen as normal for the majority

   gender and untypical but gender-normal for the minority one
 ● Between 8% and 15%: Seen as normal for the majority gender

   and abnormal for the minority one . Only the people that are not
   bothered by being considered wierd feel comfortable.
 ● Up to 8%: Seen as normal for the majority gender and both

   abnormal and ‘the rubric of exceptions’ for the minority one, i.e.
   they do not even count as in any way representative or as
   transferable models.




    http://www.miriamruiz.es/weblog/?p=393

                                                                        44 / 70
Women-only communities
●   Make it possible to achieve a critical social mass that allows
    more women to feel comfortable inside the community.
●   Make it possible to structure the group around more
    traditionally female values and preferences.
●   Give visibility to the contributions made by women and, thus,
    promote the visibility of women and compensate for the
    shortcomings of the system regarding meritocracy.
●   Increase the technical self-esteem of many women.
●   Make it possible for many women to enjoy their hobby without
    having to be constantly on the defensive side.
●   Have a safe place regarding aggressions and gender violence
    in all of its dimensions.
●   Make it possible to share experiences and feelings with peers
    that will possibly understand you better.



                                                                 45 / 70
Robber’s Cave Experiment (1954)
●   Three phases:
    ●   In-group formation: 22 eleven year old male boys, organized between two
        groups ("The Rattlers" vs. "The Eagles"), initially unaware of each other's
        existence. Internal hierarchies arise spontaneously..
    ●   First contact and friction phase: Hostility between groups and intergroupal
        cohesion. The friction between the groups increased so much that the 3rd
        phase was brought forward for safety reasons.
    ●   Integration between the groups: To reduce the hostility between the
        groups, they were subjected to tasks that required cooperation (they could
        not be finished by any of the groups on its own). The conflicts decreased
        significantly with this.
●   When people without any pre-established relations share activities with
    common goals, a group structure is generated.
●   If the groups relate to each other in terms of competition and frustration,
    intergroupal hostilities arise, and are standardized and shared by the
    members of each group.
●   Working together to achieve super-ordinated goals (shared causes,
    disaster response, common enemy effect) decreases hostilities and
    establishes cooperative links between the groups.


                                                                                      46 / 70
Sex or Gender: Which is really the problem?
●   Involvement in Free Software communities requires
    effort, proactivity, asertivity, self-confidence in your
    own capabilities, being able to display your own
    achievements, losing the fear of being noticed, etc.
●   Forsociocultural reasons, the education of women and
    the established social roles make that these abilities are
    best seen in males and, thus, not all the women develop
    their full potential.
●   Many Free Software communities are very competitive,
    and there are often verbally agressive attitudes. Even
    though these attitude are not intinsecally sexist, they tend
    to affect more women than men.
●   In many communities, it is neccessary to develop a
    “thick skin” to make you less sensitive to verbal attacks.
●   What happens with men and boys who do not have a
    “macho” personality, in the worst sense of the word?
                                                                   47 / 70
Women's groups in Free Software
●   Systers (Anita Borg Institute) (1987) - http://anitaborg.org/initiatives/systers/
●   KDE Women (1998) - http://women.kde.org/
●   LinuxChix (1999) - http://www.linuxchix.org/
●   Debian Women (2004) - http://women.debian.org/
●   Gnome Women (2005) - http://live.gnome.org/GnomeWomen
●   PHPWomen (2005) - http://www.phpwomen.org/
●   Women@apache.org (2005) -
    http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/www-women/
    http://wiki.apache.org/Women/
●   ChicasLinux (2003/2006) - http://www.chicaslinux.org/
●   Ubuntu Women (2006) - http://ubuntu-women.org/
●   Fedora Women (2006) - http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Women
●   WikiChix (2006) - http://wikichix.org/
●   DrupalChix (2008) - http://groups.drupal.org/drupalchix
●   Geek Feminism (2009) - http://geekfeminism.org/
●   Women & Mozilla (WoMoz) (2009) - http://www.womoz.org/
●   FSF mini-summit for women + FSF Women's Caucus (2009-2010)



                                                                                        48 / 70
LinuxChix: Be Polite, Be Helpful




                                   49 / 70
LinuxChix
●   International group that borns with the goal of supporting
    women interested in Linux.
●   Key point: Create a space in which women can feel safe.
●   Main rule: «Be Polite. Be Helpful.»
●   Targeted both at female users and developers.
●   Men can also participate, but it is intended that the
    organization and structure of the group is kept on female
    hands.
●   There are different chapters or local groups in different
    regions of the world.
●   It has been a great reference point and inspiration for
    many groups that came afterwards.




                                                                 50 / 70
LinuxChix miniconf 2009




                          51 / 70
Debian Women




               52 / 70
Debian Female Developers
1993-08-16 Debian
 ● 1996-04-18 Susan G. Kleinmann (sgk)


 ● 2000-10-29 C. M. Connelly (cmc)


 ● 2001-05-30 Amaya Rodrigo Sastre (amaya)


 ● 2004-01-23 Petra Malik (petra)


2004-06-21 Debian Women Project
 ● 2005-07-15 Helen Faulkner (helen)


 ● 2005-11-16 Margarita Manterola (marga)


 ● 2006-06-14 Marcela Tiznado (mlt)


 ● 2006-07-04 Erinn Clark (erinn)


 ● 2006-10-16 Ana Beatriz Guerrero Lopez (ana)


 ● 2007-03-14 Christine Spang (christine)


 ● 2008-02-10 Christine Caulfield (chrissie)


 ● 2008-04-18 Meike Reichle (meike)


 ● 2008-04-18 Miriam Ruiz (miriam)


 ● 2008-05-29 Petra's account locked due to inactivity


 ● 2009-12-15 Susan resigned


 ● 2010-09-04 Gerfried Fuchs (rhonda)




                                                         53 / 70
DebConf 4, Porto Alegre (Brazil)




                                   54 / 70
Debian Women
●   It is not a women's group.
●   It is not a female user's group.
●   It is not a Linux distribution different from Debian.
●   It is not a community different from Debian.
●   It is a working team, inside Debian, composed by males and
    females, whose goal is to get more women involved in the
    development of Debian.
●   It is a entry point, not a place to just stay.
●   It allows lowering the entry barrier for many women, so that
    they can end up integrating inside Debian.
●   It has counted from the very beginning with unvaluable support
    from an important part of the Debian community.
●   There have also been hard times (trolls, death threats in 2005
    and 2008, etc.)
●   It hascontributed to improve the social environment inside
    Debian, making it more collaborative and less aggressive.
                                                                 55 / 70
DebConf 5, Helsinki (Finland)




                                56 / 70
Spanish Debian Women




Amaya Rodrigo




                    FOSDEM 2008 (Bruselas)




                                             57 / 70
Women in Debian




http://wiki.debian.org/DebianWomen/Statistics

                                                58 / 70
Ubuntu Women




               59 / 70
Ubuntu Members




                 60 / 70
Women in Ubuntu




                  61 / 70
Women & Mozilla (WoMoz)




                          62 / 70
Working areas of Women in Mozilla




http://www.womoz.org/blog/number-of-women-in-mozilla/

                                                        63 / 70
Some numbers
●   Debian: 1.3 % women
    ● 12 active developers from a total of 873

    ●   http://wiki.debian.org/DebianWomen/Statistics
●   Ubuntu: 5.1 % women
    ● 32 women, 625 people in total

    ●   https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-women/2010-November/
●   Mozilla: 16.75 % women
    ● 68 women, 406 people in total

    ●   http://www.womoz.org/blog/number-of-women-in-mozilla/




                                                                64 / 70
Geek Feminism




                65 / 70
OK, so there are still
 a lot of things to do,
What are the next steps?


     Where to go from here?


                              66 / 70
Two big fronts
●   Women:
    ●   Lose the fear
    ●   Develop assertiveness and proactive attitudes
    ●   Improve technical self-esteem
    ●   Improve capability of response to verbal aggressions
    ●   Be receptive to the adoption of the values of Free Software
        communities. Don't pretend to change everything
●   The community itself:
    ●   They have an internal social inertia that must be gradually
        defeated
    ●   Free Software communities are already multicultural and
        diversity is valued
    ●   Promote respect for women
    ●   Professionalization
    ●   Lower entry barriers
    ●   Improve the overall values by incorporating values more
        traditionally feminine
                                                                      67 / 70
Some important points for the future
●   Most communities are already aware of the problem.
●   Almost all serious communities are trying to do something to
    encourage the incorporation of more women.
●   Establishing links and coordination among the women
    participating in different projects.
●   Systematization in the identification of barriers: At what point
    in the chain are women falling behind? Do they not use our
    software? Do they not want to develop? Have they tried but
    have gone back after getting in touch with the community? Do
    they not have time? Do they lack of knowledge?
●   It is neccesary to establish metrics and goals.
●   It is neccesary to develop mechanisms to lower entry
    barriers: mentoring, women's groups, redefinition of core
    values, visibility, working with younger girls, etc..
●   Professionalization of the organizations, and promotion of
    respect and friendly attitudes in them.

                                                                   68 / 70
In this talk I have concentrated in those aspects related to Free
Software, and society in general, that makes it harder for women to
                          get involved in it.

Neither males nor females are the problem. The problem lies in the
         system, and we can only overcome it together.

 Even though I have concentrated in the problems, Free Software
 communities also treasure a lot of positive values that I have not
 properly analized here, and that are neccesary to have a fair and
                          objective vision.

  Free Software and its associated culture is worth it, and it
             compensates to get involved in it.


                   I repeat the warning!


                                                                  69 / 70
You're Free to ask!
Links
●   http://www.flosspols.org/deliverables/D16HTML/FLOSSPOLS-D16-
    Gender_Integrated_Report_of_Findings.htm
●   http://www.cs.umass.edu/~wallach/talks/women_in_FLOSS.pdf
●   http://infotrope.net/blog/2009/07/25/standing-out-in-the-crowd-my-
    oscon-keynote/
●   http://www.codeanthem.com/blog/2010/03/should-you-judge-a-
    developer-by-their-open-source-contributions/
●   http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/osrc/article.php/3850561/Open-
    Source-Projects-and-the-Meritocracy-Myth.htm
●   http://wiki.debian.org/DebianWomen/Statistics
●   http://www.perrier.eu.org/weblog/2010/08/07#devel-countries-2010
●   https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-women/2010-
    November/003051.html
●   http://wiki.ubuntu-women.org/UbuntuMembers
●   http://www.womoz.org/blog/womoz-internal-survey-results-and-
    conclusions/


                                                                         71 / 70
Copyright © 2010, Miriam Ruiz
   This work is licensed under the Creative
    Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
 (CC-by-sa 3.0) license. You can use, copy,
  modify, merge, remix, distribute, display,
perform, sublicense and/or sale it freely under
    the conditions defined in that license.
   See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

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Women in Free Software (MUSAC, León, 2010)

  • 1. Women in Free Software Miriam Ruiz <miriam@debian.org> Encuentro de Software Libre, Arte y Mujer Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Castilla y León (MUSAC) León (Spain), 12 of November, 2010
  • 2. What is Free Software? How are Free Software Communities? Definitions 2 / 70
  • 3. Free Software / Open Source Freedom 0: Use the program and the results of its execution for whatever purpose, without restriction Freedom 1: Study the program, learn from it, and be allowed to use the acquired knowledge Freedom 2: Copy, share and distribute the program, both in its totality or just a part of it Freedom 3: Modify and improve the program, and publish the changes that have been made 3 / 70
  • 4. What are the Commons? ● The Commons refer to resources that are collectively owned or shared and that no individual person has exclusive control of, nor exclusive usage rights ● Internet has given strength to social identities and non- economic interests of the people, making them a very influential force in information networks ● Internet itself is based on several layers of open innovation, which are indeed a technological commons ● Several legal developments, such as Creative Commons licenses, also help to promote collaboration and the sharing of ideas and culture ● The Nobel Prize in Economics 2009 was awarded to the political scientist Elinor Ostrom "for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons" 4 / 70
  • 5. From the license to the Community Development Methodology License Community 5 / 70
  • 6. Who is the Community? Associations Big and Corporations Governments Foundations and Public SMEs, Knowledge Administrations Universities, Workers, Self- Colleges, Employed People Non- Schools Governmental Organizations Social Students Activists Technological and Research Individual people Centers Artists and and Creative People Volunteers 6 / 70
  • 7. Elements that keep communities together ● Beliefs, ideology ● The four freedoms of Free Software ● Freedom of election and action ● Knowledge must be shared ● Information is a commons ● Values, essential and perdurable principles ● Community and cooperative work ● Collective intelligence ● Asertivity (rejection of political correction) ● Transparency ● Proactivity ● Meritocracy ● Rules ● Las propias de cada comunidad ● Tools ● Development tools ● Mailing lists ● Wikis ● Versioning control systems ● etc. 7 / 70
  • 8. Typical Participation in Communities 8 / 70
  • 9. DebConf 10 – New York 9 / 70
  • 10. DebConf 7 - Edinburgh 10 / 70
  • 11. DebConf 5 - Helsinki 11 / 70
  • 12. Linux Kernel Summit (2008) 12 / 70
  • 13. Mozilla Camp 09 (Prague) 13 / 70
  • 14. Have you noticed how many women appeared in the photos? The big question! 14 / 70
  • 15. How many women are developing Free Soft? FLOSSPOLS Report (2006) 15 / 70
  • 16. In this talk I'm going to concentrate in certain points that I believe could be improved inside Free Software Communities. I'm going to criticise, then, those things that do not work as good as they should, or that could be improved. This should not make us forget that Free Software and its communities are projects with unmeasurable benefits at different levels: ethical, social, cultural, political, economical, etc. Don't this critics let us lose the global view: Free Software and its associated culture is worth it, and it compensates to get involved in it. Warning! 16 / 70
  • 17. How many women are developing Free Soft? FLOSSPOLS Report (2006) 17 / 70
  • 18. Yeah, like in every technological field, isn't it? Really? 18 / 70
  • 19. How many women are developing technology? 19 / 70
  • 20. Yeah, right, but the computer world has always been a men's thing! What are you telling me? 20 / 70
  • 21. Important women in ICTs Ada Lovelace Hedy Lamarrr Grace Murray Hopper 21 / 70
  • 22. «Do you pine for the days when men were men and wrote their own device drivers?» Linus Torvalds (1991) Original announce of Linux 22 / 70
  • 23. ENIAC: The first programmers 23 / 70
  • 24. Women and Computers in the 50s 24 / 70
  • 25. OK, OK... I believe you, lets get back to the present... Back to the XXI Century 25 / 70
  • 26. The big question: Why such a big difference? FLOSSPOLS Report (2006) 26 / 70
  • 27. There should be more women ● Women are more than the half of the current population in the world. ● To extend the use of free software to women, it is important to have enough female developers, because we can perceive better other women's needs, and the problems and improvements to concentrate on. ● Diversity is a value: To diversity, better ideas. ● There are many women who might be interested in contributing, and should not be left out for reasons unrelated to development itself. ● The more people developing, the better the results. ● The low numbers of women involved, besides being a problem in itself, are also a symptom that there are many things that need to be improved, for everyone's sake. 27 / 70
  • 28. Some possible reasons ● Educational system: Lack of motivation of the girls for technological stuff. ● Social environment: Women are ot usually invited to get involved in Free Software communities. ● Pygmalion Syndrome: Technology is not considered a girls' thing. ● Lack of role models that can serve as a reference for other females. ● Low technical self-esteem. ● Aggressive behavior in some communities, and greater sensitivity of women to these hostile environments. ● Sexist attitudes within communities. ● Feeling of exclusion or non-membership in some communities. ● Difficulties to share hobbies with other friends. ● Lower social value, geek stuff is not always well considered in girls. ● Lower spare time availability for women. ● Lower expectations of proactivity and assertivity for women. ● Perception of free software development as a non-social activity. ● Different treatment and expectations for men and women in the interactions with the community. 28 / 70
  • 30. But that's for Girls! I was talking to someone on #kernelnewbies. The poor guy was suffering from analysis paralysis, what with so many guides and how-tos out there. And he was taking a survey to determine which guide was most recommended so he could read that one (which I think is such a waste of time; just pick one and read it, and if it doesn't help, pick out another one). He asked me which kernel guide I recommended reading just for starters. I mentioned Val's "LinuxChix Kernel Hacking Lessons". He answered with "but that's for girls!" I thought his response was very funny, so I wrote a parody of it for my diary. http://www.advogato.org/person/pjcabrera/diary.html?start=13 30 / 70
  • 31. The neverending problem of toys http://www.smbc-comics.com/index.php?db=comics&id=1883 31 / 70
  • 32. At which age did you get your 1 st computer? FLOSSPOLS Report (2006) – Information about Free Software Developers 32 / 70
  • 33. But, is there Sexism in Free Software Communities? What about sexist attitudes? 33 / 70
  • 34. Is there Sexism in Free Software? In Free Software Community as a whole: In the communities that you're contributing to: FLOSSPOLS Report (2006) – Information about Free Software Developers 34 / 70
  • 35. But on the Internet there are no genders, no races, no physical differences. Everything is virtual, there are only bits and bytes 0100 0110 1101 0001 ... 35 / 70
  • 36. On the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog 36 / 70
  • 37. In the real world, this isn't so ● Free Software development is an activity as social as technical. ● Even though our physical bodies are not involved in online interactions, our gender conditioning does affect. ● Face meetings are a very important part of Free Software: seminars, conferences, meetings, working groups, etc. ● Anonimity creates distrust. Free Software communities are based on trust, and therefore it is usual that sooner or later your identity is voluntarily diclosed. People will now that you're a dog. ● We shouldn't need to hide. In fact the only way to increase the visibility of women in Free Software is sticking up. ● Somehow, maybe due to our education, women often tend to appreciate having face contact at some point when we get involved in a Free Software community. 37 / 70
  • 38. Yeah, well, but in fact there are equal chances: if you want, you can! Wasn't it a Meritocracy? 38 / 70
  • 39. Natural Selection and Meritocracy ● Free Software configures a development paradigm within equals, in which there is no hierarchical authority, that exploits the mechanisms of natural evolution to improve quality. ● The people in charge of the projects are situated there on the basis of meritocracy and active participation, by selecting those who make high value contributions, and getting rid of those who don't contribute. ● Meritocracy is essential in the value system associated to Free Software. Free Software is not a democracy, but a meritocracy. ● Meritocracy guarantees a fair social environment, rewarding good work, commitment and relevant skills through the evaluation of the actions, and not the person. 39 / 70
  • 40. The Myth of Meritocracy ● Meritocracy in Free Software is a myth n the same sense as fairness and equality in occidental societies, or objectivity in science. ● Even though it is indeed a key factor in getting recognition within the community, it is not the only factor. ● If you have the right profile, and contribute to the appropriate project in the right way, Free Software is actually a meritocracy. ● But meritocracy as a sole factor is not capable of explaining the situations of power that exist within the Free Software communities. ● What is really valued when measuring merit? → code development? tests? Documentation? Translations? Design? Technical support? Participation in the community? ● Are contributions what is really valued, or their disclosure and advertisement? ● The self-confidence needed to publicize the merits is highly skewed in terms of gender. 40 / 70
  • 41. Do they look at what we do or at what we are? Do women receive more attention for being women in digital environments? Do women receive more attention for being women in offline interactions? FLOSSPOLS Report (2006) – Information about Free Software Developers 41 / 70
  • 42. Is it more difficult to get recognition? What men think: What women think: FLOSSPOLS Report (2006) – Information about Free Software Developers 42 / 70
  • 43. Is it better to create groups of women only or mixed? Better together or separated? 43 / 70
  • 44. Critical social mass The Byrne scale of non-traditionality (1993): ● Above 30%: The subject is considered as normal for people of both genders, and therefore the discipline is seen as gender- neutral . ● Between 15% and 30%: Seen as normal for the majority gender and untypical but gender-normal for the minority one ● Between 8% and 15%: Seen as normal for the majority gender and abnormal for the minority one . Only the people that are not bothered by being considered wierd feel comfortable. ● Up to 8%: Seen as normal for the majority gender and both abnormal and ‘the rubric of exceptions’ for the minority one, i.e. they do not even count as in any way representative or as transferable models. http://www.miriamruiz.es/weblog/?p=393 44 / 70
  • 45. Women-only communities ● Make it possible to achieve a critical social mass that allows more women to feel comfortable inside the community. ● Make it possible to structure the group around more traditionally female values and preferences. ● Give visibility to the contributions made by women and, thus, promote the visibility of women and compensate for the shortcomings of the system regarding meritocracy. ● Increase the technical self-esteem of many women. ● Make it possible for many women to enjoy their hobby without having to be constantly on the defensive side. ● Have a safe place regarding aggressions and gender violence in all of its dimensions. ● Make it possible to share experiences and feelings with peers that will possibly understand you better. 45 / 70
  • 46. Robber’s Cave Experiment (1954) ● Three phases: ● In-group formation: 22 eleven year old male boys, organized between two groups ("The Rattlers" vs. "The Eagles"), initially unaware of each other's existence. Internal hierarchies arise spontaneously.. ● First contact and friction phase: Hostility between groups and intergroupal cohesion. The friction between the groups increased so much that the 3rd phase was brought forward for safety reasons. ● Integration between the groups: To reduce the hostility between the groups, they were subjected to tasks that required cooperation (they could not be finished by any of the groups on its own). The conflicts decreased significantly with this. ● When people without any pre-established relations share activities with common goals, a group structure is generated. ● If the groups relate to each other in terms of competition and frustration, intergroupal hostilities arise, and are standardized and shared by the members of each group. ● Working together to achieve super-ordinated goals (shared causes, disaster response, common enemy effect) decreases hostilities and establishes cooperative links between the groups. 46 / 70
  • 47. Sex or Gender: Which is really the problem? ● Involvement in Free Software communities requires effort, proactivity, asertivity, self-confidence in your own capabilities, being able to display your own achievements, losing the fear of being noticed, etc. ● Forsociocultural reasons, the education of women and the established social roles make that these abilities are best seen in males and, thus, not all the women develop their full potential. ● Many Free Software communities are very competitive, and there are often verbally agressive attitudes. Even though these attitude are not intinsecally sexist, they tend to affect more women than men. ● In many communities, it is neccessary to develop a “thick skin” to make you less sensitive to verbal attacks. ● What happens with men and boys who do not have a “macho” personality, in the worst sense of the word? 47 / 70
  • 48. Women's groups in Free Software ● Systers (Anita Borg Institute) (1987) - http://anitaborg.org/initiatives/systers/ ● KDE Women (1998) - http://women.kde.org/ ● LinuxChix (1999) - http://www.linuxchix.org/ ● Debian Women (2004) - http://women.debian.org/ ● Gnome Women (2005) - http://live.gnome.org/GnomeWomen ● PHPWomen (2005) - http://www.phpwomen.org/ ● Women@apache.org (2005) - http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/www-women/ http://wiki.apache.org/Women/ ● ChicasLinux (2003/2006) - http://www.chicaslinux.org/ ● Ubuntu Women (2006) - http://ubuntu-women.org/ ● Fedora Women (2006) - http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Women ● WikiChix (2006) - http://wikichix.org/ ● DrupalChix (2008) - http://groups.drupal.org/drupalchix ● Geek Feminism (2009) - http://geekfeminism.org/ ● Women & Mozilla (WoMoz) (2009) - http://www.womoz.org/ ● FSF mini-summit for women + FSF Women's Caucus (2009-2010) 48 / 70
  • 49. LinuxChix: Be Polite, Be Helpful 49 / 70
  • 50. LinuxChix ● International group that borns with the goal of supporting women interested in Linux. ● Key point: Create a space in which women can feel safe. ● Main rule: «Be Polite. Be Helpful.» ● Targeted both at female users and developers. ● Men can also participate, but it is intended that the organization and structure of the group is kept on female hands. ● There are different chapters or local groups in different regions of the world. ● It has been a great reference point and inspiration for many groups that came afterwards. 50 / 70
  • 52. Debian Women 52 / 70
  • 53. Debian Female Developers 1993-08-16 Debian ● 1996-04-18 Susan G. Kleinmann (sgk) ● 2000-10-29 C. M. Connelly (cmc) ● 2001-05-30 Amaya Rodrigo Sastre (amaya) ● 2004-01-23 Petra Malik (petra) 2004-06-21 Debian Women Project ● 2005-07-15 Helen Faulkner (helen) ● 2005-11-16 Margarita Manterola (marga) ● 2006-06-14 Marcela Tiznado (mlt) ● 2006-07-04 Erinn Clark (erinn) ● 2006-10-16 Ana Beatriz Guerrero Lopez (ana) ● 2007-03-14 Christine Spang (christine) ● 2008-02-10 Christine Caulfield (chrissie) ● 2008-04-18 Meike Reichle (meike) ● 2008-04-18 Miriam Ruiz (miriam) ● 2008-05-29 Petra's account locked due to inactivity ● 2009-12-15 Susan resigned ● 2010-09-04 Gerfried Fuchs (rhonda) 53 / 70
  • 54. DebConf 4, Porto Alegre (Brazil) 54 / 70
  • 55. Debian Women ● It is not a women's group. ● It is not a female user's group. ● It is not a Linux distribution different from Debian. ● It is not a community different from Debian. ● It is a working team, inside Debian, composed by males and females, whose goal is to get more women involved in the development of Debian. ● It is a entry point, not a place to just stay. ● It allows lowering the entry barrier for many women, so that they can end up integrating inside Debian. ● It has counted from the very beginning with unvaluable support from an important part of the Debian community. ● There have also been hard times (trolls, death threats in 2005 and 2008, etc.) ● It hascontributed to improve the social environment inside Debian, making it more collaborative and less aggressive. 55 / 70
  • 56. DebConf 5, Helsinki (Finland) 56 / 70
  • 57. Spanish Debian Women Amaya Rodrigo FOSDEM 2008 (Bruselas) 57 / 70
  • 59. Ubuntu Women 59 / 70
  • 60. Ubuntu Members 60 / 70
  • 61. Women in Ubuntu 61 / 70
  • 62. Women & Mozilla (WoMoz) 62 / 70
  • 63. Working areas of Women in Mozilla http://www.womoz.org/blog/number-of-women-in-mozilla/ 63 / 70
  • 64. Some numbers ● Debian: 1.3 % women ● 12 active developers from a total of 873 ● http://wiki.debian.org/DebianWomen/Statistics ● Ubuntu: 5.1 % women ● 32 women, 625 people in total ● https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-women/2010-November/ ● Mozilla: 16.75 % women ● 68 women, 406 people in total ● http://www.womoz.org/blog/number-of-women-in-mozilla/ 64 / 70
  • 65. Geek Feminism 65 / 70
  • 66. OK, so there are still a lot of things to do, What are the next steps? Where to go from here? 66 / 70
  • 67. Two big fronts ● Women: ● Lose the fear ● Develop assertiveness and proactive attitudes ● Improve technical self-esteem ● Improve capability of response to verbal aggressions ● Be receptive to the adoption of the values of Free Software communities. Don't pretend to change everything ● The community itself: ● They have an internal social inertia that must be gradually defeated ● Free Software communities are already multicultural and diversity is valued ● Promote respect for women ● Professionalization ● Lower entry barriers ● Improve the overall values by incorporating values more traditionally feminine 67 / 70
  • 68. Some important points for the future ● Most communities are already aware of the problem. ● Almost all serious communities are trying to do something to encourage the incorporation of more women. ● Establishing links and coordination among the women participating in different projects. ● Systematization in the identification of barriers: At what point in the chain are women falling behind? Do they not use our software? Do they not want to develop? Have they tried but have gone back after getting in touch with the community? Do they not have time? Do they lack of knowledge? ● It is neccesary to establish metrics and goals. ● It is neccesary to develop mechanisms to lower entry barriers: mentoring, women's groups, redefinition of core values, visibility, working with younger girls, etc.. ● Professionalization of the organizations, and promotion of respect and friendly attitudes in them. 68 / 70
  • 69. In this talk I have concentrated in those aspects related to Free Software, and society in general, that makes it harder for women to get involved in it. Neither males nor females are the problem. The problem lies in the system, and we can only overcome it together. Even though I have concentrated in the problems, Free Software communities also treasure a lot of positive values that I have not properly analized here, and that are neccesary to have a fair and objective vision. Free Software and its associated culture is worth it, and it compensates to get involved in it. I repeat the warning! 69 / 70
  • 71. Links ● http://www.flosspols.org/deliverables/D16HTML/FLOSSPOLS-D16- Gender_Integrated_Report_of_Findings.htm ● http://www.cs.umass.edu/~wallach/talks/women_in_FLOSS.pdf ● http://infotrope.net/blog/2009/07/25/standing-out-in-the-crowd-my- oscon-keynote/ ● http://www.codeanthem.com/blog/2010/03/should-you-judge-a- developer-by-their-open-source-contributions/ ● http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/osrc/article.php/3850561/Open- Source-Projects-and-the-Meritocracy-Myth.htm ● http://wiki.debian.org/DebianWomen/Statistics ● http://www.perrier.eu.org/weblog/2010/08/07#devel-countries-2010 ● https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-women/2010- November/003051.html ● http://wiki.ubuntu-women.org/UbuntuMembers ● http://www.womoz.org/blog/womoz-internal-survey-results-and- conclusions/ 71 / 70
  • 72. Copyright © 2010, Miriam Ruiz This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (CC-by-sa 3.0) license. You can use, copy, modify, merge, remix, distribute, display, perform, sublicense and/or sale it freely under the conditions defined in that license. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/