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Acwadam Groundwater Conference
             May 21-22, 2009, Pune



Growing Role of Groundwater in
Indian Irrigation in Transition:
                :
        Needed Transition from
       Surface to Aquifer Storage?


               Tushaar Shah
 International Water Management Institute
    t.shah@cgiar.org      www.iwmi.org
Evolution of Indian Irrigation:
                      Era of adaptive irrigation-upto 1830

 • Community was the unit of irrigation management
 % Contribution to aggregate
Farm output and incomes                   Rainfall and Soil moisture

                                           Flow irrigation from tanks, canals, rivers

                                           Lift irrigation from wells and surface sources




                 % of water consumptively used in agriculture
Evolution of Indian Irrigation:
                     Era of canal construction-1830-1970

•   State emerged as the architect, builder, manager of irrigation

                                         Soil moisture management
% Contribution to aggregate
Farm output and incomes                  Flow irrigation from tanks, canals, rivers

                                         Lift irrigation from wells & surface sources




                % water consumptively used in agriculture
Evolution of Indian Irrigation:
          Era of atomistic pump irrigation-1970-todate

Individual farmer as the irrigation manager
 % Contribution                   Soil moisture management
 To Farm output &
 incomes                           Flow irrigation

                                  Pump irrigation from
                                  groundwater




           % of water consumptively used in agriculture
India is the world’s largest user
                                         of groundwater in agriculture in the world.


                         300
                         250                                                           India has over 20
c u b ic k m / y e a r




                         200                                                           million irrigation
                                                                                       wells. We add 0.8
                         150                                                           million/year.
                         100
                          50                                                           Every fourth
                                                                                       cultivator owns an
                           0
                               1940   1950   1960   1970   1980   1990   2000   2010
                                                                                       irrigation well; non-
                                                                                       owners depend on
                                                                                       groundwater
                          US                   W.Europe              Spain
                          Mexico               China                 India             markets.
                          Pakistan             Bangladesh            Sri Lanka
                          Vietnam              Ghana                 South Africa
                          Tunisia
5000.00
                                     10000.00
                                                15000.00
                                                           20000.00
                                                                      25000.00
                                                                                 30000.00




                    0.00
       Ae a n
        z rb ija
                                                                      0 0h
                                                                       0 a
            P ru
             e
           Np l
            ea
           Ey t
            gp
       P ilip in s
        h p e
K re , D m e p 's
 o a e P o le
             Iraq
      Su A a
       o th fric
          T n ia
           u is
       U b k ta
        z e is n
       a a h ta
      Kz k s n
       fg a is n
      A h n ta
         M ro c
          o co
        A e tin
         rg n a
            Cb
             ua
          Y mn
           e e
                                                                                                               other sources)




           J pn
            aa
           B z
            ra il
S ria A bR p b
 y n ra e u lic
          T rk y
           u e
                                                                                                                                                            India also has the largest area




      Su iA b
       a d ra ia
          Mx o
           e ic
      B n la e h
       ag ds
                                                                                                                                                       under groundwater irrigation in the world.




 Ira , Is m R po
    n la ic e f
         P k ta
          a is n
                                                                                            Groundw ater irrigated area in countries w ith intensive
                                                                                            groundw ater use in agriculture (FAO Aquastat 2003 and




            UA
             S
           C in
            h a
            In ia
              d
Over half of India’s irrigation pumps
    were installed after 1990..


                                       1970
        Pre-
                                        -80
        1970




                 India’s
                 Groundwater
                 Juggernaut is still
                 Accelerating!!!
       1980-90                            After
                                          1990
Until 1970, canals dominated irrigated agriculture; since then,
                                  tube wells have emerged as engines of agricultural growth.
                                     60



                                                                                            1970-73
                 % A i uuaGP
                  o g c l rl D




                                     40
                   f r t




                                     20




                                      0
                                          1        21     41       61       81      101     121         141     161     181      201     221       241
                                                                                            Districts

                          60



                                                                                            1990-93
Pre t g t Ar u ua GP
 ec na e o gi l r l D




                          40
            ct




                          20




                                 0
                                     1        21        41       61       81      101      121         141     161      181      201      221      241
                                                                                           Districts


                                                        % contribution of SWI to Agricultural GDP      % contribution of GWI to Agricultural GDP
India’s groundwater story
          Unique, as are its drivers.
          We need to invent our own                           GW use moves inversely
                   Solutions.                                 With resource endowments
             Long-term average
             groundwater recharge




                                                                               The only region
                                                                              where humid areas
                          India is the only country                           depend heavily on
                          where hardrock aquifers                               groundwater.
                           are exploited on such a
                                 large scale

Source: Döll, P., Lehner, B., Kaspar, F. (2002): Global modeling of
groundwater recharge. In Schmitz, G.H. (ed.): Proceedings of Third
International Conference on Water Resources and the Environment Research,
Technical University of Dresden, Germany, ISBN 3-934253-17-2, Vol. I, 27-31
Growth in Population Density around
he world (people/km2) , 1700 – 1990
Expanding Cropland 1700-1990
  Fraction of grid cell in croplands
Drivers of Atomistic Irrigation:
                        Ghettoization of India’s Agriculture

       Shrinking of operated farm holdings in India
                                                                                                        Small-holders add most to groundwater irrigation
                  (Source: NSS reports)
                                                                                                                     (Source: Agri. Census
       3
                                                                                                        450
                2.63




                                                      ir rig a t e d a re a s : 1 9 7 0 - 7 1 = 1 0 0
      2.5                                                                                               400




                                                        % g ro w t h in g r o u n d w a t e r
                          2.2                                                                           350
                 India’s groundwater boom is
       2                                                                                                300
                                                                                                                                                                    1970-71
                       1.67                                                                             250                                                         1976-77
      1.5
 ha




       1
               in some respects a response to
                            1.34
                                 1.06
                                                                                                        200
                                                                                                        150
                                                                                                                                                                    1980-81

      0.5   Disguized unemployment in agriculture.                                                      100
                                                                                                         50
                                                                                                                                                                    1985-86
                                                                                                                                                                    1990-91
       0                                                                                                  0                                                         1995-96
            1960-61 1970-71 1981-82 1991-92 2002-03                                                           Marginal (<1 Small (1-2 ha) Medium (2-10 Large (>10
                                                                                                                  ha)                         ha)         ha)=
             (17th) (26th) (37th) (48th) (59th)
                                                                                                                                Farm holdings


The compelling advantage of pump irrigation is that it enables
 water-scavenging at will. Instead of adapting agriculture to
  Irrigation system, it adapts irrigation to farming system.
Our irrigation planning is preoccupied with food grains;
                                                    Indian farmer is diversifying in a hurry.


                                        Figure Changing structure of Indian agricultural                      Canal and tank irrigated
                                                         production                                           areas condemned to low-
                                                                                                              value crops unresponsive to
                                     100%                         3
                                                                                                              precision irrigation.
                                                   4                         4             6            7
                                      90%         11             10         13
% of value of agricultural output




                                                                                           16          19     Much diversification is
                                      80%
                                                  21             21                                           Occurring outside
                                      70%                                   21
                                                                                           21                 Command areas (IFPRI).
                                      60%                                                              28
                                      50%                                                                     Much diversification
                                      40%                                                                     Requires small dozes of
                                      30%         65             66         62                                Year-round, on-demand
                                                                                           57
                                                                                                       46     Irrigation.
                                      20%
                                      10%
                                                                                                              Value added farming
                                        0%                                                                    Will expand with
                                               1961-62       1971-72     1981-82      1991-92       2000-01   Waste-water irrigation and
                                    Field crops, sugar, fibres   High value crops   Milk    Other livestock
                                                                                                              Groundwater.
Classes of Irrigators in India




                                                                                                Rented diesel pump
                                                                              Own diesel pump
Gross revenue &                                                                                                      Own and




                                                             Electric pump
Irrigation cost/ha                                                                                                   rented gen-



                                        Own electric pumps
                                                                                                                     sets




                                                             purchase
                                                                                                   15-18 million
                 canals & tanks




                                                                                                Marginal farmers
                                                                                                7-8 and share
                                                                                                 cropper families
                                                                                                mha
                                                             10-12           12-15
                                                              mha             mha
                                   30-32 mha
             20-22 mha

                                  Million ha of irrigated area
Consequences of
             Groundwater Boom



              The problem is:
             We neither manage
             The supply side nor
              The demand side.
•Groundwater depletion and decline in drought resilience
     •Quality degradation and public health hazard
     •High energy costs and unsustainable farming
            •4% of India’s GHG by pumping
       •Challenge of adapting to Climate Change
Rethinking Storage
               India’s Water Challenge
India has built some 270 billion m3 of surface storage which is
 proving a dead-weight. It irrigates only 15-16 m ha while the
     same amount of groundwater irrigates 4 times more.

  No matter how much we invest in surface storage, India’s
  dependence on aquifer storage will continue to increase.

RWH, Groundwater Recharge and Conjunctive management of
       rain, surface and groundwater should be the
             new mantra of water management.

           Recharge projects should be done with
     people’s participation but with strong science input.

   Retrofitting canal systems as piped systems delivering
 pressurized irrigation or recharge needs to be considered.
Figure Response of Monsoonal Recovery in Water Level to Pre-
                           monsoon Depth to Water Level
                                                                                           Figure 4: Aquifer Recovery and Pre-monsoon Water Level in 145 Districts
                                                                                                           of India: Minor Irrigation Census 1993-94
           700                                                                        1200
           600
                                                                                      1000
           500
                                                                                          800
           400




                                                                                   Feet
    feet




           300                                                                            600
           200                                                                            400
           100                                                                            200
            0                                                                              0
                 1 19 37 55 73 91 109 127 145 163 181 199 217 235 253 271
                                                                                                1          21           41         61          81      101         121   141
                  272 Sample Villages: IWMI Survey of India, Pakistan, Nepal
                                                                                                            145 district in ascending order of Pre-monsoon water table
                                       and Bangladesh

                      Pre-monsoon Water Level (feet)   Monsoonal Rise in WL (ft)
                                                                                                    Pre-monsoon Water Table Monsoonal Rise in Water Table (ft)


• What factors influence monsoonal recovery in groundwater levels
  most?
•   Pre-monsoon depth to the water level, regardless of rainfall pattern and hydro-geology.
•   This was strongly supported by our survey data.
•   It was also strongly supported by 1995 Minor Irrigation Census data.
•   Implication?
•   to a certain extent groundwater availability increases with resource development.
National Groundwater Recharge Master Plan
         developed by the CGWB aims to recharge 36
           BCM by investing Rs 25000 crore..BUT


                         Uncommitted surplus water
                           available for recharge

                   Low     Distributed RWH High
                                             and
                    groundwater recharge can be a big
Pressure on Low    Neither needed in these
                       part of the solution possible      but not
groundwater        nor easy                  needed
                      areas. Saurashtra and Kachchh
 resources           are leading Gujarat’s agricultural
            High   Badly needed but possible
                                 revolution.              and
                   difficult without        needed
                   reallocation of
                   water resources
Average Annual GrowthNever known Gross State Domestic Product
                        Rates of for vibrant
                         agriculture, Gujarat’s
 (GSDP) and Gross State Domestic Product from Agriculture
                    agricultural GDP has grown @
(GSDPA): Major States and All India (%): 2000/01 to 2007/08
                       record 9.5%/year during
              (Gulati, Shah and Sreedhar 2009)
                       2002-2007. Distributed
                     recharge is an important
                           contributor.
Economics of Rainfed Farming in Saurashtra

                                  Value formation on rainfed farm:
                               Value form ation on rainfed farm :
                                  Early mNormal Monsoon al
                                         onsoon w ithdraw
250                                                                                  1000

200                     400                                                          800
                                                                                     3000
        m m rain fall




                                                                                              Rs/acre
150                     300                                                          600




                                                                                            R s/acre
                                                                                     2000
100                     200                                                          400
                                                                                     1000
50                      100                                                          200
                           0                                                         0
 0                                                                                   0
                                                     O ct




                                                     M ar
                                Aug e




                                                    Febn
                                                     F eb
                                                    Sept
                                        Septly




                                                    Dec v
                                                    Janc




                                                    Apr r
                                                 Octg
       June




                                                    Mar
                        July




                                                    Nov
                                J un




                                                     No
                                                     De
                                                     Ja



                                                     Ap
                                         Ju
                                                 Au




      Precipitation                                 mm
                                                  Expected cumulative value formation/acre
                        Precipitation                   Expected cumulative value formation/acre
Economics of Rainfed Farming in Saurashtra:
                                          With Distributed Groundwater Recharge

               Rainfed Farming with Distributed Recharge:
                                                                                                                      Rainfed Farming with Distributed Recharge: Early
                           Normal Monsoon
                                                                                                                                  Withdrawal of Monsoon

              350                                                                              8000
                                                                                                                     250                                                        5000
              300                                                                              7000                                                                             4500
                                                                                               6000                  200                                                        4000
              250
                                                                                                                                                                                3500
mm rainfall




                                                                                               5000                  150                                                        3000




                                                                                                                                                                                       Rs/acre
                                                                                                      Rs/acre
              200




                                                                                                                mm
                                                                                               4000                                                                             2500
              150                                                                                                    100                                                        2000
                                                                                               3000
                                                                                                                                                                                1500
              100
                                                                                               2000                  50                                                         1000
              50                                                                               1000                                                                             500
                                                                                                                      0                                                         0
               0                                                                               0




                                                                                                                                                Nov
                                                                                                                           June




                                                                                                                                                             Jan
                                                                                                                                  July




                                                                                                                                                                   Mar
                                                                                                                                                                         Apr
                                                                                                                                  Aug




                                                                                                                                                             Feb
                                                                                                                                         Sept
                                                                                                                                                Oct


                                                                                                                                                       Dec




                                                                                                                                                                         May
                    June




                                                                 Jan
                                                                       Feb
                                               Oct




                                                                             Mar
                           July




                                                     Nov
                                                           Dec




                                                                                         May
                                        Sept
                                  Aug




                                                                                   Apr




               Precipitation                   Expected cumulative value formation/acre                                Precipitation            Expected cumulative value formation/acre
Rethinking Storage
India’s Water Challenge

      Western and Southern India have 11 million
        Dugwells. Many are out of use but are
            Excellent recharge structures.




                              100 over-exploited
                           Hardrock districts already
                          Have 7-7.5 million open wells
                              That can be readily
                                     used.
There is also dire need
       For big-ticket
  Solutions to groundwater
    Demand management
That can act quickly. Gujarat’s
  Jyotigram scheme is an
          Example.
Rural Gujarat Rewired under
                     Jyotirgram Yojana

Figure 1 a Electricity Network Before   Figure 1 b Electricity Network after
Rural power supply environment :
                         before and after JGS

• Before                                  • After
•   Tubewells get 12-13 hours of 3-       •   Farmers get 8 hours/day of high
    phase power supply of variable            voltage uninterrupted power at
    voltage, with frequent tripping, at       fixed schedules; night in one week,
    unknown times mostly during nights        day-time the next

•   Flat tariff: Rs 350-500/hp/year       •   Flat tariff Rs 850/hp/year

•   Massive use of capacitors to          •   Capacitors out; impossible
    convert 1 and 2 phase power to
    run tubewells
                                          •   Non-farm users get 24-hour non-
                                              stop single phase power
•   Non-farm users de-electrified
    because of capacitors
                                          •   Motor burn out at the minimum
•   Motor burn-out and rewinding the
    most important part of
    maintenance cost                      •   New connections allowed at high
                                              costs; now rationed;
•   New connections not available.
Electricity Utilities;
                                 Rural Electrification
                                    Corporation


                                       Energy-
                                     Groundwater
                                        Nexus
Irrigation Deptts;
                     Conj. Mgt. of                                Groundwater Recharge
    Watershed
                     Rain, surface                  Participatory  Master Plan; CGWB;
    Managers;
                     And ground                     Groundwater     GW Deptts; NGOs;
Rainfed Authority
                        water         Spheres of     Recharge
                                     Groundwater
                                     Governance
                                               Adaptation to
        Irrigation
                            Micro-             Groundwater     Water Supply agencies;
    Equipment Co’s;
                                                 Quality       Public Health Agencies;
       MI Subsidy;        irrigation
                                                 decline         NGO’s; technology
   MI SPVs (e.g. GGRC)
                                                                      providers
Highlights
•   History of Indian irrigation: Three Phases and a Turning Point.

•   Since 1975, Indian agriculture has emerged as the world’s largest user of
    groundwater to grow food and fibre.

•   The groundwater boom is fired by population pressure on land and demands of
    intensive diversification of farming.

•   Despite growing investments, canal and tank commands are shrinking. Tubewells
    are canibalizing flow irrigation.

•   India’s irrigation challenge today is one of managing its sub-continental aquifer
    systems, a vast reservoir we have left unmanaged.

•   Intensive groundwater use may be easier to manage in hard rock than in alluvial
    aquifers.

•   RWH and groundwater recharge need to be India’s new mantra. Hydro-
    geologists have to take a lead..

•   To govern groundwater wisely, we need to master its demand side as much as
    its supply side.
Thank You.

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Growing role of Groundwater in Indian irrigation in transition

  • 1. Acwadam Groundwater Conference May 21-22, 2009, Pune Growing Role of Groundwater in Indian Irrigation in Transition: : Needed Transition from Surface to Aquifer Storage? Tushaar Shah International Water Management Institute t.shah@cgiar.org www.iwmi.org
  • 2. Evolution of Indian Irrigation: Era of adaptive irrigation-upto 1830 • Community was the unit of irrigation management % Contribution to aggregate Farm output and incomes Rainfall and Soil moisture Flow irrigation from tanks, canals, rivers Lift irrigation from wells and surface sources % of water consumptively used in agriculture
  • 3. Evolution of Indian Irrigation: Era of canal construction-1830-1970 • State emerged as the architect, builder, manager of irrigation Soil moisture management % Contribution to aggregate Farm output and incomes Flow irrigation from tanks, canals, rivers Lift irrigation from wells & surface sources % water consumptively used in agriculture
  • 4. Evolution of Indian Irrigation: Era of atomistic pump irrigation-1970-todate Individual farmer as the irrigation manager % Contribution Soil moisture management To Farm output & incomes Flow irrigation Pump irrigation from groundwater % of water consumptively used in agriculture
  • 5. India is the world’s largest user of groundwater in agriculture in the world. 300 250 India has over 20 c u b ic k m / y e a r 200 million irrigation wells. We add 0.8 150 million/year. 100 50 Every fourth cultivator owns an 0 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 irrigation well; non- owners depend on groundwater US W.Europe Spain Mexico China India markets. Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Lanka Vietnam Ghana South Africa Tunisia
  • 6. 5000.00 10000.00 15000.00 20000.00 25000.00 30000.00 0.00 Ae a n z rb ija 0 0h 0 a P ru e Np l ea Ey t gp P ilip in s h p e K re , D m e p 's o a e P o le Iraq Su A a o th fric T n ia u is U b k ta z e is n a a h ta Kz k s n fg a is n A h n ta M ro c o co A e tin rg n a Cb ua Y mn e e other sources) J pn aa B z ra il S ria A bR p b y n ra e u lic T rk y u e India also has the largest area Su iA b a d ra ia Mx o e ic B n la e h ag ds under groundwater irrigation in the world. Ira , Is m R po n la ic e f P k ta a is n Groundw ater irrigated area in countries w ith intensive groundw ater use in agriculture (FAO Aquastat 2003 and UA S C in h a In ia d
  • 7. Over half of India’s irrigation pumps were installed after 1990.. 1970 Pre- -80 1970 India’s Groundwater Juggernaut is still Accelerating!!! 1980-90 After 1990
  • 8. Until 1970, canals dominated irrigated agriculture; since then, tube wells have emerged as engines of agricultural growth. 60 1970-73 % A i uuaGP o g c l rl D 40 f r t 20 0 1 21 41 61 81 101 121 141 161 181 201 221 241 Districts 60 1990-93 Pre t g t Ar u ua GP ec na e o gi l r l D 40 ct 20 0 1 21 41 61 81 101 121 141 161 181 201 221 241 Districts % contribution of SWI to Agricultural GDP % contribution of GWI to Agricultural GDP
  • 9. India’s groundwater story Unique, as are its drivers. We need to invent our own GW use moves inversely Solutions. With resource endowments Long-term average groundwater recharge The only region where humid areas India is the only country depend heavily on where hardrock aquifers groundwater. are exploited on such a large scale Source: Döll, P., Lehner, B., Kaspar, F. (2002): Global modeling of groundwater recharge. In Schmitz, G.H. (ed.): Proceedings of Third International Conference on Water Resources and the Environment Research, Technical University of Dresden, Germany, ISBN 3-934253-17-2, Vol. I, 27-31
  • 10. Growth in Population Density around he world (people/km2) , 1700 – 1990
  • 11. Expanding Cropland 1700-1990 Fraction of grid cell in croplands
  • 12. Drivers of Atomistic Irrigation: Ghettoization of India’s Agriculture Shrinking of operated farm holdings in India Small-holders add most to groundwater irrigation (Source: NSS reports) (Source: Agri. Census 3 450 2.63 ir rig a t e d a re a s : 1 9 7 0 - 7 1 = 1 0 0 2.5 400 % g ro w t h in g r o u n d w a t e r 2.2 350 India’s groundwater boom is 2 300 1970-71 1.67 250 1976-77 1.5 ha 1 in some respects a response to 1.34 1.06 200 150 1980-81 0.5 Disguized unemployment in agriculture. 100 50 1985-86 1990-91 0 0 1995-96 1960-61 1970-71 1981-82 1991-92 2002-03 Marginal (<1 Small (1-2 ha) Medium (2-10 Large (>10 ha) ha) ha)= (17th) (26th) (37th) (48th) (59th) Farm holdings The compelling advantage of pump irrigation is that it enables water-scavenging at will. Instead of adapting agriculture to Irrigation system, it adapts irrigation to farming system.
  • 13. Our irrigation planning is preoccupied with food grains; Indian farmer is diversifying in a hurry. Figure Changing structure of Indian agricultural Canal and tank irrigated production areas condemned to low- value crops unresponsive to 100% 3 precision irrigation. 4 4 6 7 90% 11 10 13 % of value of agricultural output 16 19 Much diversification is 80% 21 21 Occurring outside 70% 21 21 Command areas (IFPRI). 60% 28 50% Much diversification 40% Requires small dozes of 30% 65 66 62 Year-round, on-demand 57 46 Irrigation. 20% 10% Value added farming 0% Will expand with 1961-62 1971-72 1981-82 1991-92 2000-01 Waste-water irrigation and Field crops, sugar, fibres High value crops Milk Other livestock Groundwater.
  • 14. Classes of Irrigators in India Rented diesel pump Own diesel pump Gross revenue & Own and Electric pump Irrigation cost/ha rented gen- Own electric pumps sets purchase 15-18 million canals & tanks Marginal farmers 7-8 and share cropper families mha 10-12 12-15 mha mha 30-32 mha 20-22 mha Million ha of irrigated area
  • 15. Consequences of Groundwater Boom The problem is: We neither manage The supply side nor The demand side. •Groundwater depletion and decline in drought resilience •Quality degradation and public health hazard •High energy costs and unsustainable farming •4% of India’s GHG by pumping •Challenge of adapting to Climate Change
  • 16. Rethinking Storage India’s Water Challenge India has built some 270 billion m3 of surface storage which is proving a dead-weight. It irrigates only 15-16 m ha while the same amount of groundwater irrigates 4 times more. No matter how much we invest in surface storage, India’s dependence on aquifer storage will continue to increase. RWH, Groundwater Recharge and Conjunctive management of rain, surface and groundwater should be the new mantra of water management. Recharge projects should be done with people’s participation but with strong science input. Retrofitting canal systems as piped systems delivering pressurized irrigation or recharge needs to be considered.
  • 17. Figure Response of Monsoonal Recovery in Water Level to Pre- monsoon Depth to Water Level Figure 4: Aquifer Recovery and Pre-monsoon Water Level in 145 Districts of India: Minor Irrigation Census 1993-94 700 1200 600 1000 500 800 400 Feet feet 300 600 200 400 100 200 0 0 1 19 37 55 73 91 109 127 145 163 181 199 217 235 253 271 1 21 41 61 81 101 121 141 272 Sample Villages: IWMI Survey of India, Pakistan, Nepal 145 district in ascending order of Pre-monsoon water table and Bangladesh Pre-monsoon Water Level (feet) Monsoonal Rise in WL (ft) Pre-monsoon Water Table Monsoonal Rise in Water Table (ft) • What factors influence monsoonal recovery in groundwater levels most? • Pre-monsoon depth to the water level, regardless of rainfall pattern and hydro-geology. • This was strongly supported by our survey data. • It was also strongly supported by 1995 Minor Irrigation Census data. • Implication? • to a certain extent groundwater availability increases with resource development.
  • 18. National Groundwater Recharge Master Plan developed by the CGWB aims to recharge 36 BCM by investing Rs 25000 crore..BUT Uncommitted surplus water available for recharge Low Distributed RWH High and groundwater recharge can be a big Pressure on Low Neither needed in these part of the solution possible but not groundwater nor easy needed areas. Saurashtra and Kachchh resources are leading Gujarat’s agricultural High Badly needed but possible revolution. and difficult without needed reallocation of water resources
  • 19. Average Annual GrowthNever known Gross State Domestic Product Rates of for vibrant agriculture, Gujarat’s (GSDP) and Gross State Domestic Product from Agriculture agricultural GDP has grown @ (GSDPA): Major States and All India (%): 2000/01 to 2007/08 record 9.5%/year during (Gulati, Shah and Sreedhar 2009) 2002-2007. Distributed recharge is an important contributor.
  • 20. Economics of Rainfed Farming in Saurashtra Value formation on rainfed farm: Value form ation on rainfed farm : Early mNormal Monsoon al onsoon w ithdraw 250 1000 200 400 800 3000 m m rain fall Rs/acre 150 300 600 R s/acre 2000 100 200 400 1000 50 100 200 0 0 0 0 O ct M ar Aug e Febn F eb Sept Septly Dec v Janc Apr r Octg June Mar July Nov J un No De Ja Ap Ju Au Precipitation mm Expected cumulative value formation/acre Precipitation Expected cumulative value formation/acre
  • 21. Economics of Rainfed Farming in Saurashtra: With Distributed Groundwater Recharge Rainfed Farming with Distributed Recharge: Rainfed Farming with Distributed Recharge: Early Normal Monsoon Withdrawal of Monsoon 350 8000 250 5000 300 7000 4500 6000 200 4000 250 3500 mm rainfall 5000 150 3000 Rs/acre Rs/acre 200 mm 4000 2500 150 100 2000 3000 1500 100 2000 50 1000 50 1000 500 0 0 0 0 Nov June Jan July Mar Apr Aug Feb Sept Oct Dec May June Jan Feb Oct Mar July Nov Dec May Sept Aug Apr Precipitation Expected cumulative value formation/acre Precipitation Expected cumulative value formation/acre
  • 22. Rethinking Storage India’s Water Challenge Western and Southern India have 11 million Dugwells. Many are out of use but are Excellent recharge structures. 100 over-exploited Hardrock districts already Have 7-7.5 million open wells That can be readily used.
  • 23. There is also dire need For big-ticket Solutions to groundwater Demand management That can act quickly. Gujarat’s Jyotigram scheme is an Example.
  • 24. Rural Gujarat Rewired under Jyotirgram Yojana Figure 1 a Electricity Network Before Figure 1 b Electricity Network after
  • 25. Rural power supply environment : before and after JGS • Before • After • Tubewells get 12-13 hours of 3- • Farmers get 8 hours/day of high phase power supply of variable voltage uninterrupted power at voltage, with frequent tripping, at fixed schedules; night in one week, unknown times mostly during nights day-time the next • Flat tariff: Rs 350-500/hp/year • Flat tariff Rs 850/hp/year • Massive use of capacitors to • Capacitors out; impossible convert 1 and 2 phase power to run tubewells • Non-farm users get 24-hour non- stop single phase power • Non-farm users de-electrified because of capacitors • Motor burn out at the minimum • Motor burn-out and rewinding the most important part of maintenance cost • New connections allowed at high costs; now rationed; • New connections not available.
  • 26. Electricity Utilities; Rural Electrification Corporation Energy- Groundwater Nexus Irrigation Deptts; Conj. Mgt. of Groundwater Recharge Watershed Rain, surface Participatory Master Plan; CGWB; Managers; And ground Groundwater GW Deptts; NGOs; Rainfed Authority water Spheres of Recharge Groundwater Governance Adaptation to Irrigation Micro- Groundwater Water Supply agencies; Equipment Co’s; Quality Public Health Agencies; MI Subsidy; irrigation decline NGO’s; technology MI SPVs (e.g. GGRC) providers
  • 27. Highlights • History of Indian irrigation: Three Phases and a Turning Point. • Since 1975, Indian agriculture has emerged as the world’s largest user of groundwater to grow food and fibre. • The groundwater boom is fired by population pressure on land and demands of intensive diversification of farming. • Despite growing investments, canal and tank commands are shrinking. Tubewells are canibalizing flow irrigation. • India’s irrigation challenge today is one of managing its sub-continental aquifer systems, a vast reservoir we have left unmanaged. • Intensive groundwater use may be easier to manage in hard rock than in alluvial aquifers. • RWH and groundwater recharge need to be India’s new mantra. Hydro- geologists have to take a lead.. • To govern groundwater wisely, we need to master its demand side as much as its supply side.